Water distribution network models are used for different purposes. In this study, a model, used for daily operational issues is concerned. Models results should be consistent with actual conditions for sound decisions during operational studies. Adjusting model parameters according to site measurements in order to fit the model to obtain realistic results is known as calibration. Researchers have carried out numerous studies on calibration and developed various methods. In this study, an actual network (N8.3 Pressure Zone, Ankara) has been calibrated by two classical methods developed by Walski (1983) and Bhave (1988). The network parameter calibrated in this study is Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient, C-factor, and other parameters have been lumped in the C-factor. Results of the analysis showed that, C-factors have been found in a wide range.

For cost and reliability efficiency, optimal design and operation of pressurized water distribution networks is highly important. However, optimizing such networks is still a challenge since it requires an appropriate determination of: (1) dimension of pipe / pump / tank - decision variables (2) cost / network reliability - objective functions and (3) limits or restrictions within which the network must operate - a given set of constraints. The costs mentioned here consist in general of capital, construction, and operation costs. The reliability of a network mainly refers to the intrinsic capability of providing water with adequate volume and a certain pressure to consumers under normal and extreme conditions. These contradicting objective functions are functions of network configuration regarding component sizes and network layout. Because considerable uncertainties finally render the overall task to a highly complex problem, most recent approaches mainly focus only on finding a trade-off between minimizing cost and maximizing network reliability. To overcome these limitations, a novel model system that simultaneously considers network configuration, its operation and the relevant uncertainties is proposed in this study. For solving this multi-objective design problem, a simulation-based optimization approach has been developed and applied. The approach couples a hydraulic model (Epanet) with the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) and can be operated in two different modes. These modes are (1) simulation–based Single-objective optimization and (2) simulation-based multi-objective optimization. Single-objective optimization yields the single best solution with respect to cost or network reliability, whereas multi-objective optimization produces a set of non-dominated solutions called Pareto optimal solutions which are trade-offs between cost and reliability. In addition, to prevent a seriously under-designed network, demand uncertainties was also taken into account through a so called “robustness probability” of the network. This consideration may become useful for a more reliable water distribution network. In order to verify the performance of the proposed approach, it was systematically tested on a number of different benchmark water distribution networks ranging from simple to complex. These benchmark networks are either gravity-fed or pumped networks which need to be optimally designed to supply urban or irrigation water demand under specific constraints. The results show that the new approach is able: • to solve optimization problems of pressurized water distribution network design and operation regarding cost and network reliability; • to directly determine the pumping discharge and head, thus allowing to select pumps more adequately; • to simulate time series of tank water level; • to eliminate redundant pipes and pumps to generate an optimal network layout; • to respond well to complex networks other than only to simple networks; • to perform with multiple demand loading; • to produce reliable Pareto optimal solutions regarding multi-objective optimization. In conclusion, the new technique can be successfully applied for optimization problems in pressurized water distribution network design and operation. The new approach has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for optimal network design not only for irrigation but also for an urban water supply.

In recent years, Power Quality Programmes (PQPs) have become one of the most recent services offered to electrical distribution companies, both private and state suppliers. This is due to the sudden increase in the number of concerns over power quality (PQ) problems. The aim of this research is to study the implementation of a PQP framework, and the obstacles and barriers faced by Libyan Distribution Networks (LDNs) in implementing a PQP. Firstly, to identify the most critical success factors that would have a major impact on PQP implementation in LDNs. Five Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for PQP were identified to examine the level of power quality in LDNs. They are PQ awareness, PQ disturbances, PQ management commitment, PQ employee’s participation and training and PQ customers’ satisfaction. It revealed that all five CSFs were significantly affected by the level of PQ awareness, and the suspension of PQP implementation. An appropriate PQP framework was developed for the purpose of this study to guide LDNs as a case study in developing countries. The proposed PQP framework model was validated based on the identified CSFs, and the barriers and benefits of PQP, which were analysed using different techniques based on both SPSS and NVivo software. The PQP framework was developed from the findings based on the responses of 397 PQ survey participants, and supported by 44 face-to-face semi-structured interviews conducted with professionals and expert LDNs staff. Out of the 16 PQP barriers, 13 were statistically significant, which indicated that Libya distribution systems have already surmounted various barriers to implementing a PQP effectively. The developed PQP framework consisted of three essential phases. Phase one is designed to increase the level of awareness, while phase two involves preparation for PQP, which contains seven crucial requirements. Phase three, which is the implementation, is designed to determine both the weaknesses and obstacles, and is designed to increase the awareness level. This framework encourages and guides the implementation teams to have an obvious and clear awareness and vision of how to prevent existing obstacles from reappearing in different forms, leading to long-term PQP improvements. There were 11 overall benefits of PQP implementation, which would have a positive impact on LDNs.

Ces travaux proposent des améliorations de méthodes de localisation desdéfauts électriques sur les réseaux électriques de distribution. Les réseaux de transportont rapidement été instrumenté en élément de protection. En effet, un incident survenantsur le réseau de transport peut entrainer de graves conséquences s’il n’est pas traité rapidement.Les réseaux de distribution quand à eux possèdent un schéma de protectionminimal. Cependant le développement des smart grids (ou réseaux intelligents) amène denouvelles possibilités avec l’ajout d’équipements de mesures sur le réseau de distribution.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse développent deux méthodes de localisation de défaut.La première permet de mieux utiliser l’équipement déjà en place (indicateurs depassage de défaut) afin d’isoler de manière rapide et fiable la zone concernée par le défaut.La deuxième permet une localisation précise (en distance) des différents lieux de défautspossibles à partir de mesures électriques. / This thesis proposes to improve fault localization methods for electricalpower distribution networks. Transmission networks were quickly equipped with protectionand fault localization equipments. Indeed, faults on the transmission network need tobe dealt with quickly in order to avoid serious consequences. Unlike transmission networks,distribution networks have a minimal protection scheme. The smart grid developmentsbring new possibilities with the installation of new equipments giving access to many newvariables. The work presented in this thesis develop two fault localization method. Thefirst aims in using the equipment already installed (fault indicators) in order to isolatequickly and efficiently the zone concerned by the fault. The second method performs aprecise localization (in distance) of the different possible fault locations from the electricalmeasurements made on the network.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ochoapizzali_lf_dr_ilha.pdf: 1694440 bytes, checksum: e159d13557d3d0a89139b7565f849244 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Alban / Fundação de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão de Ilha Solteira (FEPISA) / Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma análise em regime permanente que considera a avaliação de impactos técnicos tais como perdas elétricas, queda de tensão e níveis de curto-circuito, entre outros; utilizando dados de demanda e geração variáveis no tempo ao longo de um horizonte determinado. O objetivo é encontrar um conjunto de arranjos da GD (configurações) que levem ao melhor desempenho da rede de distribuição analisada, minimizando ou maximizando cada aspecto técnico segundo o interesse da empresa de distribuição. Dada a natureza combinatória deste problema, que requer uma ferramenta de otimização capaz de manipular múltiplos objetivos, os impactos técnicos serão avaliados simultaneamente utilizando uma metodologia baseada no conceito do Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA), conduzindo a soluções mais reais e diversificadas para a tomada de decisões, conhecidas como soluções ótimas de Pareto. / In this work a steady-state analysis considering the assessment of technical impacts such as losses, voltage drop and short-circuit levels, among others; utilizing time-variant loads and generation within a specified horizon. The objective is to find a set of configurations that lead to the best performance of the distribution network under analysis, minimizing or maximizing each technical aspect according to the utility's concerns. Given the combinatorial nature of this problem, which requires an optimization tool able to handle multiple objectives, technical impacts will be assessed simultaneously through a methodology based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). This approach leads to a more realistic and diversified set of solutions for taking decisions, known as Pareto-optimal solutions.

