The purpose of this study was focused in two specific objectives: (1) to determine attitudes of professionals, namely pediatricians, general practitioners, and orthodontists toward the use of the oral pacifier; and (2) to determine the attitudes of primiparous mothers toward the use of the pacifier. The mothers were chosen from the r1cKay-Dee Hospital in Oqden, Utah. They were divided into three groups: (1) 17 mothers with three-month- old babies, (2) 15 mothers with six-month-old babies, and (3 ) 15 mothers with nine-month-old babies, for a total of 47 mothers. The professionals were divided into three groups: pediatricians, 10 general practitioners, and 9 orthodontists, for a total of 26 professionals. An instrument was developed to measure the attitudes toward the use of the oral pacifier, thumbsucking, and the consequences of their use. The instrument was called the Infant Oral Behavior Scale. The hypotheses for the study were tested and sustained as follows: 1. The pacifier is interpreted as a positive non-nutritive device in child rearing. 2. The pacifier is preferred by physicians and orthodontists to prevent any malocclusion and other oral problems caused by thumbsucking. 3. The pacifier is preferred by mothers in soothing fretful and colicky babies. The Infant Oral Behavior Scale proved to be a useful instrument as indicated by item analysis of the scale . All but 5 of the 30 items discriminated between the high and low scores. Thirty-six of the 47 mothers breast fed their infants an average of 11 to 13 weeks. Thirty-two of the 47 mothers bottle fed their infants . Many of the mothers favored both the breast and the bottle in nourishing their infants . Thirty- four of the 47 mothers gave their infants an oral pacifier for an average length of 11 to 28 weeks . Physicians had recommended the use of the oral pacifier to 8 of the 34 mothers who used the pacifier. Of the 34 infants using a pacifier, 10 sucked their thumbs. Twenty-four of the infants did not suck their thumbs after using an oral pacifier. Eleven infants sucked their thumbs who had not been given an oral pacifier. The average length of thumbsucking of these infants was 6 to 32 weeks. Twenty-one of the 26 professionals personally preferred infants to be breast fed. Two professionals personally preferred the infant to be bottle fed and three professionals believed it was the mother's choice, depending on her personality, age, and other factors. Professionally, 18 professionals preferred breast feeding while 4 preferred infants to be bottle fed . Four believed this was an individual choice of the mothers.

The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect, if any, of religiosity on marriage role expectations. During the past years , the young person's marriage role expectations have been undergoing a gradual change from traditional type roles to more equalitarian-partnership type roles, Religiosity has been found to have a differing effect on the values of people. It was hypothesized that the more religious a person was, the more traditional he would be in his marriage role expectations. Religiosity was determined using a questionnaire developed by Faulkner and De Jong, Marriage role expectations were determined by using an instrument developed by Marie Dunn. An analysis of variance was computed to determine the effect on marriage role expectations of three variables: sex of subject, religiosity of subject, and religious affiliation of subject. It was found that the inactive female was more equalitarian than any other group, The religious affiliation of the subject didn't make a significant difference. It would seem from the results of this study that religiosity did make a difference, particularly with female respondents.

The purpose of this study was to compare language performance on three subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) of a Black population of children ages three years six months through six years in Portland, Oregon, with the standardizing population of the ITPA. These subtests are Auditory Reception, Grammatic Closure, and Verbal Expression. The null hypotheses tested were: There is no difference in scores on the Auditory Reception subtest of the ITPA between the standardizing test population and that of Black children ages three years six months through six years in Portland, Oregon. There is no difference in scores on the Grammatic Closure subtest of the ITPA between the standardizing test population and that of black children ages three years six months through six years in Portland, Oregon There is no difference in scores on the Verbal Expression subtest of the ITPA between the standardizing test population and that of Black children ages three years six months through six years in Portland, Oregon.

No description available.

No description available.

Much research relating to children and death has focused on the age-graded developmental model originally proposed by Nagy in the late 1940s. Children are alleged to pass from an infantile to a mature view, seeing death first as separation, then as the result of intervention by a supernatural being, and finally as an irreversible biological process. Accepted theory for thirty years, scholars have since noted difficulty in duplicating Nagy's findings and have come to question the universal application of the developmental model. Bluebond-Langner proposes an alternative model in which all views of death are present in all stages of development. She maintains that the particular orientation a child displays is a result of personal and social experiences.

No description available.

The current study examined the empathic attainment of young children (mean age 7 years) as a function of the child's socioeconomic status. Further, the potential intervening variable of violent media representations within product advertisements is assessed within and between the observed socioeconomic status groups. Three critical dimensions of empathy were assessed: cognitive, affective and behavioral. Participants were 200 volunteers recruited from public and private schools in a small region in southern Appalachia. Respondents were rated on their response to animated video clips depicting an individual in emotional distress. Results suggest that media exposure has significant effect on measures of affective empathy and prosocial behavior with lower scores being obtained by children after viewing an action oriented commercial as opposed to a prosocial commercial message prior to the presentation of the target vignette. The degree to which the media presentation affected empathic responding was found to be associated with participants' socioeconomic status.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether emphasis on aesthetic development appeared to foster educational growth and desirable behavior development to a greater degree than did participation in a traditional-type program.

When families use a listening and spoken language approach to communicate with their child, access to a rich linguistic environment through an intact auditory system is essential. In children with hearing loss, optimal auditory access is achieved through the consistent use of appropriately fitted hearing devices or other assistive hearing technology, allowing these children access to an ample language environment. Parents or caregivers of children with hearing loss or hearing concerns play a large role in facilitating their child’s use of hearing devices and supporting their child’s speech and language development, a potentially overwhelming experience for these families. The "Little Ears, Enormous Purpose" (LEEP) project was created three years ago to educate caregivers of children with hearing devices and build caregiver self-efficacy, i.e., their confidence to optimize their child’s amplification use and linguistic exposure, increase family knowledge on language outcomes, and increase consistent use of amplification. This was done through an online educational workshop to families with children identified with hearing loss and/or hearing concerns. The current study is a continuation of the LEEP project and provides data for the 2022-2023 cycle. Feedback from students, faculty, and families has been implemented to improve and create methods for the 2022-2023 cycle. In this study, three to four in-person individualized educational intervention meetings were held with the families and encompassed the impact of hearing loss and/or hearing concerns on language development, the importance of language exposure, the use and care of amplification/treatment options, and empowerment to establish consistent device use in families that utilize amplification or other technology. The families’ self-efficacy skills were assessed through a pre- and post-survey, the Scale of Parent Involvement and Self-Efficacy-Revised (SPISE-R). The SPISE-R questions caregivers about their child’s device use and their perceptions of their beliefs, knowledge, confidence, and actions to support their child’s auditory access and spoken language development. The assessment and workshop incorporated in this study were modeled after Ambrose et al. (J Early Hear Detect Interv, 2020), who developed the SPISE-R as a promising tool for use in early intervention to better understand and further support parent’s strengths and needs concerning their young child’s auditory access and spoken language development. We hypothesize a significant increase in parental understanding and confidence between the pre-survey and post-survey as a result of the series of intervention meetings. Participants were recruited through the ETSU Nave Center with the use of flyers. A total of two pre-surveys were completed. Two families attended all individualized sessions, with both families also completing the post-survey. Data analysis is in process using a paired samples T-test.