A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Community Work in the Department of Social Work at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014 / Juvenile Delinquency is not an inherent condition, but it is learned through association, imitation, pressure, needs, wants, influence and desires. There is a growing tendency in South Africa of juvenile involvement in crime. Somehow, it is believed that the juveniles are motivated by the Bill of Rights, Section 28 of the South African Constitution, which prohibits co operative punishment. In the year 2008 statistics of Empangeni Magistrates court, 15 % of juveniles appeared in court for different offences. In the year 2009 juvenile cases showed a 21 % increase and in 2011 they increased by 32 %. It is believed that if nothing is done, the economy of the country will never improve. In this study 25 Juvenile offenders were interviewed. 2 case studies of juvenile offenders who had been arrested and charged were done and 3 parents of juvenile offenders who had been arrested then successfully put on non custodial rehabilitation were interviewed. The results proved that causes are systemic. This explains that the whole community is part of the causes. Therefore, the involvement of the community is essential in the prevention of juvenile crimes. The revolutionary awareness campaigns around Umhlathuze are essential. The offender rehabilitation organizations should be given slots at schools, community meetings and conferences. Juveniles with antisocial behavior should be treated for the prevention of crime as a career. The Department of Social Development should be given staff to enable to plan, implement and evaluate policies and programs. The recreational constructive facilities should be offered in an environment that is safe. Adequate support should be given to parents as well. The South African Police need community support in this area.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Criminology at the UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, 1992. / The investigation aims at analyzing, describing and explaining the treatment of juvenile offenders committed to Vuma Reform School by various South African juvenile courts. The analytical method of research is used to describe methods and programmes of treatment in order to gain insight into the treatment programme of Vuma Reform School. The documentary study technique, supplemented with an unstructured interview technique is used to analyse data consisting of one-hundred juveniles and sixty-six officials - The farmer were committed to the reform school between January 1988 and May 1990, and the officials are in employment by June 1990. Two institutions form the basis of treatment of juvenile offenders, namely the juvenile court and the reform school. Findings of the investigations are as fallows :— (a) The juvenile court has a significant role in adjudicating a convicted juvenile. The legal provisions of dealing with such juveniles and presentence investigation reports presented by social workers lay the foundation on which treatment should be based. (b) The majority of juvenile offenders under investigation were convicted of property re1 ated offences and, to a lesser extent, offences against persons and administration of justice. (c) Vuma Reform School's Internal structure consists of four divisions namely, the management, professional, administrative and auxiliary divisions. (d) The majority of personnel at Yuma Reform School are unqualified to carry out the treatment functions of the Reform School. Further, there is no psychological division to carry out psychological methods of treatment and psychological tests; and hence no vocational training programme is provided for. (e) The treatment programme of Vuma Reform School falIs into three phases, namely: admission, treatment and education and preparation for release. Each of these phases has individual programmes. For example, the admission phase has the reception and orientation programme; the treatment and education phase has academic and educational programmes, recreational, religious instruction, food and clothing, and discipline and control programmes. Lastly, the preparation for release phase has leave of absence, family units and correspondence and reconstruction services within the scope of treatment. Recommendations of the investigation are as follows :— (a) The status of the juvenile court should be upgraded, conditions of parental and legal representation of juveniles be reviewed and presentation of the presentence investigation report be made obligatory to all juvenile court trials. (b) Alternative sentences other than whipping be employed more oftenly by juvenile courts. (c) The composition of the Board of Management be broadened and training of personnel be adopted as a matter of policy. (d) The treatment programme of Vuma Reform School be improved by employment of clinical psychologists; provision of literacy classes for juveniles who need functional knowledge; provision of vocational training, improved recreational faci1ities and employment of a chaplain and active involvement of juveniles into the religious instruction programme. / University of Zululand

