Os avanços científicos e tecnológicos e a superação dos paradigmas filosóficos que fundamentaram o pensamento moderno provocaram profundas modificações na representação, ao longo do século XX. A arquitetura e a filosofia, como as mais diversas manifestações contemporâneas associaram-se nessas mudanças. Nas décadas de 1960 a 80, os trabalhos do arquiteto Peter Eisenman e os do filósofo Jacques Derrida partiram de questões da linguagem e da representação e propuseram uma série de rupturas em termos formais e conceituais. Este processo ganhou expressão na arquitetura e em sua representação e obteve projeção internacional na exposição que deu nome ao fenômeno que ficou conhecido como arquitetura desconstrutivista. Após este período, as obras do arquiteto e o pensamento do filósofo seguiram por caminhos diferentes. Arquitetura e representação: as Casas de papel de Peter Eisenman e textos da desconstrução em Jacques Derrida, anos 60 a 80 analisa obras selecionadas do arquiteto e do filósofo que abordam questões da linguagem e da representação. Discute conceitos da desconstrução, que permanecem válidos para a arquitetura contemporânea, e relaciona-os com outras modalidades de expressão artística. Demonstra que não há correspondência entre a filosofia da desconstrução e o fenômeno que ficou conhecido como arquitetura desconstrutivista. / Scientific and technological advances and the passing by of philosophic paragons witch founded modern thought promoted deep changes in representation, all over XX century. Architecture and philosophy, as many of the contemporary expressions are associated in this changes. In the decades of 1960 to 80, the works of the architect Peter Eisenman and of the philosopher Jacques Derrida began from questions of language and representation and proposed a series of breakings in formal and conceptual terms. This process had expression in architecture and in its representation and was internationally known in the exposition that gave name to the phenomena and is known as deconstructivist architecture. After this period, the works of the architect and the thinking of the philosopher followed different ways. Architecture and representation, Paper houses by Peter Eisenman and texts of deconstruction by Jacques Derrida, years 60 to 80 analyses selected works of the architect and of the philosopher about language and representation. Discusses questions and concepts of deconstruction, that keep on valid to contemporary architecture, and searches for relationships other modalities of artistic expression. Demonstrates that there is no correspondence between philosophy of deconstruction and the phenomena that became known as deconstructivist architecture.

Este trabajo de investigación considera a la arquitectura como una actividad artística y atribuye un valor cognitivo a tal práctica. Trata de la relación que hay entre los dibujos autógrafos de los arquitectos y los procesos de creación vinculados al proyecto arquitectónico, al objeto de desvelar los procedimientos gráficos específicos seguidos por un grupo significativo de arquitectos y poner de manifiesto las ideas, pensamientos y valores asociados. Este tipo de dibujos se desarrollan en series donde se documentan los procesos de formalización, y en ellos queda registrado el pensamiento creativo. Los dibujos consignan las trazas de un pensamiento efímero. Como se colige, ha sido necesario estudiar previamente la naturaleza del dibujo arquitectónico en cuanto pensamiento y representación. Las nociones de pensamiento visual y gráfico se explican a la luz de la filosofía empirista y analítica, la psicología cognitiva, la percepción, y la neurociencia; estudiando cómo se aplican en los campos de conocimiento científico y artístico, desde sus orígenes gestálticos hasta la neuroestética contemporánea. Hemos tratado dos de sus posibles dimensiones de la noción de representación: la teoría de la representación en los sistemas simbólicos y notacionales tal y como lo desarrolla Nelson Goodman en su estudios sobre el valor cognitivo de la práctica artísticas, con especial incidencia en el dibujo de los arquitectos; y, por otro lado, la teoría clásica de la representación iniciada por Alberti, la formulación en la Ilustración y su revisión en el último tercio del siglo XX enunciada por Rossi y Moneo. Toda innovación material extiende el horizonte del pensamiento. Unas determinadas condiciones materiales permiten operar desde el dibujo con extraordinaria seguridad y autonomía, superando la necesidad de verificación empírica mediante la construcción. -El uso de un instrumental propio de geómetras, que aúna precisión y reversibilidad en los procesos creativos originando un pensamiento visual y gráfico dinámico. -La geometría proyectiva, que garantiza y anticipa la integridad formal de la futura construcción. -El desarrollo de un alto grado de codificación, que aproxima los dibujos del arquitecto a un sistema notacional. El interés por los procesos de formalización es consustancial a la escuela formalista centroeuropea de la crítica y la historia del arte, e identifica el contenido de la obra artística con su propio formarse, desvinculando a las obras arquitectónicas de campos de significados extraños a la propia estructura formal de la obra. Esta idea atraviesa el siglo con fortaleza. Hemos desvelado su rastro en la estética de Adorno y Pareyson y cómo adquiere una enorme relevancia con el surgimiento de las neovanguardias de los años sesenta. En arquitectura, el proceso de formalización no tiene lugar en la obra, sino en el proyecto, y el modo en que ha quedado registrado es el dibujo autógrafo. Pensamos que el análisis formalista tuvo una aplicación retroactiva sobre las obras de Borromini, —razón de su revalorización contemporánea —. Gran parte del valor que se atribuye a su obra corresponde a aquello que podemos estudiar en sus colecciones de dibujos autógrafos. Los procesos de formalización siguen siendo el argumento que sanciona y legitima la obra de gran parte de los arquitectos del último tercio del siglo XX. Estudiamos tres casos extremos: Peter Eisenman sostiene que toda arquitectura, como trabajo intelectual de raíz racional, está depositada en los dibujos. Se fundamenta en procedimientos abstractos de matriz geométrica, donde se opera desde el dibujo, lugar donde radica todo lo que la arquitectura sea, con independencia de que sea experimentada, o no, bajo el formato de una obra construida. Steven Holl está interesado en la experiencia inmanente. La experiencia de la obra es el origen de una vía cognitiva de raíz fenomenológica. Sigue un procedimiento inductivo que parte de la realización de dibujos que capturan las manifestaciones aisladas de los fenómenos captables por los sentidos, a partir de los cuales configura un modelo completo y coherente. Siza es un maestro que concilia sabiamente ambas pulsiones. Los modelos de transformación de una arquitectura sancionada por su fundamento tipológico como consecuencia de las fuerzas que, provenientes de las condiciones locales, tensiona la forma. Siza, en cierto modo aúna el valor de los procedimientos de configuración de raíz gráfica con la consideración hacia el modo en que dibujos, una vez que se desencadene la construcción del edificio, sea experimentados por los usuarios. Hemos fijado con claridad cuáles son estos procedimientos gráficos específicos, hemos identificado su origen en Borromini y hemos estudiado sus epígonos en cada uno de los tres arquitectos contemporáneos. Hemos mostrado cómo operan desde el dibujo en los procesos de formalización que culminan el proyecto. Con la irrupción de la digitalización los procedimientos basados en el dibujo autógrafo, aunque no abandonados completamente, permanecen ocultos.

