In this thesis there is a set of waste disposal facilities, a set of customers at which waste is collected and an unlimited number of homogeneous vehicles based at a single depot. Empty vehicles leave the depot and collect waste from customers, emptying themselves at the waste disposal facilities as and when necessary. Vehicles return to the depot empty. We take into consideration time windows associated with customers, disposal facilities and the depot. We also have a driver rest period. The problem is solved heuristically. A neighbour set is defined for each customer as the set of customers that are close, but with compatible time windows. This thesis uses six different procedures to obtain initial solutions for the problem. Then, the initial solutions from these procedures are improved in terms of the distance travelled using our phase 1 and phase 2 procedures, whereas we reduce the number of vehicles used using our vehicle reduction (VR) procedure. In a further attempt to improve the solutions three metaheuristic algorithms are presented, namely tabu search (TS), variable neighbourhood search (VNS) and variable neighbourhood tabu search (VNTS). Moreover, we present a modified disposal facility positioning (DFP), reverse order and change tracking procedures. Using all these procedures presented in the thesis, four solution procedures are reported for the two benchmark problem sets, namely waste collection vehicle routing problems with time windows (VRPTW) and multi-depot vehicle routing problem with inter-depot routes (MDVRPI). Our solutions for the waste collection VRPTW problems are compared with the solutions from Kim et al (2006), and our solutions for the MDVRPI problems are compared with Crevier et al (2007). Computational results for the waste collection VRPTW problems indicate that our algorithms produce better quality solutions than Kim et al (2006) in terms of both distance travelled and number of vehicles used. However for the MDVRPI problems, solutions from Crevier et al (2007) outperform our solutions.

Master thesis is focused on one of the crutial and the most problematic tools at the same time of driver diagnostic which is the interwiev. In the theorethical part of the thesis we concern on the targets and basic starting points of the driver assesment, from which the explorative areas of the interwiev. We discuss the role of the interwiev in the systém of methods which can be used for driver behaviour prediction and its specific kontext or the social desirability influence. The interwiev is divided into four phases - introducion (contract), anmnestic data gathering, diagnostical part, and conclusion. The theory of planned behaviour, and Behavioral Event Interview are presented in the diagnosticlal as the two sources of the design of semi-standardized interview. Empirical part contains a specific interwiev design including the recommended question set for mapping of the ability to view and reflection, driving style and characteristics, attitudes to risk behavior a possibility of the driver change from the point of his behaviour.. Then, the qualitative assesment of the question sets using the contrast method, comparison and subsequent interpretation based on the content analysis of the driver statements in accompanying case reports. Based on the analysis of the driver statements we set several key...

BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION University: Charles University Faculty: 1. lékařská fakulta Clinic of Addictology School year: 2016/2017 Autor's first name and surname: Bc. Marie Hrušková Specialization: Addictology Supervisor: Mgr. Hana Fidesová, PhD. Pages: 102 The name of thesis: Traffic criminal offenses incurred while intoxikated addictive substances. Abstract Background: Until the investigations indicate that addictive substances in transport are serious social and security problem. Studies attribute the most efficient for drivers caught several times - repeatedly with a concentration of 1.5 g / kg and higher, unfortunately, but at higher concentrations higher probability of risk of addiction, which is due to natures rehabilitation programs, counterproductive, because mastering addiction is not the goal of the course (Ferguson et. all., 2001). Goals: The aim of this paper is to explore the issue of traffic offenses where the offender is in a state of excluding fitness to drive, which brought about the consumption of addictive substances and follow-up upon return of a driving license in the period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2015. Research questions: a) What is the age of the offenders at the time of the offense proceedings in a state that excludes eligibility? b) What is the source of livelihood...

