Yeung Kin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-89). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Tables of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Distance Learning (DL) and Virtual Laboratory (VL) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of related research --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Web-based Control Laboratory --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Contributions of the Project --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Thesis Outline --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- System Architectures --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Hardware Architecture --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Internal Distributed System --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Video Server System --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Application Systems --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Software Architecture --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Client Side Context --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Web Server Context --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Software Context in Controller PC --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- System Attributes --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Protocol Attribute --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Client/Server Structure --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Multi-layer Structure --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Inter-process Flow Attribute --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Experiment Description --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Client Interface --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiments Implementation --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- Controller Analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- System Theory --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- PID Control --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Set Point Control by State Space Method --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- System Characteristics --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1 --- Distance Learning --- p.54 / Chapter 5.2 --- Networking Issues --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3 --- Design Issues --- p.56 / Chapter 5.4 --- Security Issue --- p.56 / Chapter 5.5 --- Interface Issues --- p.57 / Chapter 5.6 --- Future Enhancement --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Impacts and Further Work --- p.59 / Chapter 6.1 --- Impacts on Web-based Laboratory --- p.59 / Chapter 6.2 --- Impacts on Society --- p.60 / Chapter 6.3 --- Future Work --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Appendices --- p.65 / Appendix I. Selected Source Code of Server Side Programs --- p.65 / Appendix II. Selected Client Experiment Interface --- p.81 / Appendix III. Laboratory Experiment Manual --- p.84 / Bibliography --- p.86

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 248-250. / Ph.D.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / RESUMO O presente trabalho propÃs investigar a tecnologia de eletrocoagulaÃÃo (EC) para o tratamento de efluente tÃxtil utilizando corrente contÃnua pulsada (CCP) e eletrodos de aÃo inoxidÃvel 304. O efluente utilizado foi coletado em uma indÃstria tÃxtil fabricante de redes localizada no municÃpio de Jaguaruana-CE. A Metodologia de SuperfÃcie de Resposta Box-Behnken foi utilizada para analisar e otimizar as condiÃÃes operacionais, visando a mÃxima remoÃÃo de cor, turbidez e demanda quÃmica de oxigÃnio (DQO) do efluente tÃxtil. Os experimentos foram realizados com um volume reacional de 2,6 L, em modo batelada. A cinÃtica de degradaÃÃo de DQO foi estudada atravÃs do ajuste de regressÃo nÃo linear, obedecendo ao modelo de cinÃtica de segunda ordem. Diante dos resultados obtidos a configuraÃÃo Ãtima considerada foi: velocidade de agitaÃÃo=200 rpm, frequÃncia dos pulsos elÃtricos=1000 Hz e espaÃamento entre os eletrodos=1 mm, em 50 minutos de EC. Nestas condiÃÃes foram obtidas remoÃÃes de cor, turbidez e DQO, respectivamente de 98,94%, 85,87% e 81,23%, adequando o valor de DQO ao padrÃo de lanÃamento exigido pela Portaria n 154/2002 da SuperintendÃncia Estadual do Meio Ambiente (SEMACE). Em adiÃÃo, verificou-se que o processo de EC tambÃm foi eficaz para a reduÃÃo de sÃlidos suspensos totais, nitrogÃnio total, sulfato e sulfeto, como tambÃm para a reduÃÃo da toxicidade aguda frente à Lactuca sativa, elevando os valores do Ãndice de Crescimento Relativo (ICR) e Ãndice de GerminaÃÃo (IG) inicialmente registrados para o efluente bruto. A concentraÃÃo de Ãons cloreto nÃo decresceu durante a