Water Brief, Fourth Draft / 6.16.76 / Introduction: The need for an efficient method of storage of water in arid zones has long been recognized. Efforts have been made everywhere to develop small storage tanks to provide water at critical periods. However, most of the existing tanks have such annual or seasonal evaporation losses that they are equal or even greater than the average depth of the tank. Thus many of these tanks are completely depleted before the end of the dry season, often with dramatic consequences for human beings, livestock or agricultural activities depending on the water supply. Reducing the heavy evaporation and seepage losses in these tanks is an important way to increase the supply of water. Several methods have been developed to reduce these losses but one of the most effective ways is to make the tanks with a smaller surface but deeper. The importance of making tanks deeper has been recognized for many years but there are several constraints for achieving depth in tanks: (a) the gradient of the water stream, (b) the unsuitability of dozers to work in deep pits, and (c) shallow soils. However, these constraints can be removed by using high rise banks and water pumps. Efficiency can also be improved by keeping the water concentrated. With this idea in mind, Mr. Cluff, FAO Consultant, has developed the concept of the compartmented tank, which is being tried out successfully in Mexico, and whose main features are summarized below.

Project Completion Report, OWRT Project No. A-082-ARIZ / Agreement No. 14-34-0001-8003, Project Dates: October 1977-September 1978 / Acknowledgement: The work upon which this report is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1978. / This report contains the results of a one year study to apply the compartmented reservoir concept to water storage problems in Arizona. The range of selected projects was from a ten thousand cubic meter (8.1 af) reservoir for a water harvesting agrisystem at Black Mesa, to a 238 million cubic meter (200,000 af) flood control dam, Tat Momolikot Dam on the Papago Reservation, to supply water for irrigation. Other sites studied were the Santa Cruz River at Continental, to supply an industrial /domestic water, Leslie Creek site for recreation, and improvement of Mormon Lake for recreation. Evaporation from Tat Momolikot and Mormon Lake are presently consuming most of the available water. Through compartmentalization this evaporation can be significantly reduced. At the other potential dam sites on the Santa Cruz and Leslie Creek the use of a compartmented reservoir will make these otherwise marginal projects practical. The Black Mesa Agrisystem is presently demonstrating the utility of the compartmented reservoir system.

Ilgą laiko tarpą hidroenergetika vertinta kaip sėkminga žmonijos vystimosi ir akivaizdžios naudos išraiška, pastaruoju metu siejama su reikšmingu poveikiu gamtinei aplinkai bei įtaka klimato kaitai. Lygumų šalyse, net ir mažos galios hidroelektrinių statyba pareikalauja didelių užliejamų žemės plotų. Šiame darbe atlikome aštuoniasdešimties iki 2007 metų pastatytų hidroelektrinių poveikio aplinkai analizę bei aptarėme galimą „Lietuvos hidroenergetinių išteklių schemoje„ numatytų statyti HE poveikį aplinkai palyginant didžiąją ir mažąją hidroenergetiką. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad nedidelės galios hidroelektrinės poveikis aplinkai, lyginant pagaminamos energijos vienetui yra daug didesnis nei didelių hidroelektrinių atveju. Tam, kad pagaminti 1 kW elektros energijos – 100 kW galingumo hidroelektrinėje, reikės užlieti apie 0,5 ha žemės, kai tokiam pačiam kiekiui pagaminti didelėje (100MW) galios HE prireiks 0,06 ha užliejamos žemės. Planuojamų statyti hidroelektrinių atveju, nepriklausomai nuo regiono, hidroelektrinių tvenkiniai užlietų didelius, žemių plotus. Įgyvendinant „Lietuvos hidroenergetinių išteklių schemą“ būtų sunaikinti 670 km2. miškų ir žemės ūkio naudmenų. Vien tik užtvankos ant Nemuno užlietų 278 km2 užimantį plotą. Užliejamos žemės vertintinos kaip didelę ekologinę ir estetinę vertę turinčios teritorijos, pasižyminčiomis unikaliomis gamtinėmis buveinėmis ir turtinga rūšine įvairove. Užliejus teritorijas radikaliai pakeičiamas kraštovaizdis, prarandamos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / During the last century hydroenergy become one of the most important energy source in the world. However, the environmental impacts of dams have been disccused widely in recent years. Number of reserches indicates dams reservoir as an significant greenhouse gas source. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects on environment made by electrical dams in country of flatlands. To assess all possible impact of designed power plants, analysis of more than 80 working electrical dams has been made. The impact of small and large power plants was considered. Analysis shows that there was a quite big difference in flooded land area per energy unit (kW), between low-power and high-power hydroelectric. Average flooded area for 100 kW power plant destroys over 0,5 hectare of species rich semi-natural grasslands forests and other landed property. When high-power (100MW) hydroelectric dam require only about 0,06 hectare of flooded land per unit. Thus, indicates that small water-plants gives much more negative impact per unit, than big ones. However, the impact of dams, are highly destructive in conditions of flatlands. Results has showed that further hydroenergy development in Lithuania, according to planned “Lithuanian hydroenergy resource use scheme” would require vast flooded area of total 670 km2. In addition, dams reservoir emit a significant amount of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. The impact of Global warming will contribute 43960 thousand ton of CO2 and 580... [to full text]