The concept of social control has been used in sociology since the foundations of the discipline were laid almost a hundred years ago. At the turn of the century social control developed two distinct orientations. The concept has referred to the process of socialization or how individual behavior is regulated in primary group relations, and alternatively, to how the large macrosocial institutions such as education, religion, law and the political system maintain order in society. Early research in social control focused on the development of inventories of societal means of social control. Changing standards of science, however, forced an abandonment of that perspective and research became more directly concerned with the socialization process. Most recently, social control arguments have centered upon the primary group aspects of socialization and the relation of that socialization to delinquency and have been unattentive to larger social institutions and secondary group factors that also influence behavior. The version of social control theory developed by Travis Hirschi in "Causes of Delinquency" (1969) has been shown to be an exemplary model of social research. He claimed that in early childhood many youths form a bond to society which prevents some of them from becoming involved with delinquency while others who fail to form a bond become delinquent. Hirschi's theory was strongly supported by the research he conducted which showed that delinquency involvement was inversely related to the strength of an individual's relationship to society. Despite the importance of Hirschi's research there is mounting evidence that various institutional experiences such as tracking and grading in school operate as contingencies experienced by adolescents which affect their ability to pursue the legitimate careers which is central to Hirschi's thesis and and which may force some youths into patterns of delinquent behavior. Similarly, youngsters who come from different positions in the class stl'ucture may vary in their likelihood of obtaining access to high status positions or conversely participating in delinquency if they fai1. Yet the impacts of educational policies and the effects of social class background have not been incorporated into social control arguments. This dissertation extends the explanatory model developed by Hirschi. First, it argues that the socialization levels reached by youngsters in primary group socialization are sometimes altered by subsequent experiences. Secondly, it contends that those changes are related to school experiences and social class backgrounds of youths. Finally, it avers that those changes increase or decrease the likelihood that adolescents will become involved in delinquent behavior. The data for this research was obtained from the Marion County Youth Study, an ongoing survey of a panel of male youths who were high school juniors in 1964. A twenty-five percent random sample of the panel in 1967 comprised the group used in this research. The group's 1964 responses were identified, and this served as the basis for the data analysis. The first part replicated Hirschi's contentions that the bond was formed in the family. One element, not fonned in 1964, emerged prior to the youth's graduation. Secondly, this research diverged from Hirschi's contention that social class was not related to the levels of bond achieved by youths or delinquency. Delinquency and two of the four elements of the bond were found to be related to social class. Third, the social bond was found to be moderately unstable and change was somewhat related to the educational and social background of the youth. Finally, these changes in bond and secondary group factors were translated into significant variations in the delinquency rates for the youths who comprised the analysis groups.

A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg. / WHSLYP2017

The primary objective of the current study involved examining the influence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits on the aggressive behavior and criminal offending of female juveniles committed to a secure juvenile justice facility. A history of physical abuse was examined as a potential moderator of these relationships. The deviant behaviors of peers were examined with respect to the outcomes for the entire sample. A total of 63 female youth incarcerated at a Midwestern state correctional facility participated. Overall levels of callous-unemotional traits were not related to involvement in delinquent activities. However, specific aspects of CU traits were related to engagement in certain types of criminal behavior. Peer delinquency was related to self-reported engagement in criminal activities generally, as well as offenses against persons specifically. CU traits demonstrated significant relationships with measures of aggression, but no significant differences were found with respect to the relationship of CU traits with different types of aggression. Having a history of physical abuse was unrelated to levels of aggression and involvement in delinquency. These findings have implications for prevention and intervention programs in correctional settings and the community. However, potential problems with data collection and measurement of key variables are discussed. Additional research needs to be conducted to determine the mechanisms of the relationships found in this study.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The purpose of this investigation into various aspects of time sense in adolescent delinquent boys was to test the hypothesis that: (1) delinquents are oriented more toward the immediate present than are their non-delinquent peers and (2) the "internal clocks" of delinquents run faster than those of non-delinquents. A fast "internal clock" implies small subjective temporal units, an overestimation of elapsed time, and a feeling that time passes slowly [TRUNCATED] / 2031-01-01

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