Esta pesquisa caracterizou o comportamento de motoristas em interseções semaforizadas sob três aspectos: (1) reação frente à mudança do verde para o amarelo; (2) comportamento durante a desaceleração para parar; e (3) comportamento durante a saída do cruzamento semaforizado. Os dados foram coletados em uma interseção localizada em pista de testes no Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, nos EUA. A amostra foi composta por 60 motoristas voluntários igualmente divididos em função do gênero; dos quais 32 tinham idade inferior a 65 anos (\"jovens\"). Foram investigados efeitos da idade, do gênero e da declividade da via sobre as seguintes situações: tomada de decisão entre parar ou prosseguir no amarelo; posição de parada em relação à faixa de retenção; tempo de percepção e reação (TPR) para frenagem e partida do cruzamento; efeito de zonas de opção e de dilema; taxa de desaceleração para parada na interseção; e taxa de aceleração para partida da interseção. As análises indicaram que: (1) os motoristas mais jovens invadiram mais a faixa de retenção que os idosos; (2) mulheres apresentam maiores TPR para decidir partir da interseção; e (3) o TPR é menor no declive tanto para a decisão de frear quanto para a partida do cruzamento. As taxas de desaceleração não apresentaram influência dos fatores avaliados. Por outro lado, constatou-se que a aceleração foi afetada pelo fator declividade. Como resultado final da pesquisa, foram propostos modelos, em função do tempo, que exprimem a desaceleração/aceleração usada pelos motoristas ao frear/acelerar. Foram propostos modelos para o motorista médio e para motoristas desagregados em três grupos em função da agressividade. / The objective of this research was to characterize driver behavior at signalized intersections according to three aspects: (1) reaction at the onset of the amber phase; (2) behavior during the deceleration to stop at the signal; and (3) behavior during the acceleration to leave the intersection at the onset of the green. The data were collected at a signalized intersection on a private highway, at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, in the USA. The sample consisted of 60 volunteer drivers, equally divided by gender. The sample was divided into two age groups: younger drivers (age was less than 65) and older drivers. Effects of gender, age group and roadway grade were investigated for the following aspects: decision making at the onset of amber; final stopping position with relation to the stop line; perception/reaction times (PRT) at the onset of the amber and the green lights; effects of dilemma and option zones; and deceleration and acceleration rates used by the drivers. The analyses suggest that: (1) younger drivers tend to stop farther past the stop line, compared to older drivers; (2) women have longer PRT at the onset of the green; and (3) PRT are shorter on downgrade at the onset of both amber and green lights. The observed deceleration rates were not affected by gender, age group or roadway grade. Acceleration rates were found to be influenced by the grade. A set of models that express the acceleration/deceleration rates as a function of time were proposed to represent the average behavior observed for drivers in the sample. Specific models were also proposed for aggressive, non-aggressive and intermediate drivers.

This study examines the work of road freight transport driver in relation to the Czech and EU legal norms and standards in Czech Republic in place in 2011. The theoretical part outlines the responsibilities of drivers, especially the motor vehicle documentation, scheduling and planning of the working time on the road, stacking and securing of the freight and, duties and responsibilities during accidents in relation to the above mentioned legal framework. All this is then related to the roadside checks that constitute a commonly used control mechanism. The analytical part consists of a one-company case study; it examines the routines and general duties of the road freight drivers of one Czech freight company using surveys and interviews with the drivers focusing on their knowledge of Czech and EU legal norms. The conclusion then summarizes the results with the aim of shedding light on how the legal norms shape the working condition of Czech professional road freight drivers.

abstract: Highly automated vehicles require drivers to remain aware enough to takeover during critical events. Driver distraction is a key factor that prevents drivers from reacting adequately, and thus there is need for an alert to help drivers regain situational awareness and be able to act quickly and successfully should a critical event arise. This study examines two aspects of alerts that could help facilitate driver takeover: mode (auditory and tactile) and direction (towards and away). Auditory alerts appear to be somewhat more effective than tactile alerts, though both modes produce significantly faster reaction times than no alert. Alerts moving towards the driver also appear to be more effective than alerts moving away from the driver. Future research should examine how multimodal alerts differ from single mode, and see if higher fidelity alerts influence takeover times. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2018

