The word diversity can be described as being different or having differences. Furthermore, it also relates to variety or assortment. Diversity forms an integral part of society worldwide. It consists of many different aspects which are all evident in different ways in society. These aspects of diversity include culture, religion, race, language, socio-economic class, gender, ability, etc. Diversity also exists in education as an important part of society. Parental involvement is viewed by many people as an important part of the education process. It has many positives which include improved academic performance of the child, understanding of the schools circumstances, having a more positive attitude towards the school, improved community involvement and a positive school climate. Parental involvement enhances the complete learning experience of the child and focuses on the total development of the child. It includes the making of a commitment and the forming of a partnership between parent and school which is also fundamentally prescribed by legislation. When this partnership is engaged in properly there is a definite positive outcome for both the child and the school. Fundamentally, the purpose of parental involvement lies in the opportunities that it offers all the stakeholders involved to contribute towards the upbringing and development of the children. Managing the involvement of parents should be well planned and directed. School managers need to take into account the issue of diversity in relation to parental involvement. Schools have to make use of creative strategies and approaches as they deal with differences among people which need to be respected in such a way that everyone can be integrated into the school system. Diversity amongst people has an influence on parental involvement and need to be managed to good effect. Ultimately, positive parents will educate positive children who are what we strived for. What is interesting from the results of the study is that the respondents that participated in the research are of the opinion that racial differences as an aspect of diversity doesn‟t have a significant influence on parental involvement. Diversity aspects that are viewed as having a / Thesis (MEd (Education Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

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The aims of this study were to investigate the role of the diversity of dengue virus populations in changing patterns of virus transmission and disease. Prior to the commencement of this study, dengue 2 virus (DENV-2) had been associated most frequently with severe disease, so the study commenced with this serotype. Because it was not possible to quantitate diversity in the entire 11 kb of the viral genome, the study focussed on the envelope (E) gene, because the E protein is the major protein on the surface of the virion and thus might be under strong selective pressure from the host immune system and from the requirement to engage specific receptors on host cells. This study was the first direct quantification of the diversity of dengue virus populations in individual hosts. The nucleotide sequences of more than 70 per cent of the E genes in each virus population differed from the consensus nucleotide sequence for the population. In the course of quantitating genetic diversity in DENV-2 virus populations in patients and in mosquitoes, recombinant DENV-2 and both parental virus populations were detected in a single mosquito. This was the first such report. In 2001, just after the commencement of this study, Myanmar had the largest outbreak of dengue on record. Unlike previous outbreaks, 95 per cent of dengue viruses isolated from patients were of a single serotype, DENV-1. Despite the large number of cases of dengue, the proportion of patients with severe dengue was low. In the light of these observations, the direction of this study changed to focus on DENV-1. Phylogenetic analysis of the E genes of DENV-1 collected before and after the 2001 dengue outbreak suggested that some time before 1998, an early lineage of DENV-1 had become extinct and had been replaced by two new lineages. There was no evidence that these changes were due to selection or to recombination within the E protein genes of the old clade of viruses and the newly introduced viruses. A more detailed analysis was undertaken, of the entire genome of 11 human DENV-1 isolates and of 4 from mosquitoes recovered in Yangon between 1971 and 2002, to determine whether the extinction of the pre-1998 lineage of DENV-1 (clade A) and the appearance of the two new lineages (clades B and C) could have been due to selective pressures acting on genes other than E. Evidence of only weak selection was found in the NS5 gene (at amino acids 127,135 and 669) but the resultant amino acid changes did not distinguish all recent viruses from viruses belonging to the extinct clade. The phylogenetic relationships between individual genes from these viruses and between the open reading frames were similar. No evidence was found of recombination that might have given rise to two new clades of virus with enhanced fitness. Collectively, these data suggested that the extinction of clade A viruses and their replacement by the two new clades, between 1998 and 2000 was a stochastic event in an inter-epidemic period when rates of virus transmission were low. This was the first report of such an extinction of a lineage of DENV-1 and its replacement by new lineages. At about the same time as the 2001 outbreak of DENV-1 infection in Myanmar, an outbreak of DENV-1 began in the Pacific. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the E genes of viruses from the Pacific with those of viruses from throughout south-east Asia suggested that the outbreak in the Pacific was due to the introduction of multiple genotypes of DENV-1 from Asia and that some of these DENV-1 could have originated in Myanmar. The principal observations from this study are: - (a) Dengue virus populations in individual hosts are extremely heterogenous and may contain a significant proportion of non-infectious genomes. (b) Intra-serotypic recombination between dengue viruses may be far more common than the literature suggests but it may not be detected because of the almost universal use of consensus nucleotide sequences. (c) Significant changes in dengue virus genotypes that occur at single localities may be due to genetic bottlenecks rather than to selection or to recombination. (d) Dengue viruses can be transported more than 10,000 km to cause outbreaks in non-endemic areas. Key words: Dengue viruses, diversity, recombination, selection, genetic bottleneck

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Biology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-108). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR19663

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- James Cook University, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy) Bibliography: leaves 92-104.

Diss.

Zugl.: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 2007 / Hergestellt on demand. - Auch im Internet unter der Adresse http://www.uvka.de/univerlag/volltexte/2008/305/ verfügbar

Thesis (M.A.)--George Mason University, 2008. / Vita: p. 109. Thesis director: Richard J. Diecchio. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 30, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-108). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1999. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-209). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Zugl.: Augsburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2006 u.d.T.: Lederle, Sabine: Personelle Heterogenität in Organisationen.