It is a common market practice to offer two products in a package, so called bundling. While much research investigate how companies can use bundling to increase sales and profit, less is known about how bundling can be beneficial for consumers. There are many advantages with bundling for consumers, as bundles often are offered at a reduced price and provide convenience and reduced risk. But there are also major drawbacks, for example reduced freedom of choice and increased risk of over-consumption. In the present study, the general aim is to increase the understanding of how consumers’ perceive bundle value. To achieve this, focus is turned to bundle composition, more specifically the complementarity between bundle products, as a source of value for consumers. By exploring what complementarity is, how it influences consumer preferences for and satisfaction with bundles and how it interacts with bundle discount insights about the overall value of bundles for consumers is gained. In five scenario-based experiments, the influence of different kinds and different degrees of complementarity on consumers’ perceptions of bundle value is studied and compared to evaluations of separate products. The results show that bundles generally are not preferred over separate products and that they only exceptionally provide more satisfaction. However, the results also highlight the influence of bundle composition on consumer evaluations. Generally, bundle complementarity has a positive effect on preferences and satisfaction, especially when combined with a discount. The results also illustrates that complementarity is a multifaceted concept. Many kinds of relations between bundle products are considered complementary and the degree of complementarity may vary within and between different types of complementarity. Based on the results it is suggested that the notion of complementarity is closely related to consumers’ everyday practices and the value bundles provides in use. When consumers understand the value that bundle products provide in use, the perceived complementarity increases and preferences and satisfaction is positively influenced. It is suggested that bundling can be used as a strategic tool by companies to increase value for customers. By considering their customers’ needs and practices companies can compose bundles that are perceived as complementary and offer value-in-use.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-121).

In this study Complementarity in Therapy, it has been outlined how the construct, cybernetic complementary description or complementarity can be used in therapy to invent an imaginary team for the helper working solo. Complementarity is used to create alternative ideas, simulating the contribution of a team especially in pre-session hypothesising. A literature study explores the possibilities of complementarity as a cybernetic constructivist construct. Of special significance is the contributions of Varela's formulation of complementarity as trinities, introducing the slash (/) Keeney's emphasis on recursion indicated by circulating arrows and Flemeons emphasis on imbrecation and levels of connection illustrated with different types of lettering. A case study is described to illustrate how complementarity was applied. / Social Work / M.A. (Social science (Mental health))

In the area of knowledge management and knowledge governance, previous research has mostly focused on either knowledge stocks or knowledge flows of firms or organizational units. Contrary to this work, our study is among the first to integrate these two perspectives in order to shed light on the complementarity effects of different types of knowledge stocks and flows in the multinational corporation (MNC). We investigate intra-functional as well as cross-functional complementarity effects from the perspective of the knowledge recipient. We test the impact of stocks on flows on the benefit that is created for MNC units. Based on a comprehensive sample of 324 relationships between MNC units we find that both types of complementarity create benefits for these units, but that the effects from intra-functional combinations of knowledge stocks and flows are significantly stronger than from cross-functional combinations.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The main contributor of situations before the International Criminal Court (hereinafter ICC) has been state parties that have referred situations on their own territory to the ICC through “self-referral”. This study examines the concept of self-referral tracing the history of voluntary deferral by states of their jurisdiction over international crimes up to the enactment of the Rome Statute. The study finds that states were historically reluctant to have international crimes committed on their territory handled by other bodies or states. The self-referrals under the ICC regime are therefore a novelty in international criminal law. The legality of the act of self-referral under the Rome Statute is also examined and it is concluded that self-referrals are provided for within the Statute, although their legality has been questioned. The study establishes that self-referrals have seen unprecedented cooperation by territorial states but have also been selective in nature, targeting only non-state actors (rebel groups) .The study further compares the ICC’s handling of two other situations (Kenya and Darfur) which were triggered by antagonistic proprio motu and UN Security Council referrals respectively. The ultimate collapse of cases arising out of the Kenyan situation plus the suspension of investigations in Darfur due to non-cooperation is significant when compared with the relative successes registered with self-referred situations. The study concludes that whereas self-referrals may involve concessions to the territorial state like non-prosecution of state actors, this is a necessary evil to ensure successful investigations and prosecutions of international crimes. I recommend at the end of the study that in order to shield the office of the ICC Prosecutor from the diplomacy, dirty international politics and compromises at play in securing referrals as well as cooperation during the entire prosecution process, there should be a separate organ of the ICC handling investigations and interactions with states.

In this research, I explore the changes in the functional diversity of herbivorous fishes in zones of coral reefs with different benthic composition: a zone dominated by corals, a zone dominated by algae and a transition zone in between the previous two. I choose to use functional traits which explain the feeding mechanics of this group of fish, as well their feeding rates and their previously established functional groups to understand how different assemblages of this fishes could affect their environment in different ways. I found clear differences in the functional diversity by calculating five indexes, functional dispersion (FDis), functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), functional evenness (FEve) and functional specialization (FSpe). Each zone showed different species composition with different abundances; both parameters contribute to obtaining different values of the indexes. The coral-dominated zone showed the biggest multidimensional functional trait space (MFTS) with a value of FRic equals to 1 which means that its assemblage occupies 100% of the MFTS, while the transition zone assemblage occupied 83% and the algae-dominated zone occupied 16% of it. Thanks to this index I identified three functionally redundant species in the coral-dominated and the transition zones. The algae-dominated zone showed the lower FDis explained by the high abundance of grazers individuals. FDiv did not vary significantly between the three zones. FEve was higher in the algae-dominated zone; the index value decreased in the transition and coral-dominated zones, a similar tendency was shown by FSpe. Finally, to explore the importance of including functional diversity I made a comparison between the taxonomic and functional β-diversity. This research showed close relations of herbivorous fishes with their environment, but I could not establish if the benthic composition shapes the herbivorous fish assemblage or the other way around. This research can be a baseline to start working in functional diversity in the Red Sea coral reefs, can help to understand what to expect in the evaluation of reefs in different health state and to identify which herbivorous fish species or groups are more vulnerable and more important according to their function for coral reefs.

Recent studies propose two theories explaining the particular mechanisms of mate choice. Theory of homogamy suggests that individuals prefer partners with personality traits similar to their own. In contrast, theory of complementarity states that people choose mates with opposite personality traits. The main aims of this study were i) to test homogamy and complementarity of dominance in long-term heterosexual and homosexual male couples and ii) to examine whether this similarity predicts higher relationship satisfaction. We also tested whether heterosexual couples differ from same-sex couples in the level of assessed homogamy. Dominance was measured in four different domains: dominance as a personal trait, dominance in social groups, partner dominance and sexual dominance. The research sample consisted of 76 male heterosexuals (mean age 24, SD = 4) and their long-term partners (mean age 22, SD = 3.34) and 36 male homosexuals (mean age 30, SD = 8.25) and their long- term partners (mean age 29, SD = 6.99). All participants completed anonymous set of questionnaires (International Personality Item Pool (IPIP), Rank Style With Peers Questionnaire (RSPQ), Sexual Relationship Power Scale (SRPS), along with a questionnaire focused on sexual dominance, and Spanier's test of dyadic adjustment). Our findings...

Recent studies show that both physical and personality characteristics influence mate choice. Two theories explaining particular mechanisms of mate choice were proposed. Theory of homogamy suggests that individuals prefer partners with similar personality traits as they have. In contrast, theory of complementarity states that people choose mates with opposite personality traits. Main aim of the current study was to test homogamy and complementarity of personality traits in long-term same-sex male couples. The research sample consisted of 40 male homosexuals (mean age 24.2, SD = 4.6) and their long-term partners (mean age 27.4, SD = 5.2). All participants completed anonymous set of questionnaires (NEO-FFI, Spanier's test of dyadic adjustment, questionnaire focused on gender diagnosticy and revised sociosexuality orientation inventory) Each questionnaire was evaluated separately. The individual scores of participants and his partner was compared by correlational analyses. Then, we using a correlation and ANOVA analyses between couples similarity and results of Dyadic Adjustment Scale was tested. Findings showed that greater couple similarity in BMI and weight indicates higher satisfaction in the partnership. The results also showed that homosexual couples were similar in age, occupation, level of...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20380号 / 工博第4317号 / 新制||工||1669(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 北野 正雄, 教授 山田 啓文, 教授 松尾 哲司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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