Ces travaux proposent des améliorations de méthodes de localisation desdéfauts électriques sur les réseaux électriques de distribution. Les réseaux de transportont rapidement été instrumenté en élément de protection. En effet, un incident survenantsur le réseau de transport peut entrainer de graves conséquences s’il n’est pas traité rapidement.Les réseaux de distribution quand à eux possèdent un schéma de protectionminimal. Cependant le développement des smart grids (ou réseaux intelligents) amène denouvelles possibilités avec l’ajout d’équipements de mesures sur le réseau de distribution.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse développent deux méthodes de localisation de défaut.La première permet de mieux utiliser l’équipement déjà en place (indicateurs depassage de défaut) afin d’isoler de manière rapide et fiable la zone concernée par le défaut.La deuxième permet une localisation précise (en distance) des différents lieux de défautspossibles à partir de mesures électriques. / This thesis proposes to improve fault localization methods for electricalpower distribution networks. Transmission networks were quickly equipped with protectionand fault localization equipments. Indeed, faults on the transmission network need tobe dealt with quickly in order to avoid serious consequences. Unlike transmission networks,distribution networks have a minimal protection scheme. The smart grid developmentsbring new possibilities with the installation of new equipments giving access to many newvariables. The work presented in this thesis develop two fault localization method. Thefirst aims in using the equipment already installed (fault indicators) in order to isolatequickly and efficiently the zone concerned by the fault. The second method performs aprecise localization (in distance) of the different possible fault locations from the electricalmeasurements made on the network.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The new design of electric power system, called Smart Grid, has emerged as a new challenge especially for power distribution networks, which need to promote greater functionality such as real-time monitoring of the information about the energy consumption of consumers, the massive automation with smarter equipment and devices, monitoring and quick action when facing problems, connection of distributed generation, among others. The connection of distributed generation sources such as wind and solar power in the distribution network is becoming an increasingly common practice and it has great influence on several aspects of the distribution network, especially in system reconfiguration. The initial topology of the feeders may not be ideal after the connection of the power generation, as well as the power flow is modified by the distributed generation. In this sense, this Master Thesis presents a methodology for the management of distribution networks through reconfiguration of the network topology and the power injection of distributed generators based on wind, photovoltaic and hydroelectric generation. The solution of the reconfiguration problem is based on heuristic technique Branch Exchange, which seeks to optimize multiple objectives. To select the networks configuration the multi-criteria decision AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method is used. To illustrate the efficiency of the methodology the results for a real network of an electric utility are presented, considering different scenarios of load and distributed generation availability, as well as validation of the results by the exhaustive search method. / A nova concepção do sistema elétrico de potência, chamada Smart Grid, surgiu como um novo desafio especialmente para as redes de distribuição de energia, as quais necessitam promover maiores funcionalidades como o acompanhamento em tempo real das informações sobre o consumo de energia dos consumidores, a massiva automação com dispositivos e equipamentos mais inteligentes, o monitoramento e atuação rápida frente a problemas, a conexão de geração distribuída, entre outros aspectos. A conexão de fontes de geração distribuída como a eólica e fotovoltaica na rede de distribuição vem se tornando uma prática cada vez mais comum e tem grande influência sobre vários aspectos da rede de distribuição, sobretudo na reconfiguração do sistema. A topologia inicial dos alimentadores pode não ser a ideal após a conexão das centrais de geração, uma vez que o fluxo de potência é modificado com a presença da geração distribuída. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o gerenciamento das redes de distribuição através da reconfiguração da topologia dos alimentadores e da conexão de geradores distribuídos baseados na geração eólica, fotovoltaica e hidráulica. A solução do problema de reconfiguração é baseada na técnica heurística Branch Exchange, onde se procura a otimização de múltiplos objetivos. Para a seleção das configurações das redes é utilizado o método de tomada de decisão multicriterial AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). A fim de ilustrar a eficiência da metodologia, são apresentados os resultados para uma rede real de uma concessionária de energia elétrica, considerando diferentes cenários de carga e de disponibilidade de geração dos geradores distribuídos, bem como a validação dos resultados através do método de busca exaustiva.

Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Dionízio Paschoareli Júnior / Banca: Gareth Harrison / Banca: Carmen Lucia Tancredo Borges / Resumo: Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma análise em regime permanente que considera a avaliação de impactos técnicos tais como perdas elétricas, queda de tensão e níveis de curto-circuito, entre outros; utilizando dados de demanda e geração variáveis no tempo ao longo de um horizonte determinado. O objetivo é encontrar um conjunto de arranjos da GD (configurações) que levem ao melhor desempenho da rede de distribuição analisada, minimizando ou maximizando cada aspecto técnico segundo o interesse da empresa de distribuição. Dada a natureza combinatória deste problema, que requer uma ferramenta de otimização capaz de manipular múltiplos objetivos, os impactos técnicos serão avaliados simultaneamente utilizando uma metodologia baseada no conceito do Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA), conduzindo a soluções mais reais e diversificadas para a tomada de decisões, conhecidas como soluções ótimas de Pareto. / Abstract: In this work a steady-state analysis considering the assessment of technical impacts such as losses, voltage drop and short-circuit levels, among others; utilizing time-variant loads and generation within a specified horizon. The objective is to find a set of configurations that lead to the best performance of the distribution network under analysis, minimizing or maximizing each technical aspect according to the utility's concerns. Given the combinatorial nature of this problem, which requires an optimization tool able to handle multiple objectives, technical impacts will be assessed simultaneously through a methodology based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). This approach leads to a more realistic and diversified set of solutions for taking decisions, known as Pareto-optimal solutions. / Doutor

No Brasil, são comuns sistemas de distribuição de água para abastecimento com elevados índices de perdas, nos quais parcela significativa das denominadas perdas físicas é devida às perdas por vazamento. Dessa maneira, o controle efetivo das perdas por vazamento e do comportamento do sistema sob as mais diversas condições operacionais é de fundamental importância, não só do ponto de vista financeiro, no que diz respeito ao desperdício da água bombeada e quimicamente tratada, mas principalmente da preservação deste recurso natural. Com o objetivo de se ter um maior conhecimento do comportamento real de uma rede de distribuição de água, técnicas de calibração, incluindo modelos para avaliação de perdas por vazamentos, vêm sendo propostas. Tais modelos devem considerar a relação pressão x vazamento, bem como a dependência pressão x demanda, face aos diferentes níveis de pressão atuantes em um sistema de distribuição de água. O presente estudo visa o desenvolvimento de uma rotina computacional que considere as perdas por vazamento e a dependência das demandas com a pressão, acoplada ao simulador hidráulico EPANET (ROSSMAN, 2000), utilizando dados de rede hipotética com vistas à calibração em termos das rugosidades absolutas, demandas, diâmetros, cotas topográficas e parâmetros do modelo de vazamentos, bem como a localização de componentes hidráulicos na rede. Para tanto, utilizam-se modelos inversos resolvidos com o suporte da tecnologia dos Algoritmos Genéticos (AGs) e procedimento híbrido (AGs e Método Simplex – NELDER & MEAD, 1965) / Brazil’s water distribution systems usually present a high percentage of so-called physical losses, of which a significant portion is caused by leakage. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance, not only from the financial standpoint – in terms of the pumped and chemically treated water – but also particularly from that of the preservation of this natural resource, to effectively control leakage and the systems’ behavior under several operational conditions. In order to gain a better understanding of the real behavior of a water distribution network, several calibration techniques, including models to evaluate leakage, have been proposed. Those models normally consider the correlation between pressure and leakage, as well as the interdependence of pressure and demand in response to the varying levels of pressure in a water distribution system. The present study seeks to extend these models through the development of a computational routine based on leakage and on pressure-dependent demand, in conjunction with the hydraulic simulator EPANET (ROSSMAN, 2000), using the data from a hypothetical network to calibrate the absolute roughness and diameter of pipes, demands and elevations of nodes and the parameters of the leakage model, as well as the location of hydraulic components in the network. To this end, inverse models are used based on the technology of Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the hybrid procedure (GA and Simplex Method - NELDER & MEAD, 1965)

This work takes place in the context of distribution grids with high level of distributed generation, for example in microgrids. With high level of distributed generation, it has been shown that selective, fast and sensitive network protection is expected to be more difficult. Furthermore, during system restoration, the accurate fault location could be more challenging to assess, thereby increasing the average outage duration.<p>Thanks to cost reductions and improvement of information and communication technologies, future distribution networks will probably have advanced communication infrastructures and more measurement devices installed in order to manage the increasing complexity of those networks, which is primarily caused by the introduction of distributed generation at the distribution level.<p>Therefore this thesis investigates how the monitoring, protection and fault location functions can be improved by using system-wide measurements, i.e. real-time measurements such as synchronized voltage and current measurements recorded at different network locations. Distributed synchronized measurements bring new perspectives for these three functions: protection and fault location are usually performed with local measurements only and synchronized measurements are not common in monitoring applications. For instance, by measuring distributed generators infeed together with some feeder measurements, the protection is expected to be more sensitive and selective and the fault location to be more accurate.<p>The main contribution of this work is the use of state estimation, which is normally only used for network monitoring, for the protection and the fault location. <p>The distribution system state estimation is first developed using the classical transmission system approach. The impact of the placement of the measurement devices and of a relatively low measurement redundancy on the accuracy, on the bad data detection and on the topology error identification capabilities of the estimator are discussed and illustrated. This results in recommendations on the placement of the meters.<p>Then, a backup protection algorithm using system-wide measurements is presented. The coherence of the measurements and the healthy network model are checked thanks to a linear three-phase state estimation. If the model does not fit to the measurements and if the estimated load is too high or unbalanced, a fault is detected. The advantages of the method are that the voltage measurement redundancy is considered, improving the detection sensitivity, and that load models may be considered in the algorithm, avoiding the need to install measurement devices on every line of the network.<p>Finally, two new impedance-based fault location algorithms using distributed voltage and current recordings are proposed. By defining statistical errors on the measurements and the network parameters, a method to compute a confidence interval of the fault distance estimate is proposed. The fault location accuracy and its sensitivity to the fault conditions (e.g. fault resistance or fault type) and to the different sources of error are assessed on a simulated distribution system. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished