I Sverige växer intresset för att odla sina egna grönsaker, men få bostadsområden erbjuder möjlighet till odling och det är högt tryck på befintliga kolonilotter. Det är därför nödvändigt att ge plats åt nya former av odling i den urbana miljön. En sådan utveckling går i linje med den omställning mot hållbar stadsutveckling som städerna står inför. Kommunen behöver ge praktiska exempel på hållbara lösningar och en väg att gå är att låta medborgarna odla i det offentliga rummet.Uppsatsen avser att ta fram en förstudie till ett projekt som ska bidra till en förbättrad hållbar stadsutveckling. Projektet som föreslås är att parkkontoret i Lunds kommun tillsammans med odlingsintresserade invånare anlägger en stadsdelsträdgård på den stora gröningen i Folkparken. En stadsdelsträdgård är en självorganiserad trädgård som brukas gemensamt av invånarna med minimal involvering av kommunen. Idealt sett initieras stadsdelsträdgården helt underifrån, men det betyder inte att en kommun som vill få igång ett engagemang inte kan hjälpa till att skapa förutsättningar och bygga en grund.Internationellt finns Stadsdelsträdgårdens motsvarighet i community gardens. Forskning på community gardens tyder på att fördelarna är många. Engagemanget leder till en ökad gemenskap mellan invånarna, stärker områdeskänslan, ökad tryggheten, förbättrad hälsa, ökad fysisk aktivitet och en ökad förståelse för naturen. Dessutom har man sett att fastighetsvärdena ökar runt en community garden.Folkparken anlades i slutet på 1800-talet av och för arbetarna. På 90-talet riskerade parken att försvinna till förmån för bostadsbebyggelse, men räddades kvar tack vare folkets protester. Parkbyggnaden står idag oanvänd och en utredning om dess framtida användning pågår. Parken behöver en ny identitet och funktion som säkrar dess fortsatta existens.En stadsdelsträdgård skapar en ny form av mötesplats i Folkparken, samtidigt som det är ett viktigt steg i riktningen mot en hållbar stadsutveckling. / In Sweden today it is there is a growing interest in cultivating your own vegetables, but few neighborhoods offer an opportunity for gardening and demand exceeds the availability of allotments. It is therefore necessary to make way for new forms of gardening in the urban environment. Such a development is in line with the shift towards sustainable urban development faced by cities today. The municipality needs to provide practical examples of sustainable solutions and one way to go is to let the citizens cultivate in the public domain. This paper intends to develop a feasibility study for a project that will contribute to improved sustainability. The suggested project is that the park office in Lund together with inhabitants, construct a Stadsdelsträdgård on the large lawn in Folkparken. A Stadsdelsträdgård is a self-organized garden held in common by the residents with minimal involvement by the municipality. Ideally, a Stadsdelsträdgård is initiated entirely from below, but that does not mean that a municipality that wants to launch a commitment cannot help to create conditions and build a foundation. The international correspondence to a Stadsdelsträdgård is a community garden. Research on community gardens suggests that the benefits are many. Community gardening leads to improved relationships among people, increased community pride, security, physical activity and health plus it gives a better understanding of nature and its cycles. Finally, it has been found that property values are enhanced around community gardens. Folkparken was established in the late 1800s by the working class. In the 90s the park was threatened to disappear in favor of housing developments, but was saved thanks to the public outcry. The park building is currently unused, and an investigation as to its future use is in progress. The park needs a new identity and function that will ensure its continued existence. A Stadsdelsträdgård would create a new form of meeting place in Folkparken and at the same time as it is an important step in the direction to a sustainable urban development.