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1980.

Tatera brantsii was numerically dominant in the small mammal community on the plateaux of the rehabilitated ash disposal sites of ESKOM's Hendrina Power Station in 1998 and 1999 (Vermaak 2000). The species seemed well adapted to exploit this environment and, through biopedturbation, had altered the topsoil structure and chemistry. The consequences of this and other activities also affected the rehabilitated plant community of the PFA-dam habitat. Burrowing appeared limited to just under the topsoil layer, and seemed more extensive than burrows of this species in natural ecosystems. The burrow system architecture was mapped and quantified, and localised increases in nitrates, phosphorous and organic carbon in immediately associated substrate were noted. However, this substrate enrichment was transient, and disappeared following the abandonment, and subsequent collapse of burrow systems, when gerbil colonies migrated away from the area. The mixing of soil horizons also resulted in a more homogeneous substrate, which was more friable, and thus drier. The high pH and salinity of the topsoil layer in areas undisturbed by gerbil burrowing, and concentrations of particular elements associated with either the topsoil covering or the ash, were reduced as a consequence of substrate mixing in disturbed areas. Gerbil impacts on the substrate of this habitat seemed to promote pedogenesis, eliminating the sharp distinction between the topsoil covering and the ash below, but the re-exposed ash of the burrow mounds would become subject to erosion, and reduce the effectiveness of the rehabilitation effort. Gerbil activities increased the number of plant species, especially ruderal forbs, comprising the plant community of the PFA-dam habitat, but plant community diversity was not significantly increased. However, numerical dominance by few tussock grass species was diminished , possibly reflecting burial under mounds of excavated substrate. The biomass and cover of some grass species were reduced in areas of gerbil impacts, and plant lifecycles appeared to be completed sooner in areas affected by gerbil activities. These effects may be as a result of the drier substrate produced following the collapse of the extensive network of abandoned burrows. The succession of this plant community towards an underutilised grassland state, the expected outcome of the rehabilitation effort, was minimally affected by gerbil activities. The effects of T.brantsii activities in this PFA-dam habitat were not as distinct as the effects noted by other authors studying fossorial rodent impacts in less disturbed habitats. This could be because further disturbances in this habitat would merely add to the currently disturbed state, whereas disturbance in more natural habitats, would show more of a change from the initial state. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Zoology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Numerical dam break analyses of Kirazlik&ouml / pr&uuml / Dam are performed under various hydraulic scenarios. Kirazlik&ouml / pr&uuml / Dam is located on the G&ouml / kirmak River near the city of Bartin. The objective of these analyses is to investigate adverse effects of such dam break failure on the regions downstream of the dam. The numerical model used in the simulations is FLDWAV, which is developed by the National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States. It appears that most adversely effected regions are those that are closest to the dam location. The results of these simulations can be used sufficiently to prepare emergency action plans in case of possible failures.

PhD / This study investigates how actions – especially narratives and claims – of civil society advocates influenced electricity generation planning and hydropower project implementation, in the context of a democratising authoritarian state. To pursue this research agenda, I use a critical realist philosophy of science to ground a conceptual framework whose fundamental components consist of institutions, interests, and discourses. The research presents three case studies from Thailand, a nation-state with distinct authoritarian legacies, as well as significant economic and political dynamism in the late 20th century. The cases step from macro to micro levels of analysis: (1) Electricity generation planning: an overview and critique of the social construction of peak power demand and supply options in Thailand, 1960s–2004. I focus on the rise of energy conservation advocacy in the early 1990s, and the rise of more confrontational energy activism in the late 1990s; (2) Pak Mun Dam: contention between EGAT, anti-dam villagers, and other state and civil society actors, 1989–2003; (3) Pak Mun Dam: analysis of how knowledge discourses shaped debates over fisheries and local livelihoods in the lower Mun river basin, 1999–2004. I pursue these cases in the larger context of Thai state–society relations, 1932–early 2000s: from the Khana Ratsadorn (People’s Party) and its founders’ increasingly authoritarian struggles to shape the state; through to the rise of civil society in the Indochina-war era; through the emergence of parliamentary politics and NGO evolution in the 1980s and early 1990s; to the Thai Rak Thai “money politics” party that emerged in 1998. Specific research questions focus on patterns and outcomes of state–society interaction, the role of lay and expert knowledge discourses in structuring conflict, and plausible causal connections between outcomes and concepts used in the conceptual framework. The study is based on fieldwork conducted between 2001 and 2005, with 18 months of intensive work concentrated in 2002 and 2004. Recurrent procedures consisted of collecting policy narratives and arguments and re-constructing actors’ interests (including those of leaders in organizations) via participant observation, interviews, and textual analysis. The thesis argues that anti-dam advocates influenced project implementation practices at Pak Mun Dam by forming social change networks, gaining contingent recognition as new political actors. Through innovative and disruptive action, through claims for transparency and justice, through mass performances of worthiness, unity, and commitment, and through the production of local knowledge, they helped set agendas. They triggered elite intervention, as well as reactive counter-mobilization and occasional violence. The escalation of uncertainty from unintended outcomes challenged elites – aided by deliberative exchanges – to reconsider unfavourable decisions, to reconsider their preferences, and to make concessions. At the same time, a number of events made the Assembly of the Poor, the main anti-dam movement organization, vulnerable to destabilizing action at the local and national levels. These include: the formation of competitive organizations in the lower Mun basin; complex and intractable issues (such as multiple rounds of compensation); and inability to take credit for championing the interests of vulnerable small farmers. Destabilizing interactions occurred particularly in the restricted media space of the post-financial and economic crisis years. Populist platforms put forward by Thai Rak Thai and Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra pre-empted the AOP’s influence. Sustainable energy advocates influenced practices of power system planning by teaching new techniques of energy conservation, and diffusing new norms. In the recent period, however, as some of them engaged in more contentious interaction, such as intervening in conflicts over new coal and hydroelectric power plants (in southern Thailand and Laos respectively) they disrupted dominant rationalities, and found themselves confronting some of the same core practices of a power-wielding bureaucracy and an authoritarian state, namely rhetorical strategies that police the boundaries of policy-relevant knowledge. The thesis, intended to contribute to social science methodology and theory, concludes with a critical appraisal of the conceptual framework. I suggest new research agendas for analysts interested in mechanisms of civil society advocacy in the context of democratising states.

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-93).

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies of Department, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.