Since 1997, ¡§Copyright Intermediary Organization ACT¡¨ has been implemented; seven collective management organizations emerged one after another. But they had a hard time promoting their business. Their earnings are far less than the incomes of other developed nations. What adversity are the collective management organizations in Taiwan faced with? What kind of reasons causes the collective management organizations to develop so slowly? In view of all these, this thesis is conducting a research and survey on the operation of the collective management organzitions in Taiwan. Besides probing into the reasons that result in the sluggish development of the collective management organizations through the analysis of quantification and profound interview, this thesis also provides the key points of constructing the system of copyright collective management in Taiwan and the framework of an integrating website platform for copyright collective management to offer a reference for the future development of integrating the collective management organizations in Taiwan. This thesis is divided into five chapters to explore the operating pattern of copyright collective management in Taiwan. The first chapter is introduction, which describes the research background, research motivation, and the destination of this study. Afterwards, it traces back to the related historical material of copyright collective management organizations and offers study methods, the scope and limitation of research, the framework of research, and the arrangement of chapters. The second chapter explores the ideal system of the collective management, starting from the ideal goal of the collective management to the direction of empirical operation of copyright collective management organization and finally pointing out the application of e-commerce and website platform. The third chapter mainly narrates the planned procedures and content of ¡§profound interview¡¨ and ¡§five municipacity copyright cognition inspections.¡¨ The fourth chapter follows the research fruit of the third chapter. It is about the result of interview and inspection. By means of it, the outline of the present development of the collective management system in Taiwan is revealed. The fifth chapter put forth the discovery of this research and a conclusion and some subsequent research suggestions.

The subject of the submitted master thesis is Collective management of copyright and related rights. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the system of collective management and its legal framework in the Czech Republic and to point out the current changes and news in the European and Czech legislation. Furthermore it gives an insight into the regulation of collective management in Switzerland and enables comparison with the Czech regulation. Except for the introduction and the conclusion the work is divided into four chapters that represent four thematic sections. The first chapter is an introduction to copyright law. Firstly it presents historical development of copyright law in the world and on the territory of the present Czech Republic. This chapter contains also definitions of the basic terms that are used in the thesis, such as the author, the moral and economic rights of author, the work or related rights. The second chapter is dedicated to the regulation of collective management that is currently legally binding in the Czech Republic and its judicial and academic interpretation. It deals with the basic principles, terms and institutes of collective management. Also the individual Czech collective management organisations are mentioned there. The third part of the thesis is split into...

abbreviation "OSA") and other collective societies in the Czech Republic will be mentioned.

Collective administration of rights - the position of collective administrators in granting licenses, entering into copyright contracts on compensation and in cases of infringing use Abstract This thesis is focused on the subject of collective management of copyright and related rights, primarily from the point of view of the collective management organisations, in particular their legal relationships to users of legally protected rights. The goal of this master thesis is to evaluate the current state of Czech legislation regarding the institution of collective management of rights and its recent amendment. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first of them deals with some essential concepts of copyright including the usage of legally protected rights. The second chapter defines concepts of collective management of rights and collective management organisations and covers the reasons for its foundation and historical development in the world and in the Czech Republic. Special attention is given to the monopolized position of the collective management organizations which is often criticized by the public. The next two chapters introduce individual collective management organisations together with a new institute of independent management organisations, introduced in Czech legislation by Amendment...

In a time of climate change the Arctic region is undergoing rapid changes, and the decreasing sea ice cover is expected to draw increased commercial interests as The Arctic Ocean gets more accessible for resource exploitation. The central part of the ocean is common area, where, in theory, overfishing may result in a tragedy of the commons and related fish stocks collapse. This study aims to provide insights into how fishing in the central Arctic Ocean relates to successful collective management, and was conducted using Elinor Ostroms design principles and The Logic of Collective Action as a framework for an ideal type inspired analysis. The results show that conditions for collective fisheries management in the central Arctic Ocean are relatively good, and it’s concluded that collective fisheries management is already embraced and enacted upon by several actors. However, to attain the ideal state of collective management further improvements are required, although there are also multiple options as to how such requirements could be met and there was no indication of why collective management would be unsuccessful. / I samband med ett förändrat klimat så genomgår även den arktiska regionen snabba förändringar, där den minskande havsisen i Arktiska oceanen ger ökad tillgång till naturresurser och förväntas dra allt större kommersiella intressen. Den centrala delen av oceanen är en allmänning, vilken enligt teorin kan överfiskas och resultera i en allmänningens tragedi och relaterade kollapser av fiskbestånd. Denna studie ämnar ge en insikt i hur fisket i centrala Arktiska oceanen förhåller sig till lyckad kollektiv förvaltning, och utfördes genom att låta Elinor Ostroms designprinciper och det kollektiva handlandets logik utgöra ett ramverk för en idealtypsinspirerad analys. Resultaten visar att förutsättningarna för kollektiv förvaltning är relativt goda och att fisket i viss utsträckning redan förvaltas kollektivt. För att uppnå en idealtypisk kollektiv fiskeförvaltning framgår det dock att ytterligare insatser behövs men att det även finns flera alternativ för att möta dessa behov, och det fanns heller ingen antydan av att kollektiv förvaltning skulle misslyckas.

In this work, the copyright protection in the music industry is discussed. I am focusing in particular on the description of copyright, rights related to copyright, collective management and protection of these rights. In the beginning, I mention the national, international and European sources of copyright and I am explaining the concepts of copyright, copyright work (including musical and processed work of art), and authoring. Furthermore, I explore the copyright law in terms of its origin, content and restrictions. Copyright is based on the quasidual concept, which simply means that we distinguish the moral rights from the property rights. In this work, I explain the content of all of these individual rights. I also address the licensing contract, by which the author authorizes another person to administer the rights to use his piece. I am focusing on cases of the so-called non-contractual use of production, which means that the user may use the work without the consent of the author and free of charge. Furthermore, I define the idea and the content of performer's rights to his artistic output, the manufacturer of the sound and image recording rights to his sound recordings and radio and television broadcaster's rights to his broadcast. At the end of this work, I am focusing on the activities of...

1 RESUMÉ This dissertation focuses on selected aspects of copyright and rights related to copyright in connection with radio broadcasting. It specializes in use of authors' works, artistic performances of performers and phonograms of phonogram producers in the way of radio broadcasting and on internet connected to radio broadcasting according to the current legislation in Czech Republic. In the first part it concentrates on items of copyright protection, their use in radio broadcasting, on broadcasters as users in the view of copyright law, on licence agreement, term of protection and radio broadcasting itself. As far as the broadcasting is concerned the dissertation approaches it in the view of administrative law focusing on its content. In the second part it deals exclusively with collective rights management as with the key institute for broadcasters to get appropriate copyright licences to use the protected items. It concerns the compulsory and voluntary collective rights management, the cumulative agreements and royalties, and collecting societies operating in Czech Republic. With regard to the present trends this dissertation, in its third part, aims at broadcasters' activities on internet and further platforms. The last part is devoted to several nowadays issues in copyright, such as extension of...

Collective management and use of copyright on the Internet Abstract This thesis is dealing with two main areas. The first on is a concept of collective management, particularly the collective management of rights in musical works. At the beginning it is described as a general concept. More detailed aspects such as the inner organization of a collective society, its relations with another persons and entities and the exercise of collective management through setting tariffs, licensing and distribution of remuneration are explained thoroughly on the example of OSA. The difficulties for OSA in the field of extended collective licensing in connection with the royalty-free music are pointed out while describing the regimes of collective management. The second area is the use of musical works on the Internet with regards to collective management. At first, the terms Internet and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are described. Closely analysed is a liability of these providers for the content online and limitation of this liability with so-called safe harbours. It is argued that these harbours need to be revised as it is shown on the example of YouTube. Focus then turns on the possible ways of using musical works online - downloading, streaming, linking, webcasting and simulcasting. The greatest attention is paid...