<div>Biosolids-based fertilizers are sold to the public to provide beneficial nutrients and organic matter for plant production. They are commonly applied to community gardens, municipal lands, reclamation projects, and golf courses. These fertilizers, however, may also contain a variety of trace organic contaminants, which can be persistent in the environment. Our work sought to quantify the persistence of biosolids contaminants in community garden soils. The commercial biosolids-based fertilizer, OCEANGRO®, was amended to two community garden soils to determine the first-order half-lives of four model contaminants: carbamazepine, miconazole, triclocarban, and triclosan. The criteria for their selection included biosolids occurrence, ecotoxicity, antimicrobial function, and knowledge gaps. Aerobic biosolids-amended soil microcosms were incubated at 22 ± 1 °C and approximately 80% field capacity. Sacrificial sampling occurred seven times over 180 days through multi-step solvent extractions. Detection and quantification were done on a high-performance liquid chromatograph tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Results indicated that biosolids contaminants persist in soils with some having modeled half-lives in the hundreds of days. Additional analyses of solvent-spiked contaminant degradation and porewater desorption were performed to provide greater insight into possible limitations on resident biosolids contaminant degradation and to form a better comparative basis to previous literature. Solvent-spiked contaminants degraded more quickly than those resident within biosolids, which indicate that data using the former may underestimate persistence in real-world environments. The porewater analysis allowed for the desorption coefficient to be calculated for all four model resident contaminants. Disparities in the trends of these desorption coefficients and solvent-spiked degradation rates showed that desorption from the biosolids matrix may have been a limiting factor to resident degradation for only some of our four model contaminants. Nonetheless, the demonstrated persistence of these contaminants necessitates long-term thinking in relation to biosolids application. More work is needed on the potential hazards associated with biosolids use in public lands regarding ecotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance.</div>

Social movements do not only protest and demand political change - they produce new spaces too. Why and how? If we understand this, we can appreciate better the specificity and potential of the last cycle of mobilizations involving the encampment of cities' squares. This paper shows how the Indignados movement in Barcelona evolved from symbolizing an alternative future in the square to constructing alternatives in the city after. We find that people in alternative projects re-appropriate and transform urban space because they want to live differently and produce a radically different city, now. We conceptualize these new spaces as "prefigurative territories", integrating the seemingly divergent anarchist theory of prefiguration with Lefebvre's Marxist theory of space production. Prefigurative projects have strategic horizons and struggle with conflicts when opening up. Against those charging the Indignados with a fetishization of the occupied square and a failure to achieve political goals, we argue for the continuing relevance of the movement as it moved from the production of differential, to the production of counter-spaces. Further research should investigate how these counter-spaces feed into processes of political change. / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’évolution de la notion de jardin collectif et de leur place dans la ville. Elle s’appuie tout d’abord sur une mise en perspective historico-géographique de la notion de jardin dans le bassin méditerranéen, entre orient et occident, de l’antiquité à nos jours. La notion de jardin a pris, en effet, au cours du temps des acceptions très différentes, jardins nourriciers ou jardins d’agréments, mais aussi jardins privés, jardins publics et jardins collectifs. Nous resserrons ensuite notre approche sur les jardins collectifs, jardins ouvriers, jardins familiaux et aujourd’hui jardins partagés. Pour cela nous focalisons notre recherche sur l’agglomération lyonnaise de la fin du 19ème siècle à nos jours. Cette analyse historico-géographique s’appuie à la fois sur un travail d’archives et sur une cartographie des jardins. Pour associer, profondeur historique et approche spatiale, nous interrogeons les facteurs historiques, politiques, démographiques, économiques et sociaux qui, durant cette période, se révèlent déterminants dans la localisation et les usages des jardins collectifs. Cette analyse des dynamiques spatiales de création de jardins tout au long du 20ème siècle, reflète l’évolution de leur place et de leurs fonctions dans la ville. Ceci nous permet de révéler à la fois des valeurs et des fonctions attribuées aux jardins qui ont une forte stabilité dans le temps, alors que d’autres renvoient à des conceptions et à des préoccupations historiquement comme géographiquement situées. Pour cela, nous attachons une attention particulière à resituer la question des jardins collectifs dans les transformations des politiques urbaines, avec pour la période récente la montée en puissance des préoccupations liées au développement durable et à la place de la nature en ville. / This PhD thesis deals with the evolution of the notion of collective garden and their place and functions in the city. Firstly, on the basis of an historical and geographical perspective, it provides a background of the notion of garden in the Mediterranean area, between East and West, from the ancient world to the modern day. The concept of garden has taken over time very different meanings, food-producing garden or pleasure garden, but also private gardens, public and community gardens.Then our approach focuses on collective gardens, namely workers' gardens, family gardens and community gardens. Our research focuses on the city of Lyon and its metropolitan area from the late 19th century to today. This historical and geographical analysis is based on both an archival work and a cartographic approach. To mix historical depth and spatial approach we inquire about the historical, political, demographic, economic and social factors that determine the location and the uses of collective gardens. This analysis of the spatial dynamics throughout the twentieth century reflects the evolution of their place and their functions in the city. This allows us to identify the values and functions of collective gardens that have a high stability over time, while others refer to conceptions and concerns which are historically and geographically situated. We thus pay particular attention to place the issue of community gardens in transformations of urban policies, characterized for the recent period by the increasing influence of sustainable development concerns and emerging issues on the place of nature in cities.

The image of the postindustrial city is formed by public spaces (streets, plazas and squares, parks, riverfronts and waterfronts) together with a wide range of underused urban spaces and long-term unused areas of stalled spaces. The subject of this work is research of different types of urban gardening spaces and their optimal spatial, operational and functional parameters in the context of urbanism and urban planning. The aim is to apply them to the structure of unused urban spaces. On the basis of the case studies included in the research, the success of placement of individual community projects in different types of public spaces and stalled spaces is assessed. Recommendations for planning practice are based on these evaluations. The results of the work show that spaces with possibilities of horticultural production are a suitable solution for the temporary and also long-term use of under-utilized urban areas with many benefits in social, economic and environmental areas.

The diploma thesis deals with the concept of community gardens, where the common activity of people, mutual help and pursuit of a common goal creates a certain community model. In this thesis we want to clarify the functioning of the relationships on which the community is based, how members perceive it and describe its character. The aim is to show how civil society organizations that set up community gardens can create an environment for meeting and associating people in communities and enabling them to meet the needs they lack in their location. Key words community, community garden, non-profit organizations, civil society organizations, association

A agricultura urbana encontra-se presente em diversas civilizações e períodos da História. Entretanto, é na segunda metade do século XX, no contexto dos movimentos contraculturais (com início nos anos 1960/1970), que ela se materializará enquanto resultado de ativismos urbanos, destacadamente via guerrilha verde/guerrilla gardening, ou seja, mediante ações em terrenos públicos ou privados sem permissão prévia. Com isso, hortas comunitárias se tornaram símbolos da luta pela reestruturação do espaço urbano e ampliaram as reflexões sobre a apropriação do espaço público, a origem e qualidade dos alimentos, a cooperação cidadã e o direito à cidade. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal melhor compreender a agricultura urbana enquanto expressão ativista, destacadamente na cidade de São Paulo, onde ela se tornou mais evidente a partir da segunda década do século XXI, sobretudo com a emergência da rede Hortelões Urbanos e com a materialização da Horta das Corujas (horta comunitária em praça pública no território da Subprefeitura de Pinheiros), que também ajudaram a impulsionar mudanças legislativas e na composição de conselhos participativos. A partir de um recorte histórico-temporal adequado, empreendeu-se uma análise referente às dinâmicas da metrópole; atentou-se à problemática socioambiental; e regataram-se diferentes conceituações de agricultura urbana, evidenciando suas múltiplas soluções para a questão urbana. A partir da metodologia da pesquisa-ação, desenvolveu-se, por fim, o estudo de caso da Horta das Corujas, apresentando os seus diferentes aspectos socioespaciais vividos e percebidos cotidianamente. Na utopia das revoluções tranquilas, a referida horta comunitária sinaliza outra maneira de se apropriar do espaço público e de viver a cidade, pautada na experiência comunitária de caráter solidário. / Urban agriculture can be found in different civilizations and historical periods. However, it was not until recent times, from the countercultural movements of the 1960s and 70s onwards, that it became associated with \"green guerrilla\" or \"guerrilla gardening\", an activity that includes political actions in publicly or privately-owned land without prior permission. The resulting community gardens came to symbolise the struggle for the re-organisation of the urban space, including the reflection on the uses of public space, the origin and quality of food, the citizens\' rights to cooperate and intervene in the city. This dissertation will focus on urban agriculture as an activist expression, notably in Sao Paulo city, where it has experienced a remarkable development in the last two decades, especially with the emergence of the \"Hortelões Urbanos\" (Urban Gardeners) network and the founding of the Corujas Community Garden on a public square in the subprefecture of Pinheiros, which has contributed to legislative changes and to the reorganisation of participatory councils. My approach will question the adequacy of the historical approach, proposing instead an analysis based on the dynamics of the metropolis, the evaluation of environmental problems and of the different concepts of urban agriculture. Multiple solutions to urban issues will be suggested along the way. Guided by the methodology of the action research, the last section will be devoted to the case study of the Corujas Community Garden, giving pride of place to its socio-spatial aspects as perceived in daily life. I will conclude by addressing the utopia of the \"peaceful revolution\", i.e., the possibility that community gardens can provide a better kind of relationship with the public space and urban life, based on the communal sharing of assets and experiences.

A agricultura urbana encontra-se presente em diversas civilizações e períodos da História. Entretanto, é na segunda metade do século XX, no contexto dos movimentos contraculturais (com início nos anos 1960/1970), que ela se materializará enquanto resultado de ativismos urbanos, destacadamente via guerrilha verde/guerrilla gardening, ou seja, mediante ações em terrenos públicos ou privados sem permissão prévia. Com isso, hortas comunitárias se tornaram símbolos da luta pela reestruturação do espaço urbano e ampliaram as reflexões sobre a apropriação do espaço público, a origem e qualidade dos alimentos, a cooperação cidadã e o direito à cidade. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal melhor compreender a agricultura urbana enquanto expressão ativista, destacadamente na cidade de São Paulo, onde ela se tornou mais evidente a partir da segunda década do século XXI, sobretudo com a emergência da rede Hortelões Urbanos e com a materialização da Horta das Corujas (horta comunitária em praça pública no território da Subprefeitura de Pinheiros), que também ajudaram a impulsionar mudanças legislativas e na composição de conselhos participativos. A partir de um recorte histórico-temporal adequado, empreendeu-se uma análise referente às dinâmicas da metrópole; atentou-se à problemática socioambiental; e regataram-se diferentes conceituações de agricultura urbana, evidenciando suas múltiplas soluções para a questão urbana. A partir da metodologia da pesquisa-ação, desenvolveu-se, por fim, o estudo de caso da Horta das Corujas, apresentando os seus diferentes aspectos socioespaciais vividos e percebidos cotidianamente. Na utopia das revoluções tranquilas, a referida horta comunitária sinaliza outra maneira de se apropriar do espaço público e de viver a cidade, pautada na experiência comunitária de caráter solidário. / Urban agriculture can be found in different civilizations and historical periods. However, it was not until recent times, from the countercultural movements of the 1960s and 70s onwards, that it became associated with \"green guerrilla\" or \"guerrilla gardening\", an activity that includes political actions in publicly or privately-owned land without prior permission. The resulting community gardens came to symbolise the struggle for the re-organisation of the urban space, including the reflection on the uses of public space, the origin and quality of food, the citizens\' rights to cooperate and intervene in the city. This dissertation will focus on urban agriculture as an activist expression, notably in Sao Paulo city, where it has experienced a remarkable development in the last two decades, especially with the emergence of the \"Hortelões Urbanos\" (Urban Gardeners) network and the founding of the Corujas Community Garden on a public square in the subprefecture of Pinheiros, which has contributed to legislative changes and to the reorganisation of participatory councils. My approach will question the adequacy of the historical approach, proposing instead an analysis based on the dynamics of the metropolis, the evaluation of environmental problems and of the different concepts of urban agriculture. Multiple solutions to urban issues will be suggested along the way. Guided by the methodology of the action research, the last section will be devoted to the case study of the Corujas Community Garden, giving pride of place to its socio-spatial aspects as perceived in daily life. I will conclude by addressing the utopia of the \"peaceful revolution\", i.e., the possibility that community gardens can provide a better kind of relationship with the public space and urban life, based on the communal sharing of assets and experiences.

Prendre part à un jardin communautaire ou collectif (JCC) est associé entre autres à une consommation accrue de fruits et légumes (FL) dans la littérature. Avec la popularité croissante des JCC dans les pays développés, l’impact des JCC sur les iniquités de santé demeure méconnu. Cette étude analyse 1) la répartition des JCC à Montréal en fonction de certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques des voisinages et 2) l’association entre la proximité résidentielle d’un JCC et la consommation quotidienne de FL chez les adultes. Le nombre moyen de JCC dans les voisinages de Montréal a été comparé selon la densité populationnelle, la proportion de ménages locataires, la proportion d’immigrants et les proportions de personnes à faible revenu ou sans diplôme d’études secondaires. Une régression logistique multivariée a été effectuée pour évaluer l’association entre la proximité résidentielle d’un JCC (présente si jardin à ≤ 500 m de la résidence) et la consommation quotidienne de FL (suffisante étant ≥5 fois/jour). Les analyses ont été répétées avec une proximité à 300 m et à 1 000 m. Les analyses comparatives ont révélé un nombre significativement plus élevé de JCC dans les voisinages plus denses, avec plus de locataires et avec plus de personnes à faible revenu ou sans diplôme d'études secondaires. La proximité résidentielle à un JCC s’avère non associée à la fréquence de consommation de FL chez les adultes. La répartition actuelle des JCC à Montréal favorise un accès accru dans les quartiers plus défavorisés et présente un potentiel pour réduire les iniquités de santé. Dans notre étude, vivre près d’un jardin ne serait pas associé à une consommation plus importante de FL. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer d'autres dimensions de l'accès et de l’impact sur les iniquités de santé. / Taking part in community/collective gardening has been linked to greater fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. However, little is known regarding their impact on social health inequalities. This study aims to examine 1) the distribution of community/collective gardens in Montreal and 2) the association between residential proximity to a community garden and daily FV consumption among adults. First, the mean number of gardens within a neighbourhood was compared as a function of neighbourhood-level socio-demographic indicators. Second, a multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between FV consumption and the presence of a community/collective garden. FV consumption of individuals was classified as sufficient (≥ 5 times/day) or insufficient (< 5). Presence of a community/collective garden was dichotomized as being present (≤ 500 m from residence) or absent (> 500 m). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of modifying the cut-point using 300 m and 1000 m. Comparative analyses revealed significantly more gardens in neighbourhoods with higher population densities, higher tenancy rates, and higher proportions of people living under the low-income threshold or without a high-school diploma. There was no trend according to immigrant proportions. Our regression results showed no association between residential proximity and the frequency of FV consumption among adults. The current distribution of community/collective gardens in Montreal favours increased access in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods and shows potential to reduce health inequities. Living close to a garden doesn’t seem to be associated with the FV consumption pattern. Additional studies are needed to assess other important dimensions of access and the impact on health inequities.

This thesis focuses on the intersection of social entrepreneurship and community gardening. In the middle of both of these initiative is man, his wellbeing and the wellbeing of the whole planet. Both of these social and civil initiatives can potentially become places of social integration of handicapped people. Therefore, this work is paying attention to concepts of social exclusion and inclusion, social entrepreneurship and community gardening. Moreover, it deals with the notions of employment and work of disabled people. This theses also contains a program evaluation of a community garden and a social enterprise, Kokoza,o.p.s, which employs people with a mental disease. Looking at the case of this enterprise we can see that the conjunction of a community garden and a social enterprise can be a fitting solution for all the stakeholders: for the establishing organization, for the employees as well as for the community using the garden. KEY WORDS Social entrepreneurship, Social Economy, Community garden, Urban gardening Social exclusion, Social inclusion, People with mental disorder, Evaluation, Evaluation research