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This thesis suggests the concept of layering as a &ldquo / generative&rdquo / operation in architectural design process. To understand generation of architectural forms and trace their transformations in this process, this study proposes layering as an integrative and intellectual operation embracing analysis, design and representation phases of architecture. In order to do that, the operation of layering is discussed under three titles: Layering as an analytical tool, as a design tool and as a representational tool. This means that, &ldquo / layering&rdquo / can operate to understand complex forms (to analyze), to generate space (to design), and to communicate in design process (to represent). In this context, for a deeper inquiry into the operation of layering, House II designed by Peter Eisenman is analyzed. The complex and layered form of House II addresses an extensive formal analysis that attempts to reveal the formations and transformations of layers constituting the building. Considering the building as a formal system, &ldquo / layers&rdquo / are defined as the fragments of the whole, and &ldquo / layering&rdquo / is conceptualized as the main operation that organizes relationships between these fragments. These analyses reveal the multi-layered formation of House II. Creating an architectural system, the operation of layering has the capacity to organize varied architectural elements by defining relationships in-between them.

Dissertation thesis "How to think Architecture in a new way. Late though of Peter Eisenman and his critical theory of architecture" tries to summarise and analyse the key thoughts of architect and thinker Peter Eisenman in his late oeuvre. The point of departure of his theoretical thinking seems to be refusal of any timeless essence of architecture and a will to "dislocate" architecture from influence of metaphysics. The way to this is "criticality", a notion constituted with three basic terms: interiority (the interiority of architecture defines the discipline, what it is that makes architecture singular), exteriority (external concepts that change architecture by being internalised into the discipline and changing it) and anteriority (anteriority is the sedimented history of architecture; history of interiority). These three terms are according to Eisenman connected in a notion of "undecidability" that serves as a central criterium to criticality and in a "diagram" that is a mean to overcome metaphysical implications of architecture. At the end of the thesis there is a summary of Eisenman's theoretical work and its importance and an attempt is made to set so conceived whole in its entirety to the thought of "end of metaphysics". In this context is Eisenman seen to be in a position similar from...

Dissertation thesis "How to think Architecture in a new way. Late though of Peter Eisenman and his critical theory of architecture" tries to summarise and analyse the key thoughts of architect and thinker Peter Eisenman in his late oeuvre. The point of departure of his theoretical thinking seems to be refusal of any timeless essence of architecture and a will to "dislocate" architecture from influence of metaphysics. The way to this is "criticality", a notion constituted with three basic terms: interiority (the interiority of architecture defines the discipline, what it is that makes architecture singular), exteriority (external concepts that change architecture by being internalised into the discipline and changing it) and anteriority (anteriority is the sedimented history of architecture; history of interiority). These three terms are according to Eisenman connected in a notion of "undecidability" that serves as a central criterium to criticality and in a "diagram" that is a mean to overcome metaphysical implications of architecture. At the end of the thesis there is a summary of Eisenman's theoretical work and its importance and an attempt is made to set so conceived whole in its entirety to the thought of "end of metaphysics". In this context is Eisenman seen to be in a position similar from...

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This thesis makes a survey on conception of &ldquo / surface&rdquo / in the works of Peter Eisenman. In doing so, the concept of &ldquo / surface&rdquo / is discussed under three titles: &ldquo / Surface&rdquo / as an element of architectural vocabulary (as a formal element), as an analytical tool (as a grammar), and as a diagrammatic tool. Correspondingly, the thesis is intended to examine how &ldquo / surface&rdquo / is conceptualized and handled through the critical readings of Eisenman&rsquo / s writings, and projects are referred in order to support and visualize the discussions. In this context, Eisenman&rsquo / s dissertation, The Formal Basis of Modern Architecture (1963), reveals the definition of architectural surface in relation to the architectural language that is proposed by him. Through the formal analysis of Giuseppe Terragni&rsquo / s building, Casa Guiliani Frigerio, he utilizes surface as an analytical tool. Considering design processes of his projects, as discussed in the book Diagram Diaries (1999), surface becomes a dominant tool for generating architectural form. As a result, in this thesis, surface is evaluated in various aspects (as a formal, analytical and diagrammatic tool) that are essential for understanding of architectural form. In the case of Eisenman, its significance dominates the way of developing his architecture.