Fuel consumption is a major economical component of vehicles, particularly for heavy-duty vehicles. It is dependent on many factors, such as driver and environment, and control over some factors is present, e.g. route, and we can try to optimize others, e.g. driver. The driver is responsible for around 30% of the operational cost for the fleet operator and is therefore important to have efficient drivers as they also inuence fuel consumption which is another major cost, amounting to around 40% of vehicle operation. The difference between good and bad drivers can be substantial, depending on the environment, experience and other factors. In this thesis, two methods are proposed that aim at quantifying and qualifying driver performance of heavy duty vehicles with respect to fuel consumption. The first method, Fuel under Predefined Conditions (FPC), makes use of domain knowledge in order to incorporate effect of factors which are not measured. Due to the complexity of the vehicles, many factors cannot be quantified precisely or even measured, e.g. wind speed and direction, tire pressure. For FPC to be feasible, several assumptions need to be made regarding unmeasured variables. The effect of said unmeasured variables has to be quantified, which is done by defining specific conditions that enable their estimation. Having calculated the effect of unmeasured variables, the contribution of measured variables can be estimated. All the steps are required to be able to calculate the influence of the driver. The second method, Accelerator Pedal Position - Engine Speed (APPES) seeks to qualify driver performance irrespective of the external factors by analyzing driver intention. APPES is a 2D histogram build from the two mentioned signals. Driver performance is expressed, in this case, using features calculated from APPES. The focus of first method is to quantify fuel consumption, giving us the possibility to estimate driver performance. The second method is more skewed towards qualitative analysis allowing a better understanding of driver decisions and how they affect fuel consumption. Both methods have the ability to give transferable knowledge that can be used to improve driver's performance or automatic driving systems. Throughout the thesis and attached articles we show that both methods are able to operate within the specified conditions and achieve the set goal.

Cílem této práce je návrh a implementace řešení transparentního šifrování pro platformu Microsoft Windows. Řešení by mělo být propojitelné s produktem prevence proti úniku dat (DLP) a rozšiřovat jej. K implementaci byl využit framework Microsoft File System Minifilter Driver, s jehož pomocí je možné sledovat a upravovat přístup k jednotlivým souborům na externích zařízeních nebo discích za běhu systému. Soubory jsou zabezpečeny na pozadí tak, aby uživatel nebyl neovlivněn při práci. Ovladač zajišťuje, že uživatel vždy pracuje s rozšifrovanými daty. Dále bude také vyvinuta externí aplikace, která umožňuje uživateli přistoupit k zašifrovaným datům, aniž by musel být v síti, kde DLP produkt běží.

Presented diploma thesis deals with the perception of vehicle speed from the different driving experiences point of view. The thesis is divided into two parts. First, the theoretical part is about motor vehicle construction, driving experiences, and further about the influence of gender on driving and sensory and emotional perception of humans. The second part is dedicated to practical measurement, where vehicle speeds were estimated during driving tests. During this measurement, the test circuit was passed two times in each vehicle. First run was dedicated to full concentration on a drive. In the second run, the respondents were distracted by sudoku solving. Subsequent evaluation of the obtained data is being executed from different points of view – speed category, men vs women, and roads category.

This diploma thesis deals with the ideological design and realization of digital room thermostat and a temperature sensor selection. The device is designed as three units communicating wirelessly. Outdoor unit and control units sensor provide data for the control circuit of microcontroller ATmega16. Microcontroller choose the boiler operation based on senzor data. Thermostat can be remotely controled

This master’s thesis deals with parameters and properties of electromagnetic wave, its spread in environment and then in optical fiber, as well with optical fibers. Principle of laser sources and a issues of coupling a optical performance into optical fiber are described here. Next a function of laser diodes, power and cooling requirements are described. A block diagram of fiber optic source of laser radiation is designed as well as a circuit solution of every single block with respecting of parameters and sensitivity of used laser diode. The protection of laser diode and high-frequency modulation of optical power are solved. Subsequently the construction of every single block was done and the right function of constructional solution was tested.

