Inorganic contaminants, while transported through the bentonite layer, are chemically adsorbed onto the particle surfaces and exhibit a delay in solute breakthrough in hydraulic barriers. Transport of inorganic leachate contaminants through bentonite occurs by advection, diffusion or a combination of these two mechanisms. During the process of chemical solute transport through low permeability bentonite, the amount of cation exchange on the clay particle surface is directly related to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of montmorillonite and other mineral constituents. The process of diffusion and advection of various inorganic leachate contaminants through bentonite is thoroughly investigated in this study. Diffusion characteristics are of specific interest as they have a prominent effect on the long term properties of bentonite compared to advection. This is mostly true if the hydraulic conductivity of the material is less than 10-8 cm/s and if the thickness of the barrier is small. Chemical reactions in the form of cationic exchange on the clay particle surfaces has been incorporated in the analysis of the diffusion process. Adsorption-desorption (sorption) reactions of chemical compounds that influence the concentrations of inorganic leachates during transport in bentonite clay have been modeled using the Fick's fundamental diffusion theory. Partition coefficients of the solutes in pore space, which affect the retardation factor of various individual ions of chemical solutions, have been investigated during transient diffusion and advection processes. Several objectives have been accomplished during this research study. An evaluation has been carried out of the hydraulic conductivity of bentonite with respect to single species salts and various combinations of electrolyte solutions. Diffusion properties of inorganic leachates through bentonite have been characterized in terms of apparent and effective diffusion coefficients. Time-dependent behavior of the diffusive ions has been analyzed in order to determine the total retention capacity of bentonite before electrical conductivity breakthrough and steady-state chemical stability are reached. An analytical solution of the attenuation of various inorganic ions concentrations through bentonite has been developed. Finally, recommendations were made for landfill liners exposed to highly concentrated inorganic leachates.

Μια μεγάλη κατηγορία μεθόδων βελτίωσης – ενίσχυσης εδαφών είναι αυτή των ενέσεων. Η παρούσα έρευνα αποτελεί μέρος μιας εκτεταμένης προσπάθειας αντικατάστασης των χημικών διαλυμάτων με τα οικονομικότερα και αβλαβή προς το περιβάλλον ενέματα τσιμέντου και κυρίως τα αιωρήματα λεπτόκοκκων τσιμέντων, λόγω της δυνατότητας διείσδυσής τους ακόμα και σε πολύ λεπτόκοκκες άμμους. Στόχος της διατριβής αυτής είναι η συγκριτική αξιολόγηση της βελτίωσης των υδραυλικών και μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των εμποτισμένων άμμων με χρήση ευσταθών και ασταθών αιωρημάτων , αφού το τελικό ποσοστό εξίδρωσης φάνηκε να συνδυάζει επιμέρους παραμέτρους ( λόγος νερού προς τσιμέντο και μέγεθων κόκκων τσιμέντου) και συνεπώς κρίθηκε καθοριστικός ο ρόλος του στην επιτυχία του εμποτισμού. Για τις ανάγκες της εργαστηριακής διερεύνησης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τρεις τύποι τσιμέντου , ενώ εμποτίστηκαν τέσσερις καθαρές ασβεστολιθικές άμμοι διαφορετικής κοκκομετρικής διαβάθμισης καθώς και μία χαλαζιακής προέλευσης. Τα εμποτισμένα δοκίμια εξετάστηκαν σε δοκιμές διαπερατότητας και ανεμπόδιστης θλίψης και ακολούθησε παραμετρική διερεύνηση των μεγεθών αυτών για την ποσοτικοποίηση της επιρροής τους από μια σειρά παραμέτρων (λόγος νερού προς τσιμέντο, τελικό ποσοστό εξίδρωσης , κοκκομετρία και σύσταση άμμου, τύπος και κοκκομετρία τσιμέντων).Τελικά, ο λόγος νερού προς τσιμέντο αναδεικνύεται ως η σημαντικότερη παράμετρος επίδρασης των τιμών τόσο του συντελεστή διαπερατότητας όσο και της αντοχής σε ανεμπόδιστη θλίψη των εμποτισμένων άμμων. / Injections are one of the methods used for soil improvement and strengthening. This research is part of an extensive effort in order to replace chemical grouts with cheaper and harmless to the environment cement grouts; especially with microfine cement suspensions, because of their capability to penetrate even very fine sands. The aim of this study is to estimate the improvement of the hydraulic and mechanical properties of grouted sands using stable and unstable suspensions, since the bleed capacity seemed to combine individual parameters (water to cement ratio and cement grain size). Therefore, this factor was considered decisive for the success of grouting. During the laboratory investigation, three types of cement were used and four asbestolithic, clean sands of different grain gradation were grouted, as well as a quartz sand. Permeability and unconfined compression tests were performed on the grouted specimens. Then, a parametric study of the tests results was followed in order to quantify the influence of various parameters (water to cement ratio, bleed capacity, grain size and composition of sand, cement type and particle size). Finally, the water/cement ratio emerges as the most important parameter, which influences the values of both the coefficient of permeability and the unconfined compressive strength of the grouted sands.

[pt] Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo contribuir para a avaliação da influência da forma dos grãos na condutividade hidráulica (k) de areias. Para tanto, ensaios de laboratório foram realizados em uma amostra da areia da Praia de Ipanema (D10 = 0,28 mm, D30 = 0,34 mm, D50 = 0,41 mm, D60 = 0,45 mm, CNU = 1,61 e CC = 0,92), constituída por grãos subarredondados a arredondados (esfericidade = 0,65 e arredondamento = 0,70), e em uma amostra de microesferas de vidro, tipo Drop-On II A (esfericidade = 0,95 e arredondamento = 0,95), preparada com granulometria igual à da areia. O programa experimental envolveu: (a) limpeza e tratamento das amostras; (b) análises microscópicas para avaliação da forma dos grãos; (c) ensaios de granulometria por peneiramento; (d) reconstituição granulométrica da amostra de microesferas de vidro; (e) densidade relativa (Gs) das microesferas de vidro; (f) ensaios de índices de vazios máximo, pelo método B da ABNT (2020), e ensaios de índices de vazios mínimo e intermediários, pela método MSP de Miura e Toki (1982); e (g) ensaios de permeabilidade sob carga hidráulica constante em permeâmetro de parede rígida e em permeâmetro de parede flexível. Para ambas as amostras, verificou-se experimentalmente a validade da relação linear entre a condutividade hidráulica (k) e e(3)/(1+e), sendo e o índice de vazios, em consonância com as formulações teóricas propostas por Kozeny-Carman (1927) e por Taylor (1948). Para um dado índice de vazios, constatou-se que a condutividade hidráulica da amostra de microesferas de vidro é maior do que a da amostra da areia da Praia de Ipanema. / [en] The main objective of this research was to contribute to the evaluation of the influence of the grain shape on the hydraulic conductivity (k) of sands. For that, laboratory tests were carried out on a sample from Ipanema Beach sand (D10 = 0.28 mm, D30 = 0.34 mm, D50 = 0.41 mm, D60 = 0.45 mm, CNU = 1.61 e CC = 0.92), composed by sub-rounded to rounded grains (sphericity = 0.65 and roundness = 0.70), and on a sample of glass microspheres, Drop-On II A type (sphericity = 0.95 and roundness = 0.95), prepared with the same grain size distribution of the sand. The experimental program comprised: (a) cleaning and processing of the samples; (b) microscopic analysis to evaluate the grain shape; (c) grain-size analysis by sieving; (d) reconstitution of the grain-size distribution of the glass microspheres sample; (e) glass microspheres specific gravity (Gs); (f) maximum void ratio tests, by method B of ABNT (2020), and minimum and intermediate void ratio tests, by MSP method of Miura and Toki (1982); and (g) constant head permeability tests in rigid-wall permeameter and in flexible-wall permeameter. For both samples, it was experimentally verified the validity of the linear relationship between the hydraulic conductivity (k) and e (3)/(1+e), being e the void ratio, in agreement with the theoretical formulations proposed by Kozeny-Carman (1927) and by Taylor (1948). For a given void ratio, it was observed that the hydraulic conductivity of the glass microsphere sample is higher than that of the sample from Ipanema Beach sand.