Darbo tema – atlikėjų teisių kolektyvinis administravimas. Dabartis ir perspektyva. Atlikėjų teisių apsauga yra palyginti naujas reiškinys. Atlikėjų teisių atsiradimas siejamas su XX a. pradžioje atsiradusiomis naujomis technologijomis, leidusiomis gyvus atlikimus pakeisti atlikimo įrašais. Atlikėjai siekė kontroliuoti savo atlikimus ir reikalavo teisių šiems atlikimams apsaugoti. Atlikėjų teisės yra fundamentalios. Jomis ne tik užtikrinama atlikėjų turtinių interesų apsaugą, šios teisės taip pat skatina ir palaiko kūrybingumą bei bendrą visos visuomenės kultūros raidą. Nemažai nacionalinių ir tarptautinių teisės aktų garantuoja atlikėjams jų teises. Svarbiausi iš jų: 1961 m. Romos konvencija, 1996 m. PINO Atlikimų ir fonogramų sutartis bei ES direktyvos. Atlikėjų teisių kolektyvinio administravimo organizacijos – tai jų narių (teisių turėtojų) įsteigtos, dažniausiai pelno nesiekiančios organizacijos. Pagrindinis šių organizacijų tikslas yra surinkti ir paskirstyti teisių turėtojams priklausanti atlyginimą už įvairių jų turtinių teisių panaudojimą. Darbo tikslas – atsižvelgiant į istorines raidos aplinkybes, išsamiai išanalizuoti dabartinį atlikėjų teisių kolektyvinio administravimo reglamentavimą tiek tarptautiniu, tiek regioniniu lygiu. Remiantis analize atsakoma į klausimą ar atlikėjų teisių reglamentavimas bei šių teisių kolektyvinis administravimas šiandieninėje situacijoje yra pakankamas atlikėjų turtiniams interesams apsaugoti. Siekiant tikslo darbe analizuojamas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The topic of this paper is Collective Management of Performers' Rights. Nowadays and Future Perspective. The issue of the performers' neighbouring rights is relatively new. It emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, particularly as a result of technical developments when recordings began to be substitute for live performances. Performers have sought to keep control of their performances by claiming rights to protect them. These rights are fundamental: they secure not only an ingome for performers but also foster the maintenance and the development of creation and culture in the interest of society as a whole. Many national laws and certain international normative texts (Rome Convention of 1961, WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of 1996 and European Directives) Performers collecting societies are associations of rightholders. They are set up to collect and distribute royalties for rightsholders on a collective basis. Collective management societies of performers are generally non profit organisations based on collective agreements in certain cases. The goal of this paper is a thorough analysis of current regulation of performers rights' collective administration in both international and regional levels taking into consideration the circumstances of historical development. Based on the analysis it will answer the question whether the regulation and collective administration of performers' rights today is sufficient to protect performers' financial interests... [to full text]