The costs of information technology (IT) in large multinational companies (MNCs) often constitute a significant portion of the company’s total yearly turnover. IT departments are on one hand expected to return value to business, but are on the other hand often prone to cost reductions. Thus, it is not unusual that IT management chooses to focus on cost cutting rather than cost control in order to meet the company’s financial targets. Understanding cost drivers in IT is not always evident, making it difficult for managers to know what performance indicators that should be tracked. This study addresses the issue of cost control and performance measurement in IT departments, in the form of a case study carried out at the IT department of a large Swedish MNC in the telecommunications industry. The case company is divided into two parts: Enterprise and Engineering, where Enterprise provides the organization with IT in form of printers, personal computers, applications, IT support and communication services through network infrastructure and voice. Engineering provides research and development units with software development infrastructure and testing environments for products. The testing environments comprise of both software testing through simulations and hardware testing in physical labs. By carrying out interviews with managers and key people responsible for large budget items, 130 cost drivers were identified. After reducing recurring cost drivers and merging similar ones, the cost drivers were filtered according to quantifyability. In a second step, performance indicators were developed using the SMART model and then scored with respect to cost impact and ease of implementation. This resulted in a recommendation of 49 performance indicators to be tracked across the entire IT department. A sample of recommended performance indicators is total cost of wages / number of employees, number of virtualized servers / total number of servers and amount of video related traffic / total capacity of bandwidth. The ambition of this study is to provide a holistic way of controlling cost drivers through prioritized performance indicators. Even though this case is specific to an IT department, the approach in this research may well be applied in other departments and industries. / Kostnaderna för informationsteknologi (IT) i stora multinationella företag utgör ofta en betydande del av företagets totala årliga omsättning. Samtidigt som IT-organisationer förväntas leverera värde till företaget, utsätts de även för kostnadsnedskärningar. Därför är det inte ovanligt att IT-ledningen väljer att fokusera på kostnadsbesparingar, snarare än kostnadskontroll, för att nå bolagets finansiella mål. Det är inte alltid enkelt att förstå vad som driver kostnader i en IT-organisation, vilket försvårar besluten om vilka nyckeltal som IT-ledningen bör styra efter. Denna studie tar upp frågan om kostnadskontroll och prestationsmätning i IT-organisationer i form av en fallstudie, som genomförts på IT-avdelningen på ett stort svenskt multinationellt bolag i telekommunikationsbranschen. Organisationen kan delas in i Enterprise och Engineering, där Enterprise tillhandahåller IT i form av skrivare, persondatorer, applikationer, IT support och kommunikationstjänster genom nätinfrastruktur och taltjänster. Engineering tillhandahåller infrastruktur för mjukvaruutveckling och en miljö för testning av produkter för forsknings- och utvecklingsenheter. Testmiljön består av både mjukvarutestning i form av simuleringar samt tester av hårdvara i fysiska laboratorier. Med utgångspunkt i intervjuer med chefer och andra nyckelpersoner ansvariga för stora budgetposter, identifierades 130 kostnadsdrivare inom IT-avdelningen. Efter reduktion av återkommande kostnadsdrivare och sammanslagning av liknande drivare, filtrerades kostnadsdrivarna med aveseende på kvantifierbarhet. Kostnadsdrivare som var kvantifierbara översattes sedan till nyckeltal med hjälp av SMART-modellen. I efterföljande steg  poängsattes nyckeltalen med avseende på kostnadseffekt och möjligheten för implementering. Detta resulterade i en rekommendation av 49 nyckeltal för effektiv kostnadskontroll i hela organisationen. Ett urval av rekommenderade nyckeltal är totala lönekostnaden / antal anställda, antal virtualiserade servrar / totala antalet servrar samt mängden videorelaterad datatrafik / totala bandbreddskapaciteten. Ambitionen med denna studie är att på ett ett holistiskt sätt kontrollera kostnadsdrivare, genom prioritering av nyckeltal. Även om denna fallstudie specifikt riktar sig mot IT-avdelningar, anser författarna att tillvägagångssättet även kan tillämpas på andra avdelningar och branscher.

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I slutet av 2019 drabbades omvärlden av en hotande sjukdom, som döptes till Covid-19. Denna sjukdom blev en pandemi som smittade över 180 miljoner människor runt om i världen. Pandemin ledde till att länder började införa så kallade “lockdowns”. Coronautbrottet skulle även medföra en ekonomisk chock för hela EU:s ekonomi och ledde till en genomsnittssänkning av BNP på 7,4% i Europa, vilket korrelerade med en sjunkande sysselsättningsgrad. Bland de olika branscher som behövde stå inför stora utmaningar relaterade till pandemin var idrottsbranschen en av de branscher som drabbades hårt. Denna studie handlar om coronapandemins påverkan på fyra fotbollsklubbar i Sveriges högsta serie, Allsvenskan. Studiens frågeställning bygger på syftet att få djupare kunskap och presentera hur Covid-19 har påverkat allsvenska fotbollsklubbars ekonomiska resultat vad gäller förlorade intäkter och kvarvarande kostnader samt agera underlag, med illustration på hur framtida kriser kan hanteras av idrottsföreningar. För att undersöka detta har de teoretiska begreppen intäktsoch kostnadsdrivare använts med målet att undersöka vilken typ av drivare för dessa intäkter och kostnader som har påverkats mest. Egenskaper i relationen mellan aktiviteter och drivare har studerats och tillämpats i denna studie. Studiens empiri har samlats in med ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer som har utformats samt kompletterats med sekundärdata i form av årsredovisningar. Studiens resultat visar att pandemin har påverkat klubbarnas intäkter och kostnader i olika utsträckningar, med några intäkter och kostnader som har ökat samt andra intäkter och kostnader som har minskats, med anledning av förändring av respektive drivare. Klubbarnas omfattning och förutsättningar har varit en betydande faktor gällande vikten av respektive intäkt och kostnad. / At the end of 2019, the world was hit by a threatening disease, which was named Covid-19. This disease became a pandemic that infected over 180 million people around the world. The pandemic led to countries starting to introduce so-called "lockdowns". The corona outbreak would also bring an economic shock to the entire EU economy and led to an average reduction in GDP of 7.4% in Europe, which correlated with a falling employment rate. Among the various industries that had to face major challenges related to the pandemic, the sports industry was one of the industries that was affected the most. This study is about the impact of the corona pandemic on four football clubs in Sweden's highest league, Allsvenskan. The study's question is based on the aim of gaining deeper knowledge and presenting how Covid-19 has affected the financial results of Allsvenskan football clubs in terms of lost revenue and remaining costs, as well as acting as a basis, with an illustration of how future crisis can be handled by sports associations. To analyze this, the theoretical concepts of revenue and cost drivers have been used with the aim of investigating what type of drivers for those revenues and costs that have been most affected. Characteristics in the relationship between activities and drivers has been studied and applied in this study. The study's empirical evidence has been collected using a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews that have been designed and supplemented with secondary data in the form of annual reports. The results of the study show that the pandemic has affected the clubs' revenues and costs to different extents, with some revenues and costs having increased and other revenues and costs having been reduced, due to changes in the respective drivers. The size and conditions of the clubs have been a significant factor regarding the importance of the respective income and costs.