Older adult safe driving is a growing public health issue; however, the skill set of occupational therapists that provide services to these older clients is unclear. The extent to which occupational therapists possess the skills to evaluate an elderly person's ability to operate safely an automobile is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this quantitative, cross-sectional survey was to determine the current capacity building needs of occupational therapists (OT) related to older driver screening, assessment, and intervention. The ecology of human performance framework was the theoretical base of the study. The independent variables were the OTs' training related to older drivers, the OTs' current driving-related professional activities, and the OTs' continuing education interests. The dependent variable was the reported levels of competence in screening, assessment, and intervention, and the covariates were years of experience, level of education, practice setting, gender, and regional location. The survey was disseminated through technological channels of social media and e-mail. The responses from 61 participants were used for analysis. In a descriptive analysis, OTs felt that addressing driving through screening, assessment, and intervention is somewhat important, that currently OTs seldom address driving, and OTs are not very likely to take continuing education courses related to driving in the next 2 to 3 years. In addition, a linear regression analysis determined a relationship between an OT's actual practice and perceived competence. A positive social change of this study emphasized a better understanding of OT's ability to provide driver rehabilitation services to a growing aging population, which in turn promotes safety on the roads.

<p>On a daily basis drivers have to share the roads with a great number of other road users. To make the driving task possible every driver has to take the intentions and behaviours of other road users into account. In other words, the road users have to interact with each other. The general aim of this thesis was to examine factors that regulate and influence the interaction between road users. To do so, three studies, applying a social psychological approach to driving, were conducted. In the first study it was investigated how the rules of priority, the design of the intersection, and the behaviour of other drivers influence yielding behaviour in intersections. The second study examined driver irritation and its relationship with aggressive behaviours. Finally, in the third study drivers’ attributions of their own and other drivers’ behaviour were investigated in relation to driver irritation. The thesis also includes a minor field study, aiming at examining to what extent informal traffic rules are used in intersections and in roundabouts, as well as measuring the validity of self-reports. The results indicate that, in addition to the formal rules, drivers rely on informal rules based on road design and on other drivers’ behaviour. Drivers also differ with respect to strategies of yielding behaviour. Irritability and aggressive behaviour on the roads appear largely to depend on drivers’ interactions and drivers’ interpretation of the behaviour of others. Some aggressive behaviour is an expression of irritation and may provoke irritation of other drivers. This means that an irritated driver might start a chain reaction, spreading irritation and aggressive behaviour from driver to driver. To diminish irritation and aggressive behaviour on the roads it is necessary to change drivers’ behaviour either by changing the road design or, which is probably a more possible remedy, by changing their general attitudes about driving. By providing drivers with insight into the cognitive biases they are subject to when judging other road users’ behaviour, both driver irritation and aggressive behaviours on the roads probably would decrease.</p>

On a daily basis drivers have to share the roads with a great number of other road users. To make the driving task possible every driver has to take the intentions and behaviours of other road users into account. In other words, the road users have to interact with each other. The general aim of this thesis was to examine factors that regulate and influence the interaction between road users. To do so, three studies, applying a social psychological approach to driving, were conducted. In the first study it was investigated how the rules of priority, the design of the intersection, and the behaviour of other drivers influence yielding behaviour in intersections. The second study examined driver irritation and its relationship with aggressive behaviours. Finally, in the third study drivers’ attributions of their own and other drivers’ behaviour were investigated in relation to driver irritation. The thesis also includes a minor field study, aiming at examining to what extent informal traffic rules are used in intersections and in roundabouts, as well as measuring the validity of self-reports. The results indicate that, in addition to the formal rules, drivers rely on informal rules based on road design and on other drivers’ behaviour. Drivers also differ with respect to strategies of yielding behaviour. Irritability and aggressive behaviour on the roads appear largely to depend on drivers’ interactions and drivers’ interpretation of the behaviour of others. Some aggressive behaviour is an expression of irritation and may provoke irritation of other drivers. This means that an irritated driver might start a chain reaction, spreading irritation and aggressive behaviour from driver to driver. To diminish irritation and aggressive behaviour on the roads it is necessary to change drivers’ behaviour either by changing the road design or, which is probably a more possible remedy, by changing their general attitudes about driving. By providing drivers with insight into the cognitive biases they are subject to when judging other road users’ behaviour, both driver irritation and aggressive behaviours on the roads probably would decrease.

<p>In this thesis report we conducted research study on driver's behavior in T-Intersections using simulated environment. This report describes and discusses correlation analysis of driver's personality traits and style while driving at T-Intersections.</p><p>The experiments were performed on multi user driving simulator under controlled settings, at Linköping University. A total of forty-eight people participated in the study and were divided into groups of four, all driving in the same simulated world.</p><p>During the experiments participants were asked to fill a series of well-known self-report questionnaires. We evaluated questionnaires to get the insight in driver's personality traits and driving style. The self-report questionnaires consist of Schwartz's configural model of 10 values types and NEO-five factor inventory. Also driver's behavior was studied with the help of questionnaires based on driver's behavior, style, conflict avoidance, time horizon and tolerance of uncertainty. Then these 10 Schwartz's values are correlated with the other questionnaires to give the detail insight of the driving habits and personality traits of the drivers.</p>

xiv, 104 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Student safety on school property continues to be a priority for educators. Pediatric research reveals that student injuries sustained while riding the school bus may be more than three times the number actually reported by transportation departments. These studies further indicate that a major factor contributing to injuries is inappropriate student behavior while riding a school bus. This dissertation involved the creation of a behavior management program for students who ride the school bus. The behavior management program (Bus PBS) was derived from the established and well researched school-based universal prevention, Positive Behavior Support (PBS). The core features of the Bus PBS program included, (1) active support and involvement by the School Administrator and the Transportation Director, (2) school-wide expectations reworded for use on the school bus, (3) students received direct instruction regarding behavioral expectations on the school bus, (4) drivers received a 1.5 hour training in the classroom and 3 days of on-board coaching during the intervention phase, and (5) drivers were encouraged to greet students by name as they entered the bus, provide formal rewards to recognize correct student behavior, and deliver a continuum of clear consequences for student problem behavior. The study was conducted with three typical school buses in a moderate-sized West Coast city. The research question under consideration asked if the presence of Bus PBS was functionally related to student behavior on the school bus. Using a single subject multiple baseline design across three buses, direct observation data were collected on (a) fidelity of bus driver implementation of the program and (b) student problem behavior. Results indicated that bus drivers were able to implement the intervention with moderate to high fidelity, and implementation of Bus PBS was functionally related to improved student behavior. Student problem behavior on the school bus during the Bus PBS program was 37% lower than baseline levels. Discussion is provided about the clinical and research implications of the results. / Advisers: Horner, Robert H., Merrell, Kenneth W.

Esta pesquisa caracterizou o comportamento de motoristas em interseções semaforizadas sob três aspectos: (1) reação frente à mudança do verde para o amarelo; (2) comportamento durante a desaceleração para parar; e (3) comportamento durante a saída do cruzamento semaforizado. Os dados foram coletados em uma interseção localizada em pista de testes no Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, nos EUA. A amostra foi composta por 60 motoristas voluntários igualmente divididos em função do gênero; dos quais 32 tinham idade inferior a 65 anos (\"jovens\"). Foram investigados efeitos da idade, do gênero e da declividade da via sobre as seguintes situações: tomada de decisão entre parar ou prosseguir no amarelo; posição de parada em relação à faixa de retenção; tempo de percepção e reação (TPR) para frenagem e partida do cruzamento; efeito de zonas de opção e de dilema; taxa de desaceleração para parada na interseção; e taxa de aceleração para partida da interseção. As análises indicaram que: (1) os motoristas mais jovens invadiram mais a faixa de retenção que os idosos; (2) mulheres apresentam maiores TPR para decidir partir da interseção; e (3) o TPR é menor no declive tanto para a decisão de frear quanto para a partida do cruzamento. As taxas de desaceleração não apresentaram influência dos fatores avaliados. Por outro lado, constatou-se que a aceleração foi afetada pelo fator declividade. Como resultado final da pesquisa, foram propostos modelos, em função do tempo, que exprimem a desaceleração/aceleração usada pelos motoristas ao frear/acelerar. Foram propostos modelos para o motorista médio e para motoristas desagregados em três grupos em função da agressividade. / The objective of this research was to characterize driver behavior at signalized intersections according to three aspects: (1) reaction at the onset of the amber phase; (2) behavior during the deceleration to stop at the signal; and (3) behavior during the acceleration to leave the intersection at the onset of the green. The data were collected at a signalized intersection on a private highway, at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, in the USA. The sample consisted of 60 volunteer drivers, equally divided by gender. The sample was divided into two age groups: younger drivers (age was less than 65) and older drivers. Effects of gender, age group and roadway grade were investigated for the following aspects: decision making at the onset of amber; final stopping position with relation to the stop line; perception/reaction times (PRT) at the onset of the amber and the green lights; effects of dilemma and option zones; and deceleration and acceleration rates used by the drivers. The analyses suggest that: (1) younger drivers tend to stop farther past the stop line, compared to older drivers; (2) women have longer PRT at the onset of the green; and (3) PRT are shorter on downgrade at the onset of both amber and green lights. The observed deceleration rates were not affected by gender, age group or roadway grade. Acceleration rates were found to be influenced by the grade. A set of models that express the acceleration/deceleration rates as a function of time were proposed to represent the average behavior observed for drivers in the sample. Specific models were also proposed for aggressive, non-aggressive and intermediate drivers.

[pt] Este trabalho consiste na criação de uma ferramenta provedora de dados para o BLAST, denominada BioProvider. Esta é usada para prover dados realizando um gerenciamento de buffer eficiente para o BLAST, controlando também o escalonamento dos processos do mesmo. A comunicação entre o BioProvider e os processos do BLAST, assim como o controle de concorrência e bloqueios, é feita por meio de um driver, que substitui as chamadas a funções de leitura e escrita de arquivos do banco de dados. Deste modo, o código do BLAST não precisa ser modificado para ser realizar a comunicação com o BioProvider e este pode ser usado para diferentes versões do BLAST. O desenvolvimento do BioProvider é a primeira etapa para a criação de uma solução aplicável também a outras ferramentas de Bioinformática. Por ser transparente aos programas, a ferramenta desenvolvida é facilmente extensível, podendo ser futuramente modificada para prover dados para outros aplicativos, usar outras estratégias de gerência de buffer ou prover dados armazenados em formatos diferentes dos lidos por processos clientes, convertendo-os em tempo de execução. O BioProvider foi testado com a versão recente do NCBI BLAST, obtendo consideráveis melhoras de desempenho, e seu funcionamento foi verificado também com a versão do WU-BLAST com código aberto. Foram realizadas análises de variações no algoritmo de gerenciamento de buffer e dos fatores que influenciam o desempenho dos processos BLAST. / [en] This work consists on the creation of a tool named BioProvider to provide data to BLAST. The tool provides the data using buffer management techniques that are efficient for BLAST and controls process scheduling. The communication between BioProvider and the BLAST processes, as well as the concurrency and blocking control, is done through a device driver that substitutes the read and write function calls to the database files. By this means, the application code can remain unchanged and BioProvider can be used with different versions of BLAST. The development of BioProvider was the first stage to the creation of a solution that can be applied as well to other Bioinformatics tools. Due to its transparency in the view of other applications, BioProvider can be easily extended in the future to provide data to other applications, to use other buffer management techniques or to provide data stored in different formats of those read by the client processes, converting the data in runtime. BioProvider has been tested with the most recent version of NCBI BLAST and considerable improvement has been verified. The tool has been shown to work as well with the open source version of WU-BLAST. Some variations on the buffer management algorithm were studied, as well as the different factors that influence the performance of BLAST processes.