EC, apresentando-se como um aspecto favorÃvel para a reutilizaÃÃo do efluente tratado no prÃprio processo produtivo tÃxtil, o qual demanda uma elevada concentraÃÃo de cloreto de sÃdio (NaCl). / The present work proposed to investigate the electrocoagulation technology (EC) for the treatment of textile effluent using pulsed direct current (CCP) and stainless steel electrodes 304. The effluent used was collected in a textile manufacturer networks in the municipality of Jaguaruana -CE. The Response Surface Methodology Box-Behnken was used to analyze and optimize the operating conditions, aimed at maximum removal of color, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the textile effluent. The experiments were performed with a reaction volume of 2.6 L in batch mode. The COD degradation kinetics was studied using non-linear regression fit, according to the second order kinetics model. Based on these results the optimal configuration was considered: agitation speed = 200 rpm, frequency of electrical pulses = 1000 Hz and spacing between electrodes = 1 mm, in 50 minutes of EC. Under these conditions color removals were obtained, turbidity and COD, respectively 98.94%, 85.87% and 81.23%, adjusting the COD value to discharge standard required by Ordinance No. 154/2002 of the State Superintendent of Half Environment (SEMACE). In addition, it was found that the CS process is also effective for reduction of total suspended solids, total nitrogen, sulfide and sulfate, as well as for the reduction of acute toxicity Lactuca sativa forward, raising the value of the Growth Index Relative (ICR) and germination index (GI) initially recorded for the raw wastewater. The concentration of chloride ions has not decreased during the EC, presenting itself as a favorable aspect for the reuse of treated effluent in own textile production process, which demands a high concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl).

A transmissão de energia em corrente contínua, a partir de conversores fonte de tensão, é oportuna ao progresso do sistema elétrico de potência e tem permitido vantajosas aplicações. Muito se dá, devido ao emprego na conexão de sistemas com frequências distintas, além da redução de perdas na transmissão, provida pelas características operacionais destes. VSCs também promovem o controle do fluxo de potência, possibilitando uma efetiva contextualização no âmbito das redes inteligentes. Diante deste cenário, este estudo pretende construir um perfil de corrente através do Cálculo de Curto-Circuito Probabilístico, que emprega a Simulação de Monte Carlo, para prover as informações ao desenvolvimento de projetos de equipamentos, ajustes da proteção e controle de sistemas de transmissão em corrente contínua. A Simulação de Monte Carlo requer muitas iterações, tendo um custo computacional elevado. Se forem executadas em programas comerciais, exige um tempo elevado para leitura dos sinais em arquivos. Devido a isso, um programa de código livre usando linguagem C++, foi desenvolvido para possibilitar acesso aos sinais de interesse ainda em memória, reduzindo desta forma o tempo computacional. Além disso, para melhorar a performance, foram usadas técnicas de processamento paralelo e de computação em nuvem. Desta forma, este estudo contribui com informações indispensáveis ao projeto de equipamentos de proteção dos sistemas de transmissão em corrente contínua de forma a cooperar com o desenvolvimento consistente desta tecnologia. / Transmitting electrical power in direct current using a VSC is suitable for the progress of these systems and has remarkable and advantageous applications. This happens in order to connect two systems with distinct frequencies. This type of line is also used in the reduction of losses in transmission over long distances, provided by their operating characteristics. These converters also promote the control of power flow between distinct generation units, making them effective in the context of Smart Grids. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to construct a profile of a current using a Probabilistic Short-Circuit Analysis by Monte Carlo Simulation to provide basic data to the optimum development of design equipment in protection and control. The Monte Carlo Simulation requires many iterations to find an optimal result. An open source program using C++ language was developed to describe all the system models variables in order to decrease the computation time, as it is time consuming to read signals stored on a disk using commercial software. Moreover, in order to lower computation costs, parallel process techniques and cloud computing were used. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature by providing essential information for designing equipment for Direct Current transmission protection systems.

