No description available.

The frequency dependence and temperature dependence of the complex dielectric constant of water is of great interest. The temperature dependence of the physical properties of water given in the literature, specific heat, thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, pH, etc. are compared to the a. c. (microwave) and d. c. conductivity of water with a variety of concentration of different substances such as HC1, NaCl, HaS04, etc. When each of these properties is plotted versus inverse absolute temperature, it can be seen that each sample shows "transition temperatures". In this work, Slater's perturbation equations for a resonant microwave cavity were used to analyze the experimental results for the microwave data.

No description available.

Desenvolveu-se um sistema para medir a constante dielétrica complexa de amostras dielétricas, de construção simples, versátil e de baixo custo. A medida é feita aplicando-se uma tensão senoidal e fazendo-se a aquisição do sinal aplicado e do sinal da resposta elétrica (carga elétrica). Emprega-se uma placa A/D para a aquisição de dados com taxa de amostragem de 100 Ksamples/seg e através da transformada de Fourier discreta destes sinais determina-se a impedância complexa da amostra, a partir da qual calcula-se a constante dielétrica complexa. A placa utilizada e o circuito de medida da carga elétrica introduzem defasagens indesejáveis nos sinais, cujas correções são feitas através de programa no computador usado para aquisição dos sinais. O sistema mostra um desempenho similar àqueles dos equipamentos comerciais para freqüências no intervalo de 0,1H.z a 1KHz, sendo testado com componentes resistivos e capacitivos e posteriormente em amostras de Teflon FEP, poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) e seus copolímeros com trifluoretileno. O sistema também foi utilizado para medir o deslocamento elétrico nos polímeros ferroelétricos sob a aplicação de campos elevados. Neste caso determinaram-se as curvas de histerese dielétrica e os deslocamentos de primeira, segunda e terceira ordem. / A low cost and a simple experimental system for measuring the complex dielectric constant of dielectric samples were developed. Measurements were performed measuring the electric charge response resulting from the application of a sinusoidal voltage. The system was based on an A/D acquisition board with sampling rate of 100 Ksamples/sec. The complex impedance was calculated using the discrete Fourier transform from which the complex dielectric constant was found. The phase differences introduced by the A/D board and the amplifiers circuits were connected by software. The setup showed that the results are comparable to that ones obtained with commercial impedance analyzers in the range of frequencies between 0.1 Hz and 1 KHz. Such measurements were obtained using resistors and/or capacitors and also using samples of Teflon FEP, PVDF and its copolymers with trifluorethylene. The setup was also capable to measure the electric displacement in ferroelectric polymers submitted to high fields. Hysteresis loops and the nonlinear electric displacement of first, second and third order were measured.

Scientists and engineers measure dielectric constant because it gives them better understanding of materials and helps them to know how to integrate these materials into their design processes;it also helps them to shorten design life cycle,and aside these two functions,it has numerous uses all of which cannot be enumerated in this section.Owing to its usefulness,various measurement methods of dielectric constant of materials have been developed over the years.Each method has its limitations which affect the accuracy of the measurement;these limitations range from frequency,temperature,and  mearsurement environment to material under test.   In this thesis,four most common methods of measuring dielectric constant were discussed and the most accurate one,the resonant method,was chosen and worked on .The project was executed by making a mathematical analysis of the ring resonator which was later simulated in HFSS to get results which would be comparable to ones obtained in  laboratory measurements.   The ring was fabricated and taken to the laboratory for measurement.Two monopole antennas were connected to the two ports of a VNA with one antenna serving as the transmitter and the other serving as the receiver.   The resonant frequencies obtained were combined with the geometric parameters of the ring resonator and that of the MUT in equations written into MATLAB scripts;this equations were used to extract the dielectric constant of the MUT.

Desenvolveu-se um sistema para medir a constante dielétrica complexa de amostras dielétricas, de construção simples, versátil e de baixo custo. A medida é feita aplicando-se uma tensão senoidal e fazendo-se a aquisição do sinal aplicado e do sinal da resposta elétrica (carga elétrica). Emprega-se uma placa A/D para a aquisição de dados com taxa de amostragem de 100 Ksamples/seg e através da transformada de Fourier discreta destes sinais determina-se a impedância complexa da amostra, a partir da qual calcula-se a constante dielétrica complexa. A placa utilizada e o circuito de medida da carga elétrica introduzem defasagens indesejáveis nos sinais, cujas correções são feitas através de programa no computador usado para aquisição dos sinais. O sistema mostra um desempenho similar àqueles dos equipamentos comerciais para freqüências no intervalo de 0,1H.z a 1KHz, sendo testado com componentes resistivos e capacitivos e posteriormente em amostras de Teflon FEP, poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) e seus copolímeros com trifluoretileno. O sistema também foi utilizado para medir o deslocamento elétrico nos polímeros ferroelétricos sob a aplicação de campos elevados. Neste caso determinaram-se as curvas de histerese dielétrica e os deslocamentos de primeira, segunda e terceira ordem. / A low cost and a simple experimental system for measuring the complex dielectric constant of dielectric samples were developed. Measurements were performed measuring the electric charge response resulting from the application of a sinusoidal voltage. The system was based on an A/D acquisition board with sampling rate of 100 Ksamples/sec. The complex impedance was calculated using the discrete Fourier transform from which the complex dielectric constant was found. The phase differences introduced by the A/D board and the amplifiers circuits were connected by software. The setup showed that the results are comparable to that ones obtained with commercial impedance analyzers in the range of frequencies between 0.1 Hz and 1 KHz. Such measurements were obtained using resistors and/or capacitors and also using samples of Teflon FEP, PVDF and its copolymers with trifluorethylene. The setup was also capable to measure the electric displacement in ferroelectric polymers submitted to high fields. Hysteresis loops and the nonlinear electric displacement of first, second and third order were measured.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / A general study of conductor backed coplanar waveguide is presented. The impedance (Z(0)) and effective dielectric constant (ɛ(reff)) of conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) have been calculated by using a variational method and the boundary point matching method. In this present work only the TEM dominant low frequency propagation mode of coplanar line has been considered. Experimental facilities are vector network analyzer (HP8409) and bench-instrument measurements. / http://archive.org/details/evaluationofcopl00jeon / Captain, Korean Air Force