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Malgorzata J. Rys / Centerline rumble strips (CLRS) are effective in preventing cross-over crashes and are promoted in the United States (U.S.) as a low-cost safety measure. However, there may be negative issues and/or concerns that question their use under certain road conditions. This dissertation is the result of studying these issues and concerns to provide guidance to policy makers on future installations of CLRS, based on current good practices and on the results of specific investigations of exterior noise, safety effectiveness, economics, and drivers’ behavior, including their interaction with shoulders and shoulder rumble strips (SRS). From a survey conducted, good practices in the U.S. were summarized. From a before-and-after study of CLRS safety effectiveness, results showed that total correctable crashes were reduced by 29.21%. Crashes involving fatalities and injuries were reduced by 34.05%. Cross-over crashes were reduced by 67.19%, and run-off-the-road crashes were reduced by 19.19%. Both Naïve and Empirical Bayes methods were applied and showed statistically similar results. There was no statistical difference between football shaped and rectangular shaped CLRS. From the external noise study performed, it was found that external noise depends on vehicle speed, type of vehicle, and distance. Both football and rectangular CLRS substantially increased the levels of external noise at distances up to 45 m (150 ft). Therefore, before installing CLRS, the distance from houses or businesses should be considered. A distance of 60 m (200 ft) was recommended as the limit of the potential exterior noise problem area. From a study of drivers’ behavior, the analyzed configurations of rumble strips and shoulder width levels affected vehicular lateral position and speed levels, although speed deviations were not practically significant. The study of safety performance function models provided technical and economical recommendations for installation of CLRS. Overall, this study recommends the installation of CLRS on rural, two-lane, undivided rural roads in Kansas. Both patterns, rectangular and football, currently installed in Kansas have provided crash reductions, which have been reflected in economic benefits for society. Shoulder width and traffic volume should be considered as crash predictors for enhancement of the benefits. Guidelines were recommended for future better applications of CLRS.

Cette thèse présente le produit d'un projet de recherche doctoral ambitieux qui a procédé à la réalisation des premières étapes cruciales de conception, développement et évaluation d'un test de mesure de l'impact de la distraction du conducteur (DDIAT). L'objectif de ce test est de mesurer l'impact que la distraction du conducteur a sur les performances de conduite et les comportements du conducteur. En outre, une présentation sera effectuée des étapes majeures qui restent encore à réaliser, et qui dépassent le cadre de cette thèse, pour entièrement valider et implémenter le test. Le DDIAT est composé de trois épreuves de conduite ou Drives (Drive 1, 2 et 3), qui ont été conçues à partir des principes de la littérature de la cognition et de l’attention. Les épreuves Drive 1 et Drive 2 ont été implémentées dans un environnement de conduite urbain et elles incluent des conditions de feux de circulation qui ont été conçues pour ressembler aux feux de circulation rencontrés dans des conditions de conduite réelles. De plus, l'épreuve Drive 1 inclut des scénarios de traversée d’une file de véhicules pour tourner à gauche à une intersection (gap acceptance), dans lesquels les participants doivent prendre la décision cruciale de sélectionner un intervalle entre deux véhicules pour traverser. L'épreuve Drive 2 inclut plusieurs instances de suivi de véhicule, dont certaines où le véhicule suivi freine brutalement et où le participant doit réagir de manière appropriée pour éviter une collision frontale. Enfin, l'épreuve Drive 3 a été conçue pour implicitement mesurer la conscience de la situation dans un environnement de conduite autoroutier, mais cette épreuve n'a pas été entièrement implémentée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les épreuves Drive 1 et Drive 2 ont été évaluées dans une expérimentation sur un simulateur de conduite avancé. Les résultats de cette évaluation expérimentale ont montré que les deux épreuves Drive 1 et Drive 2 étaient capables de : a) représenter la conduite réelle (c.-à-d., elles vérifient la validité de contenu et la validité apparente), b) mesurer l'impact de la distraction du conducteur et c) de faire la distinction entre les deux tâches secondaires (l'une visuelle/manuelle, l'autre auditive/cognitive) à travers leur impact sur les performances de conduite. En conclusion, le travail complété dans le cadre de cette thèse constitue les premières étapes cruciales nécessaires au développement d'un DDIAT complet qui surpasse les limitations des outils et tests précédents et fournit également les bases d'une méthode standardisée pour aider à surpasser les incohérences qui existent entre les différentes études de mesure de l'impact de la distraction du conducteur. / This thesis describes the outcomes of an ambitious doctoral research program that carried out the initial critical steps in the design, development, and evaluation of a driver distraction impact assessment test (DDIAT). The purpose of this test has been to assess the impact driver distraction has on driving performance and driver behaviour. The thesis also describes the critical steps, beyond the scope of this thesis, that remain to be carried out in order to fully validate and implement the complete DDIAT proposed in this thesis. As part of the DDIAT proposed in this thesis, three Drives (Drive 1, 2, and 3) were designed and created from basic attention principles and by using a complex experimental design. Drive 1 and Drive 2 were implemented in an urban driving environment and included traffic light conditions that were designed to resemble real world traffic light conditions. Furthermore, Drive 1 included gap acceptance events in which participants had to make a crucial and important decision when selecting a gap to turn left though an oncoming stream of vehicles. Drive 2 included various car following instances and lead vehicle braking events, whereby participants had to react suddenly to avoid a frontal collision. Lastly, Drive 3 was designed to implicitly measure situation awareness on a highway driving environment – but was outside of the scope of the thesis to investigate. Drive 1 and Drive 2 were evaluated in an experiment implemented in an advanced driving simulator. The results from this evaluation experiment showed that both Drive 1 and Drive 2: a) represent real world driving (i.e., have content and face validity); b) are capable of measuring the impact of driver distraction; and c) are capable of distinguishing between the impact on driving of two secondary tasks (one visual/manual, the other auditory/cognitive). In conclusion, the work completed as part of this thesis provided a first and important step towards the development of a complete DDIAT that overcomes the shortcomings of previous tests and tools and also provides the beginnings of a standardised method to assist in overcoming the inconsistencies that exist across studies in the measurement of driver distraction.