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-02T15:59:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADEMILSON MONTES FERREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1976..pdf: 19885507 bytes, checksum: d1ca0c059c79f92f4c6eed90665dcfc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T15:59:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADEMILSON MONTES FERREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1976..pdf: 19885507 bytes, checksum: d1ca0c059c79f92f4c6eed90665dcfc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1976-05 / Esta pesquisa de laboratório trata da influência do tempo de percolação e do nível de acidez da água nas características de permeabilidade e resistência de um solo vermelho do Estado da Paraíba. Amostras estaticamente compactadas foram submetidas a percolação de agua por diversos tempos (24,48,7 2 e 96 horas), suas permeabilidades medidas a intervalos de 12 horas e seus parâmetros de resistência triaxial no fim dos vários tempos de percolação. Três níveis de acidez da agua de percolação foram usados, 3,25, 7,3 e 12,4. Equipamento constituído de moldes e um multipermeâmetro de nível constante foi projetado e construído para o estudo, e uma nova técnica para saturação das amostras utilizadas. 0 equipamento usado mostrou resultados estatisticamente aceitáveis e seu uso tem a vantagem de diminuir o tempo de ensaio. O coeficiente de permeabilidade variou in versamente com o pH da água de percolação. Tempo de percola ção por fluxo unidirecional causou uma diminuição de permeabilidade para qualquer dos níveis de acidez investigado. Os parâmetros de resistência em termos de coesão total e efetiva e ângulo de atrito são afetados pela acidez da água de percolação. Os valores de C e f diminuem quando o pH é diminuído de 7,3 para 3,25. Aumentando o pH para 12,4 ocorre um decréscimo adicional nos valores de C e Ø' . É feita uma interpretação qualitativa deste fenômeno. Um estudo piloto limitado dos efeitos da secagem na resistência ao cisalhamento do solo Sapê-Mari mostrou que a secagem por 6 horas a 609C aumenta os valores de C e diminui Ø' para todas as condições de tempo de percolação e nível de pH. / This laboratory investigation deals with the influence of seepage time and levei of acidity of water on the permeability and strength behaviour of a red soil from the State of Paraiba. Specimens statically compacted were subjected to water percolation for varying times (24, 48, 7 2 and 96 hours), their permeabilities measured at intervals of 12 hours and their triaxial strength parameters at the end of the various percolation times. Three leveis of acidity of the seepage water were used, i.e, 3.25, 7.3 and 12.4. Equipment consisting of molds and a multipermeameter of constant head were designed and constructed for the study, and a novel technique for saturation of specimens employed. It is shown that the equipment used provides statistically aceptable results and that its use has the advantaje of shortening the time of testing. The coeficient of permeability was found to vary inversely with the pH of the seepage water. Time of seepage by unidirectional flow caused a decrease of permeability for any of the acidity leveis investigated. The strength parameters in terms of total and efective cohesion and angle of internai friction are noticeably affected by the acidity of the seepage water. The values of C and Ø' decrease slightly when the pH is lowered from 7.3 to 3.25. Increasing the pH to 12.4 causes a further decrease in the values of C and Ø'. A qualitative interpretation of this phenomena is oferred. A limited pilot study of the effects of controlled drying on the shear strength of the Sapé-Mari soil showed that drying 6 hours at 6 09C increases the values of C and decrease 4>1 for ali the conditions of time of seepage and pH levei.