Approved for public release / This research was part of an ongoing program studying the concept of multi-material dielectrics (MMD) with dielectric constants much higher than homogenous materials. MMD described in this study have dielectric constants six orders of magnitude greater than the best single materials. This is achieved by mixing conductive particles with an insulating surface layer into a composite matrix phase composed of high surface area ceramic powder and aqueous electrolyte. Specifically examined in this study was micron-scale nickel powder treated in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) loaded into high surface area alumina powder and aqueous boric acid solution. This new class of dielectric, composite electrolyte dielectrics (CED), is employed in an electrostatic capacitor configuration and demonstrated dielectric constant of order 10 [raised to the 10th power] at approximately 1 Volt. Additionally, it is demonstrated that treated nickel can be loaded in high volume fractions in the CED configuration. Prior studies of composite capacitors indicated a general limitation due to shorting. This results from the onset of percolation due to excess loading of conductive phases. Insulated particles described herein are successfully loaded up to 40% by volume, far above typical percolation thresholds. Simple models are presented to explain results. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Realizamos medidas dielétricas a baixas freqüências (10-2-40Hz) em cristais de KCN empregando uma ponte de ultra-baixas freqüências, bem como a altas freqüências (50-104 Hz) empregando uma ponte de capacitância comercial (General Radio). As curvas de perda dielétrica mostraram um bom ajuste entre altas e baixas freqüências. Obtivemos picos de perda dielétrica num intervalo de cinco décadas e entre 53 e 78K. Os picos destas curvas foram ajustados segundo uma equação de Arrhenius, e obtivemos uma energia de ativação de 0,148 eV e um tempo de relaxação característico de 6,53 x 10-15s para os dipolos CN-. Para temperaturas entre 53 e 59K observamos o aparecimento gradual de um segundo pico de perdas de 25Hz. Sua origem ainda não é conhecida, mas isto sugere que o cristal de KCN pode apresentar propriedades de um dielétrico composto, com dois mecanismos de relaxação distintos. / Dielectric measurements were performed at low frequencies (10-2- 40Hz) with an ultra-low frequency bridge in KCN crystals , as well as at high frequencies (50-10-4 Hz) employing a commercial capacitance bridge (General Radio). The dielectric loss curves show a good adjustment between the high and low frequencies. We obtain dielectric loss peaks in a window of five decades and in the range of 53 and 78 K. The peaks of these curves were fitted with an Arrhenius expression giving for the CN- dipoles an activation energy of 0,148eV and an attempt relaxation time of 6,53x10-15. At temperatures between 53 and 59K we observed the gradual appearing of a second loss peak for frequency of 25Hz. Its origin is not yet known butt his suggestt that the KCN, crystal may present compound dielectric properties , with - two distinct relaxation mechanisms.

In this thesis, I report on the investigation of the low frequency vibrational modes in a number of different systems using ultrafast spectroscopic techniques. These consist of biological systems, including the enzyme, morphinone reductase (MR) and the related biomolecules, riboflavin (Rb) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), as well as non-biological systems, including the semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The term low frequency refers to terahertz (THz) frequencies, where vibrational modes exist at the molecular level, with molecular rotations, lattice vibrations and inter- and intra-molecular vibrations occurring in the THz spectral range. These vibrational modes occur on sub-picosecond timescales and therefore ultrafast techniques utilising femtosecond laser pulses provide a means of studying these modes, and are employed throughout this thesis. The two ultrafast techniques of transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) were used. Firstly, a high-repetition rate transient absorption (HRRTA) spectrometer was commissioned to perform pump-probe measurements with an ultraviolet pump and broadband visible probe. The performance of the HRRTA spectrometer was benchmarked using Au NPs and used to investigate the existence of a promoting vibration in MR contributing to the catalysis process, predicted to occur at THz frequencies. Weak oscillations were detected in the charge-transfer absorption band of MR bound to the non-reactive cofactor 1,4,5,6-tetra-hydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH4), with a frequency of approximately 1.5 THz and provide evidence of the first direct observation of a promoting vibration in an enzyme. To complement the TA measurements, THz-TDS was also used to obtain direct measurements of the absorption at THz frequencies. Due to the challenge of studying water-based biological samples, an initial investigation was performed on a wurtzite GaN wafer, which exhibited optical phonon modes in the THz frequency range that were found to determine the dielectric response of the semi-insulating semiconductor wafer. Use of a non-polar m-plane wafer allowed the anisotropic nature to be observed and values of 9.22 ± 0.02 and 10.32 ± 0.03 for the static dielectric constants were obtained for the THz electric field polarised both perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis of the wurtzite GaN wafer, respectively. Finally, biological studies using THz-TDS were performed with measurements on Rb pellets and films revealing vibrational modes in the THz region. The sharp absorption features were not observed in FMN, despite a small difference in molecular content from Rb, and dehydration was required to reveal small amplitude absorption features. Final measurements on MR and MR-NADH4 films were carried out and evidence of absorption features in the THz frequency range were observed, however further work is required to determine the precise origin of these features.