O crescente interesse por sistemas de transmissão do tipo VSC-based HVDC (VSCHVDC) como alternativa aos atuais tem levado à necessidade de estudos sobre o principal desafio associado à sua implantação, que é o desenvolvimento de um esquema de proteção que seja rápido e que identifique a zona de proteção na qual uma eventual falta tenha ocorrido, respeitando-se assim o princípio de seletividade. Para estudo de um sistema de proteção que atenda a estes requisitos, foi utilizada neste trabalho uma rede com quatro terminais e transmissão High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), implementada com conversores modulares multiníveis (Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)) e simulada em situações de contingência. Grandezas medidas nos elos de Corrente Contínua (CC) ligados a um dos terminais foram utilizadas para identificar a ocorrência de uma contingência na rede e então para decidir se trata-se de uma falta interna à zona de proteção considerada na análise. Para classificar as faltas em interna ou externa, observaram-se os espectros dos sinais de tensão CC em um terminal, calculados sobre uma janela do sinal através de Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), para várias situações de falta. Destes espectros, notou-se que uma característica varia de acordo com a distância da falta até o terminal, com o fato de a falta ser interna ou externa e com a resistência de falta. Através desta característica, denominada aqui \"frequência de centro de massa\", foi possível distinguir as faltas internas com resistências de falta baixas do restante dos eventos testados. Considerando-se apenas este parâmetro, não foi possível classificar corretamente faltas internas com resistência de falta muito alta. / The growing interest in VSC-based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems as an alternative to the current ones has required studies about the the main challenge associated with its application, which is the development of a protection scheme that is able to both fast and efficiently determine the protection zone where a fault may have happened so as to achieve selectivity. In order to study a protection system that complies with those requirements, a High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system with four terminals implemented with Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) converters was simulated under contingency condition. Electrical quantities measured in one of the terminal\'s Direct Current (DC) links were used to determine the occurrence of a fault event in the system, as well as to decide whether that event belonged to the protection zone considered in the analysis. Spectra obtained via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) over a window of the DC voltage measured in one of the terminals were observed in order to discriminate between internal and external fault events. From these observations, it was noticed that a certain characteristic, named here \"center of mass frequency\", varies according to the distance between the fault location and the terminal, fault resistance, as well as whether that the fault is either internal or external to the analysed protection zone. By using this characteristic, it was possible to tell internal faults with low resistance fault from other events. Considering this parameter only, it was not possible to correctly classify internal faults with high fault resistance.

Ce travail de thèse a pour finalité de présenter différentes méthodologies pour l’analyse de réseaux à courant continue haut tension (HVDC). La théorie fondamentale de l‘analyse de sensitivité s’applique sur l’analyse des systèmes électriques de puissance dans les différentes étapes de la production et la transmission de l’énergie. Des outils de bases concernant cette théorie sont devenus populaires et très utilisés.En pratique, les facteurs de participation représentent un exemple de ces outils, utilisés depuis longtemps. Ils ont été proposés par (Perez-Arriaga et al., 1982). Le but des facteurs de participation est la réduction des modèles des systèmes ayant une dynamique particulière comme celle des systèmes électromécaniques. Aussi, les facteurs de participation sont utilisés pour comprendre les relations entre les variables d’état et les valeurs propres des systèmes. Nous présentons la théorie fondamentale de la sensitivité analytique dans laquelle les facteurs de participation sont basses. Pour une bonne compréhension de ces éléments de base de cette théorie, quelques exemples sont présentés. Nous présentons une formulation différente pour l’analyse par sensitivité paramétrique (Barrera Gallegos et al., 2016).Enfin, les deux méthodologies sur des exemples des réseaux HVDC. Notre comparaison permet d’exposer les limites de l’utilisation des facteurs de participation sur des réseaux HVDC.En conclusion, la nouvelle méthodologie est plus générale comparée aux facteurs de participation. Egalement, la nouvelle méthodologie, par sensitivité paramétrique, nous donne plus d’informations sur les caractéristiques dynamiques des réseaux HVDC. / The work presented in this thesis presents different methodology for parametric sensitivity of high voltage dc networks(HVDC).The fundamental theory of modal analysis has been applied for analysis of the power electrical systems in its different stages of production and transmission of energy. Tools derived from these fundamentals have become popular with its use. Among the tools used in dynamic analysis, participation factors have been used for a long time. Proposed by (Perez-Arriaga et al., 1982), they give a metric for relating states and eigenvalues of a system. The objective of the participation factors is to analyze systems with particular dynamics such as electromechanical systems. The participation factors is a tool that helps in the reduction of systems. Firstly, we present the fundaments of the sensitivity analysis upon which the participation factors are based on. The principle is illustrated with several examples.We propose a new formulation for sensitivity analysis using parametric sensitivity (Barrera Gallegos et al., 2016).In the latter, the application of participation factors and parametric sensitivity analysis is performed using HVDC networks. This comparison exposes the limitation of the participation factors for the general analysis of HVDC grids.In conclusion, the new methodology is a better and general alternative compared to traditional participation factors employed for analysis of HVDC grids. In addition, the new technique of parametric sensitivity produces several novel information related to the dynamic characteristics of the HVDC grid.