Context: This thesis deals with the robustness testing of web applications on a different web browser using a Selenium WebDriver to automate the browser. To increase the efficiency of this automation testing, we are using a robustness method. Robustness method is a process of testing the behaviour of a system implementation under exceptional execution conditions to check if it still fulfils some robustness requirements. These robustness tests often apply random algorithms to select the actions to be executed on web applications. The search-based technique was used to automatically generate effective test cases, consisting of initial conditions and fault sequences. The success criteria in most cases: "if it does not crash or hang application, then it is robust". Problem: Software testing consumes a lot of time, labour-intensive to write test cases and expensive in a software development life cycle. There was always a need for software testing to decrease the testing time. Manual testing requires a lot of effort and hard work if we measure in terms of person per month [1]. To overcome this problem, we are using a search-based approach for robustness testing of web applications which can dramatically reduce the human effort, time and the costs related to testing. Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to develop an automated approach to carry out robustness testing of web applications focusing on revealing defects related to a sequence of events triggered by a web system. To do so, we will employ search-based techniques (e.g., NSGA-II algorithm [1]). The main focus is on Ericsson Digital BSS systems, with a special focus on robustness testing. The main purpose of this master thesis is to investigate how automated robustness testing can be done so that the effort of keeping the tests up to date is minimized when the functionality of the application changes. This kind of automation testing is well depended on the structure of the product being tested. In this thesis, the test object was structured in a way, which made the testing method simple for fault revelation and less time-consuming. Method: For this approach, a meta-heuristic search-based genetic algorithm is used to make efficiency for robustness testing of the web application. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this proposed approach, the experimental procedure is adapted. For this, an experimental testbed is set up. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is measured by two objectives: Fault revelation, Test sequence length. The effectiveness is also measured by evaluating the feasible cost-effective output test cases. i Results:The results we collected from our approach shows that by reducing the test sequence length we can reduce the time consuming and by using the NSGA-2 algorithm we found as many faults as we can when we tested on web applications in Ericsson. Conclusion: The attempt of testing of web applications, was partly succeeded. This kind of robustness testing in our approach was strongly depended on the algorithm we are using. We can conclude that by using these two objectives, we can reduce the cost of testing and time consuming.

Researchers around the world are constantly seeking for a quick, inexpensive and easy to use way to understand road traffic deaths. This study proposes the use of multibody (MBS) simulation, using a virtual driver, associated to fractional factorial experiments to identify active factors in road traffic accidents. The objectives of this work were to: (i) use DOE to show a more structured direction on the studies of road safety and (ii) investigate possible vehicle state variables to monitor vehicle dynamic stability. The first experiment was a quarter fraction It was designed based on an accident database of a Brazilian Federal Highway. Seven factors were considered (curve radius, path profile, path condition, virtual driver skill, speed, period of the day and car load) and 3 replicates were performed per treatment. Speed and friction coefficient were defined randomly for each treatment, within the defined range for each level. 42 accidents were observed in 96 events. Speed had shown the highest influence on the occurrence, followed by curve radius, period of the day and some second order interactions. The second experiment was based on the results of first one. A half fraction factorial design with five factors (curve radius, car load, virtual driver skill, period of the day and speed), with 14 replicates per treatment, was performed. Speed was defined randomly as per previous experiment. 96 accidents were observed in 224 events. Speed had the highest influence on the occurrence of accidents, followed by the period of the day, curve radius, virtual driver skill and second order interactions. Speed is also pointed by World Health Organization as one of the key factors for the occurrence of accidents. The study indicates that a well-designed experiment with a representative vehicle model can show a direction for further researches. At last, roll angle, yaw rate and displacement of the car on the road are variables suggested to be monitored in experiments using simulation to identify vehicle\'s instability. / Pesquisadores do mundo estão constantemente buscando uma maneira rápida, barata e fácil de usar para entender acidentes de trânsito. O presente estudo propõe o uso de simulação, condutor virtual e experimentos fatoriais para a identificação de fatores ativos em acidentes rodoviários. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: utilizar experimentos planejados, associado a simulação para obter uma direção para estudos futuros e investigar possíveis variáveis de estado do veículo a serem usadas para monitorar sua estabilidade dinâmica. Para tal, foi utilizado um modelo completo de veículo validado e dados reais de acidentes de um determinado trecho de rodovia brasileira. O primeiro experimento baseou-se em um banco de dados de acidentes de uma rodovia Federal brasileira. Optou-se por fracionar o experimento, utilizando um quarto de fração. Sete fatores foram considerados (raio da curva, perfil da pista, condição da pista, habilidade do condutor virtual, velocidade, período do dia e carga do carro) e foram realizadas três réplicas por tratamento. Velocidade e coeficiente de atrito foram utilizados como fontes de variação do experimento: para cada tratamento, e dentro do intervalo definido para cada nível, ambos foram definidos aleatoriamente. Em 54 dos 96 eventos foram observou-se acidentes. Velocidade, raio da curva, período do dia e algumas interações de segunda ordem foram os fatores com maior influência na ocorrência de acidentes. O segundo experimento utilizou como dado de entrada os resultados obtidos no experimento anterior. O experimento foi fracionado, meia fração, com cinco fatores (raio da curva, carga do carro, habilidade do motorista virtual, período do dia e velocidade). Foram realizadas 14 réplicas por tratamento, e a velocidade foi mantida como fonte de variação. Em 96 dos 224 eventos foram observados acidentes. Velocidade teve maior influência na ocorrência de acidentes, seguida por período do dia, raio da curva, habilidade do motorista virtual e interações de segunda ordem. A velocidade também é apontada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como um dos fatores-chave para a ocorrência de acidentes. Isto indica que um experimento bem planejado, com um modelo de veículo representativo, pode apontar uma direção a ser seguida em pesquisas futuras. Por último é sugerido o monitoramento do ângulo de rolagem (roll angle), da taxa de guinada (yaw rate), e do deslocamento lateral do carro na pista para identificar instabilidades no veículo quando são utilizadas simulações.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo a respeito dos acidentes de trânsito envolvendo o transporte público urbano por ônibus e objetiva, principalmente, a relação dos acidentes versus comportamento dos condutores. Os dados utilizados, a partir do estudo de caso realizado na cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP, têm duas origens: dados da operação do sistema (quantidade de horas operadas, quilometragem e frota) e dados gerados pelo monitoramento por câmeras. Este último tem como principais variáveis o comportamento dos condutores durante a condução dos veículos. Através de índices de exposição, utilizando as variáveis da operação do sistema, juntamente com os acidentes por linha, foi possível identificar quais as linhas com piores indicadores, ou seja, quais linhas merecem maior atenção na criação de intervenções ou campanhas para redução do número de acidentes. Foram tratados aproximadamente 72 mil dados e a partir dos dados extraídos e processados estatisticamente para obtenção das variáveis mais significativas com relação aos acidentes. A variável com maior peso foi a utilização de telefones celulares durante a condução e que tem alta utilização nos horários de pico, da ordem de 53% dos eventos ocorrem em horários de maior movimento de passageiros e de tráfego intenso. O tempo de utilização do celular durante a condução do ônibus é majoritariamente maior que 5 minutos, ou seja, 33% dos eventos mostram que os condutores utilizam o telefone celular por mais de 5 minutos. Criou-se