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death during adolescence, with the fatal crash rate per mile-driven for 16-19 years old drivers being nearly 3 times larger than the rate for drivers age 20 and older. High gravitational events among teenage drivers, such as quick starts, and hard stops, have been shown to be highly correlated with crash rates. The current younger driver training programs developed in the late 1990s, however, do not appear to be especially effective in regard to many skills which are critical to avoiding crashes. With this in mind, a simulator-based training program aimed at reducing the behaviors that make quick accelerations unsafe and quick decelerations unnecessary was designed and evaluated. The training adopts the active training strategy which has been proven to be effective, and includes those scenarios in which teenage drivers are at highest risks. It is expected that drivers who receive the active training will drive more safely than drivers who receive the placebo training, in terms of eye scanning behaviors in scenarios where quick accelerations are necessary (e.g., how often they glance towards areas where threats could emerge), following behaviors in scenarios where a lead vehicle could stop suddenly (e.g., how much headway they allow between their vehicle and a lead vehicle), and vehicle behaviors such as speed, acceleration rate, deceleration rate and headway.

The purpose of a cost model is to provide designers and decision-makers with accurate cost information to assess and compare multiple alternatives for obtaining the optimal solution and controlling cost. The cost models developed in the design phases are the most important and the most difficult to develop. Therefore it is necessary to identify appropriate cost drivers and employ appropriate modeling techniques to accurately estimate cost for directing designers. The objective of this study is to provide higher predictive accuracy of cost estimation for directing designer in the early design phases of complex products. After a generic cost estimation model is presented and the existing methods for identification of cost drivers and different cost modeling techniques are reviewed, the dissertation first proposes new methodologies to identify and select the cost drivers: Causal-Associated (CA) method and Tabu-Stepwise selection approach. The CA method increases understanding and explanation of the cost analysis and helps avoid missing some cost drivers. The Tabu-Stepwise selection approach is used to select significant cost drivers and eliminate irrelevant cost drivers under nonlinear situation. A case study is created to illustrate their procedure and benefits. The test data show they can improve predictive capacity. Second, this dissertation introduces Tabu-SVR, a nonparametric approach based on support vector regression (SVR) for cost estimation for complex products in the early design phases. Tabu-SVR determines the parameters of SVR via a tabu search algorithm improved by the author. For verification and validation of performance on Tabu-SVR, the five common basic cost characteristics are summarized: accumulation, linear function, power function, step function, and exponential function. Based on these five characteristics and the Flight Optimization Systems (FLOPS) cost module (engine part), seven test data sets are generated to test Tabu-SVR and are used to compare it with other traditional methods (parametric modeling, neural networking and case-based reasoning). The results show Tabu-SVR significantly improves the performance compared to SVR based on empirical study. The radial basis function (RBF) kernel, which is much more robust, often has better performance over linear and polynomial kernel functions. Compared with other traditional cost estimating approaches, Tabu-SVR with RBF kernel function has strong predicable capability and is able to capture nonlinearities and discontinuities along with interactions among cost drivers. The third part of this dissertation focuses on semiparametric cost estimating approaches. Extensive studies are conducted on three semiparametric algorithms based on SVR. Three data sets are produced by combining the aforementioned five common basic cost characteristics. The experiments show Semiparametric Algorithm 1 is the best approach under most situations. It has better cost estimating accuracy over the pure nonparametric approach and the pure parametric approach. The model complexity influences the estimating accuracy for Semiparametric Algorithm 2 and Algorithm 3. If the inexact function forms are used as the parametric component of semiparametric algorithm, they often do not bring any improvement of cost estimating accuracy over the pure nonparametric approach and even worsen the performance. The last part of this dissertation introduces two existing methods for sensitivity analysis to improve the explanation capability of the cost estimating approach based on SVR. These methods are able to show the contribution of cost drivers, to determine the effect of cost drivers, to establish the profiles of cost drivers, and to conduct monotonic analysis. They finally can help designers make trade-off study and answer “what-i” questions. / Ph. D.