[pt] Metrologia e qualidade estão intimamente relacionadas e constituem-se em poderoso instrumento de transformação da infraestrutura tecnológica de países e organizações. O avanço do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico está fortemente embasado no avanço da metrologia. O Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade industrial (INMETRO) é o órgão máximo responsável pela conservação e manutenção das unidades de base e derivadas do Sistema Internacional de Unidades (SI) no país. A grandeza tensão em corrente contínua, até 1 kV, está disponível e rastreada a padrões nacionais na Rede Brasileira de Calibração (RBC). Contudo, para tensões maiores que 1 kV, pois ainda carece de laboratórios acreditados pelo INMETRO para prestar serviços para a indústria de equipamentos elétricos em Alta Tensão em Corrente Contínua (HVDC). Deve-se considerar, ainda, que novos investimentos na geração e transmissão em larga escala de energia mobilizam a indústria e geram demanda para ensaios em novos equipamentos que serão instalados. Para realizar esses ensaios, de forma a garantir exatidão, confiabilidade e rastreabilidade, é necessária uma estrutura metrológica em Alta Tensão, ou seja, é preciso criar padrões e incentivar a acreditação de laboratórios. Nesse sentido o objetivo desta dissertação foi à construção de um protótipo de Divisor para Alta Tensão (DVAT) do tipo resistivo de alta impedância, para medição da grandeza tensão em corrente contínua acima de 1 kV. O padrão foi construído para ser utilizado na faixa de 1 kV a 50 kV e será calibrado em baixa tensão rastreado à RBC. Em alta tensão será o elo na cadeia de rastreabilidade entre o padrão do INMETRO e os divisores dos laboratórios industriais e também na calibração de padrões de trabalho para HVDC na faixa de 1 kV a 250 kV. / [en] Metrology and quality are closely related and constitute a powerful tool for transforming the technological infrastructure of countries and organizations. The advancement of scientific and technological development is strongly grounded in the advancement of metrology. The National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) is the highest organism responsible by the conservation and maintenance of base and derived units of the International System of Units (SI) in the country. The quantity voltage, up to 1 kV, is traced to national standards in the Brazilian Calibration Network (RBC), but for voltages above 1 kV there is no laboratory in the country accredited by INMETRO to provide services for the electrical equipment industry in HVDC. It should also be considered that new investments in generation and transmission of large scale energy mobilize the industry and generates demand for testing of new equipment. To perform these tests, so as to ensure reliability, accuracy and traceability, a metrology structure is needed in high voltage, so it is necessary to create standards and encourage the accreditation of laboratories. In this sense the main purpose of this dissertation was to build a prototype for a standard High Voltage Divider (DVAT) of the high impedance resistive type for measuring the quantity voltage above 1 kV. The standard was designed for use in the range of 1kV to 50 kV and will be calibrated in low voltages and traceable to the RBC. In the high voltage range, it will be the link in the chain of traceability between INMETRO standards and the dividers of industrial laboratories, and also to calibrate other working standards for HVDC, especially in the range of 1 kV to 250 kV.

Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors are one of the motor types rapidly gaining popularity. BLDC motors are being increasingly used in critical high performance industries such as appliances, automotive, aerospace, consumer, medical, industrial automation equipment and instrumentation. Fault detection and condition monitoring of BLDC machines is therefore assuming a new importance. The objective of this research is to advance the field of rotor and load fault diagnosis in BLDC machines operating in a variety of operating conditions ranging from constant speed to continuous transient operation. This objective is addressed as three parts in this research. The first part experimentally characterizes the effects of rotor faults in the stator current and voltage of the BLDC motor. This helps in better understanding the behavior of rotor defects in BLDC motors. The second part develops methods to detect faults in loads coupled to BLDC motors by monitoring the stator current. As most BLDC applications involve non-stationary operating conditions, the diagnosis of rotor faults in non-stationary conditions forms the third and most important part of this research. Several signal processing techniques are reviewed to analyze non-stationary signals. Three new algorithms are proposed that can track and detect rotor faults in non-stationary or transient current signals.

Οι συνεχώς αυξανόμενες ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις της σύγχρονης κοινωνίας σε συνδυασμό με τις ραγδαίες κλιματικές αλλαγές μας οδηγούν στην ανάγκη παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας με όσο το δυνατό πιο οικονομικό και φιλικό προς το περιβάλλον τρόπο. Έτσι, οι Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας αποκτούν ολοένα και μεγαλύτερο μερίδιο στην παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, αλλάζοντας συνεχώς τον παγκόσμιο ενεργειακό χάρτη. Τα αιολικά συστήματα, τα οποία αξιοποιούν την κινητική ενέργεια του ανέμου, είναι ένα είδος ΑΠΕ. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετάμε ένα αιολικό σύστημα, το οποίο αποτελείται από μία ανεμογεννήτρια μεταβλητών στροφών που χρησιμοποιεί μία σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμου μαγνήτη, έναν μετατροπέα πηγής τάσης, ένα R-L φίλτρο στην πλευρά του δικτύου και μία γραμμή μεταφοράς μικρού μήκους. Η αυξημένη αξιοπιστία και απόδοση της ΣΜΜΜ την καθιστούν ιδιαίτερα ελκυστική λύση για τα αιολικά συστήματα. Στην εργασία αυτή προσομοιώνουμε σε περιβάλλον Matlab/Simulink το σύστημα που περιγράψαμε παραπάνω. Εφαρμόζοντας τις κατάλληλες τεχνικές ελέγχου από την πλευρά της μηχανής προσπαθούμε να πετύχουμε μέγιστη απομάστευση ισχύος από τον άνεμο, ενώ στην πλευρά του δικτύου προσπαθούμε μέσω άμεσου ελέγχου ροής ισχύος να πετύχουμε μοναδιαίο συντελεστή ισχύος με ταυτόχρονη ρύθμιση της τάσης της dc διασύνδεσης. Στη συνέχεια, μέσω ενός πρόσθετου ελέγχου προσπαθούμε να κρατήσουμε την τάση στην έξοδο του φίλτρου σταθερή, κατά τη διάρκεια πτώσης της τάσης του δικτύου. Τέλος, παραθέτουμε τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης μαζί με έναν σύντομο σχολιασμό και τα συμπεράσματα. / The continuously increasing energy requirements of modern society combined with the rapid climate changes lead us to the need to produce electrical energy in a more economic and environmentally friendly way. Thus, the Renewable Energy Sources gain an increasing share of electrical energy production, constantly changing the global energy map. Wind power systems, which utilize the kinetic energy of the wind, are a kind of RES. In this thesis we study a wind power system, which comprises a variable speed wind turbine, which uses a permanent magnet synchronous machine, a voltage source converter, an R-L filter in the grid side and a short transmission line. The increased reliability and performance of PMSG make it particularly attractive solution for wind power systems. In this thesis we simulate in Matlab/Simulink environment the system described above. Applying appropriate control techniques on the machine side we try to achieve maximum power harvesting from the wind, while on the grid side we try through direct power flow control to achieve unit power factor with simultaneous control of the dc link voltage. Then, using an additional control we try to keep constant the voltage at the end of the R-L filter during a grid voltage drop. Finally, we present the simulation results along with a brief commentary and the conclusions.

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