Tesis por compendio / [EN] The aim of this thesis is to analyze how farmer-managed systems adapt to the changes related to the integration of new water resources and drip irrigation technologies. Chapters two and three study the operating principles for water management. These principles, when applied by farmers as collective rules, result in interactions that create equity on water rights and transparency. The study area includes the irrigation system of the Huerta of Valencia (Spain). This system, well known internationally, has traditionally used surface water from the Turia River. Though recently, the use of groundwater and treated wastewater have been integrated with surface water. In this context, the analysis evolves around the subject of how the rules, developed for the sharing of surface water, have been adapted for conjunctive use of these new water resources. In addition, attention is also placed on how this process was crucial for the management of the 2005 - 2008 drought period. Results show that the operating principles, based in the proportionality and uniformity on irrigation frequency between users, underlie a system of distribution that is equitable, transparent and robust. In addition, the use of drought emergency wells and the reuse of treated wastewater have not resulted in any important conflict. These resources are used together with surface water during drought periods, increasing the guarantee of supply. However, treated wastewater use affects the uniformity on irrigation frequency among Water User Associations. Besides, Groundwater User Associations overlap in irrigated surface, farmers and infrastructure with Water User Associations using surface water. This situation results in informal conjunctive, a strategy that seems effective to deal with drought. Chapter four analyses the conversion to drip irrigation, an important technological transformation. In order to do that, institutional and management changes are examined. The cases studied are the Acequia Real del Júcar, the Júcar-Turia Channel and the General Community of Irrigators of Vall d'Uixó. At Water User Association level a centralization of managment has been observed (in the irrigation network, water resources managment and the merging of preexisting associations). In addition, the reasons to convert, the advantages, disadvantages and the satisfaction of users are also assessed. Besides, the work examines some aspects of how users adapt the use of irrigation and fertigation technology to their needs, diverging in some cases from the initial criteria of design. Chapter five discusses and compares the implications of the previous chapters. Some aspects of irrigation management and governance are assessed in a more detailed manner for the case of gravity irrigation Water Users Associations. In addition, the changes related to the introduction of drip irrigation technologies and new water resources are further compared In conclusion, the thesis reflects on current water policy dilemmas, focusing in currently prevailing water policy measures in the Valencia region, but also at world level: drip irrigation implementation, reuse of treated water and conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water. This allows identifying and comparing local aspects that influence the adoption and adaptation of new technologies and the integration of new water sources. Considering these features in irrigation policy would increase the efficacy of traditional solutions. Including these perspectives would also help to adapt new solutions to collective water and irrigation management settings characterized by significant complexity. / [ES] Este proyecto de tesis tiene por objetivo analizar cómo la gestión comunitaria del riego se adapta a los cambios relacionados con la integración de nuevos recursos hídricos y tecnologías de riego localizado. Los capítulos dos y tres estudian los principios de operación para la gestión del agua. Estos principios, cuando son aplicados por los agricultores como reglas de gestión colectiva, resultan en interacciones que crean equidad entre derechos de agua y transparencia. La zona de estudio comprende el sistema de riego de la Huerta de Valencia (España), un sistema de riego conocido a nivel mundial que tradicionalmente ha utilizado los recursos superficiales del río Turia, pero que recientemente ha integrado el uso de aguas subterráneas y aguas residuales tratadas. En este marco se analiza cómo estas normas, desarrolladas sobre la base de la gestión de los recursos superficiales, se han adaptado para el uso conjunto de estos nuevos recursos y cómo este proceso ha sido crucial para la gestión del periodo de sequía ocurrido entre 2005 y 2008. Los resultados indican que los principios operativos subyacentes, basados en la proporcionalidad y la uniformidad de la frecuencia de riego entre los usuarios, son el fundamento de un sistema de reparto equitativo, transparente y robusto. Además, el uso de pozos de emergencia de sequía o de aguas residuales tratadas no ha sido fuente de conflicto, pues se utilizan durante el periodo de sequía como un recurso adicional junto con el riego de aguas superficiales, aumentando la garantía de abastecimiento. No obstante, el uso de agua depurada afecta a la uniformidad de la frecuencia de riego entre comunidades. Por otro lado las asociaciones de riego con aguas subterráneas se solapan con las comunidades de regantes y, aunque son diferentes organizaciones, comparten en gran medida superficie regable, regantes e infraestructura, resultando en un uso conjunto informal, lo que parece una estrategia efectiva de adaptación a la sequía. En el capítulo cuatro, se analiza la conversión a riego localizado, una transformación tecnológica significativa. Para ello, se examinan los cambios institucionales y de gestión. El ámbito del trabajo es la Acequia Real del Júcar, el Canal-Júcar Turia y la Comunidad General de Regantes de Vall d'Uixó. A escala de comunidad de regantes, se ha observado una transformación hacia una gestión más centralizada (de la red de riego, de los diferentes recursos hídricos y fusión de organizaciones preexistentes). Además, se centra la atención en las razones para la conversión, los pros, los contras y la satisfacción de los usuarios. También se examinan aspectos de cómo los usuarios adaptan el uso de la tecnología de riego y fertirrigación a sus necesidades, divergiendo en algunos casos del criterio de diseño inicial. En el capítulo cinco se discuten y comparan las implicaciones de los capítulos anteriores. Algunos aspectos de la gestión y gobernanza del riego se analizan de una manera más detallada para el caso de las comunidades de regantes con riego por gravedad. En conclusión, esta tesis reflexiona sobre los dilemas actuales de la gestión del agua, centrándose en las medidas que actualmente predominan en Valencia, pero también a nivel mundial: la implementación del riego localizado, la reutilización de aguas residuales tratadas y el uso conjunto de los recursos superficiales y subterráneos. Esto permite identificar y comparar aspectos locales que influyen en la adopción y adaptación de nuevas tecnologías y la integración de recursos hídricos. Tenerlos en cuenta en las políticas de regadío puede aumentar la eficacia de las soluciones tradicionales, ayudando a adaptar nuevas soluciones a ámbitos de la gestión colectiva del agua y del riego caracterizados por una elevada complejidad. / [CA] El projecte de tesi té per objectiu analitzar com la gestió comunitària del reg s'adapta als canvis relacionats amb la integració de nous recursos hídrics i les tecnologies de reg per degoteig. Els capítols dos i tres estudien els principis d'operació per a la gestió de l'aigua. Aquests principis, quan són aplicats pels llauradors com a regles de gestió col¿lectiva, resulten en interaccions que creen equitat entre drets d'aigua i transparència. La zona d'estudi comprén el sistema de reg de l'Horta de València (Espanya), un sistema de reg de renom internacional que tradicionalment ha utilitzat recursos superficials del riu Túria. Però, recentment ha integrat la utilització d'aigües subterrànies i aigües residuals tractades. En aquest marc, s'analitza com les normes, desenvolupades en base a la gestió dels recursos superficials, s'han adaptat a la utilització conjunta dels nous recursos i com aquest procés ha estat crucial per a la gestió de la sequera que va tindre lloc entre 2005 i 2008. Els resultats indiquen que els principis operatius subjacents, basats en la proporcionalitat i la uniformitat en la freqüència de reg entre els usuaris, són el fonament d'un sistema de repartiment equitatiu, transparent i robust. A més a més, l'ús de pous de sequera o la reutilització d'aigües residuals tractades no ha estat cap font de conflicte, ja que s'utilitzen durant els períodes de sequera com un recurs addicional juntament amb les aigües superficials, augmentant-ne la garantia d'abastiment. No obstant això, l'ús d'aigües depurades tractades afecta la uniformitat en la freqüència de reg entre comunitats. D'altra banda, les associacions de reg amb aigües subterrànies se solapen amb les comunitats de regants i, tot i que són diferents organitzacions, comparteixen en gran mesura superfície regable, regants i infraestructura. Això genera una utilització conjunta informal que sembla una estratègia eficaç d'adaptació a la sequera. En el capítol quatre s'analitza la conversió a reg per degoteig, una transformació tecnològica significativa. Per aquest motiu, s'examinen els canvis institucionals en l'organització i la gestió derivats de la implementació de reg per degoteig. L'àmbit del treball es la Séquia Reial del Xúquer, el canal Xúquer-Túria i la Comunitat General de Regants de Vall d'Uixó. A escala de comunitat de regants s'ha observat una transformació vers una gestió més centralitzada (de la xarxa de reg, dels diferents recursos hídrics i fusió d'organitzacions preexistents). A més a més, es posa l'atenció en les raons dels llauradors per a prendre aquesta decisió, i s'estudien els pros, els contres i la satisfacció dels usuaris. També s'examinen aspectes de com els usuaris adapten la utilització de la tecnologia del reg i fertirrigació a les necessitats que tenen, cosa que divergeix en alguns casos del criteri de disseny inicial. En el capítol cinc es discuteixen i comparen les implicacions dels capítols precedents. Alguns aspectes de la gestió i governança del reg s'analitzen de una manera més detallada per al cas de les comunitats de regants amb reg per gravetat. En conclusió, la tesi reflexiona sobre els dilemes actuals de la gestió de l'aigua, i posa l'atenció en les mesures que predominen actualment en València, però també a escala mundial: la implementació del reg per degoteig, la reutilització d'aigües depurades tractades i la utilització conjunta de recursos superficials i subterranis. Això permet identificar aspectes que influeixen en l'adaptació i l'adopció de noves tecnologies i en la integració de nous recursos hídrics. Tindre'ls en compte a l'hora de dissenyar polítiques de regadiu augmentaria l'eficàcia de les solucions tradicionals i, al mateix temps, ajudaria a adaptar noves solucions a àmbits de la gestió col¿lectiva de l'aigua i del reg, caracteritzats per una complexitat elevada. / Ortega Reig, MV. (2015). Collective management of irrigation in eastern Spain. Integration of new technologies and water resources [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59245 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio