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The heating and cooling requirements after a shutdown period of the heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings are studied through an analytical model. The parameters affecting the preconditioning and storage loads which are of particular importance are identified. A mathematical computer model is developed to facilitate the analysis of the shutdown loads. Zones are grouped in terms of heavy, medium and light weight construction for the study. For a specified zone, the ratio of the inside surface area to the outside exposed area, A(s)/A(w), is an important parameter in predicting the additional loads resulting from system shutdown. The computer model is validated with known computer programs, namely DOE-2, BLAST, and DARE-P. A simplification to the model is proved to be adequate for the study. The zones with similar weight characteristics and the same A(s)/A(w) ratio, prove to have the same temperature profiles during the shutdown period, provided that they are at the same ambient conditions. Design guidance and procedures for predicting the preconditioning and storage loads using the models are developed. In addition, the use of DOE-2 and ASHRAE weighting factor method for shutdown load predictions is demonstrated for generic and custom applications.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Encoders are extensively used in instrumentation and telemetry systems. Commercially available encoders are available from several sources and vary in complexity depending on the application. Encoders often include analog signal conditioning, a system clock, and one or more digital input ports. Many of these systems also cost several thousand dollars and the cost goes up when high data accuracy of one or two percent is required. This paper describes a low cost approach which has been used in production telemetry applications with great success and which yields a PCM encoder with data accuracies of better than 2%.

"Shaping" or "method of successive approximation" is a procedure which may be applied to increase the frequency of a response which has a low operant level, or it may also be used to bring about responses which have not been previously emitted. In "shaping," the experimenter initially reinforces a response which is within the behavorial repertoire of the subject. Then, the experimenter reinforces only responses which approximate the behavior which is desired. The final behavior is then directly reinforced.

Escape maintained behavior in dogs is generally displayed by one of two behaviors-fleeing or aggression. Once aggression is negatively reinforced by the removal of the aversive stimulus, it is very difficult to eliminate from the organism's repertoire. Counterconditioning is the process of pairing a positive reinforcer with an aversive stimulus in the attempts that an organism will no longer exhibit fear responses in its presence. This process must be done gradually with small approximations. Many organisms have been trained to tolerate the presence of aversive stimuli via counterconditioning. However, this process can be time consuming and has inconsistent results. The purpose of this experiment was to monitor the effects of counter conditioning around an aversive stimulus while simultaneously training an identical behavior in the presence of a neutral stimulus. The results demonstrated that even though counterconditioning produced approach to the aversive stimulus the subject still exhibited numerous fear responses when results were compared to the control condition.