uma taxonomia do comportamento dos condutores, baseando-se, principalmente, no banco de dados e tem como função instituir uma base teórica dos comportamentos, ajudando a descrevê-los e entendê-los. É dessa maneira que a segunda variável foi discutida. O avanço do sinal amarelo, com nível de significância alta, não representa em sua totalidade um comportamento decidido (decisões conscientes do condutor), mas algumas vezes comportamento involuntário (falhas e lapsos). Essa distinção de comportamento decidido ou involuntário é complexa, mas sabemos que decisões conscientes são mais frequentes. Este trabalho identificou quais as linhas que necessitam de intervenções e quais os problemas com o comportamento dos condutores, direcionando o operador do sistema de transporte às campanhas necessárias para redução dos acidentes, ou mesmo possibilitando outras empresas a replicarem as análises para a sua realidade operacional. / This work presents a study about the traffic accidents involving urban public transport by bus and objective, especially the relation of accidents versus driver behavior. The data used from the case study in the city of Ribeirão Preto, have two sources: System operation data (number of operated hours, mileage and fleet) and data generated by the monitoring camera system. The latter\'s main variables driver behavior while driving the vehicle. Through levels of exposure, using the system operating variables, along with accidents per line, it was possible to identify lines with worse indicators, or which lines deserve close attention in setting up operations or campaigns to reduce the number of accidents. Approximately 72,000 data were treated and statistically processed to obtain the most significant variables in relation to accidents. The most significant variable was the use of mobile phones while driving and which has high utilization during peak hours, the order of 53% of events occur when there is a large number of passengers and traffic jam. The utilization of the cellphone while driving the bus is overwhelmingly greater than 5 minutes, i.e., 33% of the events showed that drivers use the mobile phone for more than 5 minutes. Has been created drivers behavior taxonomy, based mainly in the database and with aim to establish a theoretical basis of bus drivers behavior, helping to describe and understand them. This is how the second significant variable was discussed. The advance of the yellow sign is not totally a decided behavior (conscious decisions of the driver), but sometimes involuntary behavior (failures and lapses). This decided or involuntary behavior distinction is complex, but we know that conscious decisions are more frequent. This work identified which lines needed intervention and what are the problems with the behavior of drivers, orienting the operator of the transportation system to needed campaigns to reduce accidents, or even allowing other companies to replicate the analysis to their operational reality.

<p>People living in developing countries or undeveloped regions often do not have proper access to quantities of safe, clean water to fulfill their daily needs. Certain members of the families, often women and children, walk miles every day to collect surface waters that are frequently contaminated. To improve water availability and quality, a sustainable mechanical solution to more safely access groundwater has been developed.</p> <p> </p> <p>A well-driving attachment for a PUP (Purdue Utility Project) vehicle provides a low-cost means for installing driven type wells in areas of high to medium water table heights. PUP vehicles have a niche in developing countries, as they offer impressive value and utility in comparison to other powered machines. The vehicles are built and sourced using locally available materials with basic tooling. A hydraulic post driver has been attached to the rear of a PUP frame to serve as an impact mechanism, driving a well point and a series of inter-connecting pipes to serve as a permanent casing for the well. </p> <p> </p> <p>Water wells were tested at four different test sites around central Indiana, with the deepest well reaching 23 feet. This suggests that the Well-Driver PUP can install driven water wells in areas of medium to high water tables and may be suitable for a development setting. Water wells can be installed on a communal basis, thus providing an increased level of hygiene and standards of living. Low-cost driven water wells will provide a drinking water supply that is better protected than a hand-dug well and will reduce the likelihood of disease caused by waterborne pathogens. Development of the Well-Driver PUP prototype and its applications will be discussed.</p>

There is a substantial amount of evidence that suggests that driver drowsiness plays a significant role in road accidents. Alarming recent statistics are raising the interest in equipping vehicles with driver drowsiness detection systems. This dissertation describes the design and implementation of a driver drowsiness detection system that is based on the analysis of visual input consisting of the driver's face and eyes. The resulting system combines off-the-shelf software components for face detection, human skin color detection and eye state classification in a novel way. It follows a behavioral methodology by performing a non-invasive monitoring of external cues describing a driver's level of drowsiness. We look at this complex problem from a systems engineering point of view in order to go from a proof-of-concept prototype to a stable software framework. Our system utilizes two detection and analysis methods: (i) face detection with eye region extrapolation and (ii) eye state classification. Additionally, we use two confirmation processes - one based on custom skin color detection, the other based on nod detection - to make the system more robust and resilient while not sacrificing speed significantly. The system was designed to be dynamic and adaptable to conform to the current conditions and hardware capabilities. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection