In this study, the nineteen extant plays of Euripides are reviewed from a psychiatric point of view. This has not been done before, as few classicists have an intimate knowledge of modern psychology and psychiatry, and few psychiatrists have the requIsIte classIcal background. Two major areas of interest emerge: l.(a) The clinical descriptions of major psychiatric disorders found in some of these plays are astonishingly accurate by modern standards. The main examples are to be found in the Herakles (epilepsy), Hekabe (manic-depressive disease), Orestes (paranoia) as well as in some of the minor characters in other plays, particularly Kassandra (Troades, hysteria), Andromache (Troades, anankastic personality), Helene (Troades, histrionic-narcissistic personality), Hermione (Andromache, parasuicide), Euadne (Hiketides, schizophrenia). l.(b) Equally good descriptions can be found of characters which could nowadays not be regarded as suffering from a mental "disease" but are decidedly unusual and within the field of psychiatric endeavour. They are the main characters of the Medeia, Elektra and Hippolytos. l.(c) The remainder of the plays, with the exceptions of the Kyklops and the Rhesos which are discussed separately, contain astonishingly modern studies of the psychological motivation of ordinary people. These are the phenomena of role playing (Alkestis), ambivalence and the causes of irrational behaviour (Iphigeneia among the Taurians) , the morality of slogans (Herakleidai), the fight for social status (Andromache), guilt feelings (Phoinissai) , the causes of violence and war (Hike tides), the basic psychology of politics (lphigenia in Aulis), the contrast of religious and everyday morality (Helene), the adolescent's struggle for social and religious integration (Ion) and the search for social and religious integration in the adult (Bakchai). 2. Based on the above it is proposed that Euripides' main interest in writing his plays was in the search for human motivation: why do people behave in the (often ridiculous) way in which they do? In this he differs from Aischylos and also from the ideas of Aristotle. The main interest of the thesis lies in the way that when the plays are viewed from this angle virtually all the passages which have been severely criticised in the past suddenly make perfect sense. Many parts of the plays have been dubbed inept, irrelevant, contradictory or put in for effect only. Seen from the psychiatric point of view they all fulfil vital functions in their respective plays. Choral odes are not detached embolima; epilogues really solve the psychological problems of the play; humorous, patriotic, xenophobic and sophistic passages all have their reasons. Where there are contradictions they invariably arise from the fact that different characters have different approaches, or frequently the same character is torn between two possible approaches. Euripides himself hardly ever makes a definite statement but allows his characters to put forward the various points of view and the audience is invited to judge. In the process the audience itself often becomes the butt of the playwright's condemnation for they are frequently inveigled by this past master of deceit into adopting a premature stance on various issues which is later shown to be foolish, immoral or plain ridiculous. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, 1994.

Inaug.-Diss.--Leipzig. / Vita. "Litteratur": prelim. leaf 4.

Inaug.-Diss.--Berlin. / Vita. "Adversarii erunt Bernhardus Paqué ... Justinus Neisser ... Ernestus Richter." Filmed with: Roehrich, M. / De Culicis Potissimis codicibus recte aestimandis -- Dietsch, R. / Versuch über Thucydides -- Babucke, H. / Dissertationis de Quintiliani doctrina et studiis capita duo -- Ballhorn / Antheil der Plastik an der Entstehung der griechischen Götterwelt und die Athene des Phidias -- Hagiosophites, P. / Aristotelous theoria peri ton ethikon ... -- Fleiter, G. / De minoribus quae sub nomine Quintiliani feruntur declamationibus -- Feys, J.M.E. / L'art poetique d'Horace considere dans son ordonnance -- Foerster, R. / De attractionis in graeca lingua usu quaestionum particula I -- Deiters, H. / De Hesiodia scuti Herculis descriptione -- Deustermann, A. / De Herculis itineribus versus occidentem -- Deenik, A.A. / Specimen literarium inaugurale exhibens M.A. Plauti Aululariam ... -- Bobertag, F. / De materia Platonica quam fere vocant meletemata -- Bisschop, W. / Specimen litterarium inaugurale continens annotationes criticas ad Xenophontis Anabasin -- Böing, B. / De imperatoris Servii Sulpicii Galbae vita et rebus gestis -- Braun, J.W.J. / Lucretii de atomis doctrina -- Brandt, P. / De particularum subiunctivarum apud Pindarum usu -- Classen, J. / De grammaticae Graecae primordiis -- Halbertsma, T. / Lectiones Lysiacae -- Hauthal, F. / Ueber den Codex Heinianus oder Barcellonensis des Horaz und des Akron -- Hekmeijer, F.A. / Philoctetae Sophoclis enarrationem cum nonnullorum locorum explicatione -- Engelhardt, M. / Lateinische Konjugation nach den Ergebnissen der Sprachvergleichung -- Eyken, I.G. van / De Luciano philosopho -- Dütschke, H. / Anleitung zur Inscenierung antiker Tragödien -- Diener, Oswald / De sermone Thucydidis quatenus cum Herodoto congruens differat a scriptoribus atticis. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Tubingen. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 216-222).

Inaug.-Diss.--Leipzig. / Vita. "Litteratur": prelim. leaf 4.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nebraska, 1919. / "Vita auctoris": p. 107. Reprint. Originally published: Lancaster, Pa. : Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1919. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-106).

Στην προσπάθεια προσέγγισης της Αλκμήνης του Ευριπίδη βρίσκεται κανείς αντιμέτωπος με ανυπέρβλητες δυσκολίες για διάφορους λόγους. Πρώτον, για τον λόγο ότι τα σωζόμενα αποσπάσματα δεν είναι μόνο πενιχρά -περιορισμένα σε αριθμό και ολιγόστιχα-, αλλά και ελάχιστα αποκαλυπτικά εξαιτίας κυρίως του χαρακτήρα τους: αποτελούν, σχεδόν στην ολότητά τους, παραθέματα, με ό,τι αυτό συνεπάγεται για την αξιοπιστία τους. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, δεκατέσσερα από τα δεκαεννέα αποσπάσματα είναι ανθολογημένα από τον Στοβαίο, δύο περιέχονται σε Σχόλια στους Βατράχους και δύο ακόμη συγκαταλέγονται σε λεξικογραφικά λήμματα, ενώ μόνο ένα προέρχεται από κείμενο παπύρου. Το τελευταίο, όμως, δεν σώζεται σε κατάσταση τέτοια που να μας οδηγεί σε ασφαλή συμπεράσματα. Το υλικό μας, συνεπώς, είναι δυσμεταχείριστο και, αν όχι παραπλανητικό, πάντως όχι ιδιαιτέρως διαφωτιστικό. Δεύτερον, προβλήματα παρουσιάζονται και σε σχέση με άλλες πηγές, από τις οποίες μπορούμε να αντλήσουμε μαρτυρίες -αν και όχι ανεπιφυλάκτως- για την Αλκμήνη, δηλαδή τις αγγειογραφίες, που πιθανώς σχετίζονται με κάποιο τρόπο με το δράμα, και δύο έργα του Πλαύτου, κυρίως τον Rudens και λιγότερο τον Amphitruo. Τέλος, ένα πρώτο πεδίο έρευνας σχετικά με την πραγμάτευση ενός υλικού από τον δραματικό ποιητή, στο οποίο αναζητούνται συνήθως ερείσματα, είναι το μυθολογικό υπόστρωμα. Στην περίπτωσή μας όμως και στο πεδίο αυτό ανακύπτουν ερωτήματα που μένουν χωρίς οριστική απάντηση. Στην συνέχεια, και πριν από τον αναλυτικό σχολιασμό των αποσπασμάτων, θα επιχειρηθεί η εξέταση της συμβολής καθεμιάς από τις πηγές που προαναφέραμε στην μελέτη της Αλκμήνης, εκκινώντας από την σχέση του ευριπίδειου δράματος με την μυθολογική παράδοση. Κατόπιν, θα προχωρήσουμε στην διερεύνηση των δύο άλλων πηγών πληροφόρησης, πρώτα των αγγειογραφιών και, έπειτα, των έργων του Πλαύτου. Ευελπιστούμε να πλησιάσουμε, έστω λίγο, σε αυτό που ο West προσδιορίζει ως έναν από τους στόχους της κριτικής των κειμένων: να οριοθετήσουμε τους χώρους της αβεβαιότητας σε σχέση με το συγκεκριμένο κείμενο. / This study aims at reconstructing Euripide's "Alkmene" or at least, given the difficulty of the issue, to determine the space of uncertainties regarding this tragedy. In this perspective, we will draw material from the mythological tradition, the Greek-vase paintings and Plautus' Rudens.

Θέμα της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η αποσπασματικά σωζόμενη τραγωδία, Αντιγόνη του Ευριπίδη. Αφού παρουσιάζεται συνοπτικά ο μύθος της Αντιγόνης, επιχειρείται να διαπιστωθεί σε τι διαφέρει ο Ευριπίδης από προηγούμενους συγγραφείς που πραγματεύτηκαν τον ίδιο μύθο. Στη συνέχεια η μελέτη εστιάζει στην χρονόλογηση, στον τόπο και στα του δράματος πρόσωπα. Τέλος γίνεται προσπάθεια ανασύνθεσης του έργου. Στην προσπάθεια αυτή αξιοποιούνται και οι πληροφορίες από τις αγγειογραφίες, καθώς και ο 72ος μύθος του Υγίνου. / The fragmentary Euripides’ tragedy Antigone is the subject of this work. First of all we study the legend, the mythical background and Euripides’ relation to the tradition. We will also draw material from the Greek-vase paintings and Hyginus’ fabulae 72. The date, the place, the plot reconstruction and dramatis personae, are examined too.

This study aims (1) to document and classify the materials and techniques of persuasive speech in Euripidean drama, and (2) to develop an understanding of the ways in which the balanced arguments and abstract speculations of Euripidean characters contribute to the construction of plots, themes and characters. The results are intended to be useful both as a contribution to criticism concerned with the "tone" of Euripidean tragedy and as a resource for the study of early oratory and argumentation in the period of the Sophists. The first two chapters classify and analyse speeches and scenes according to dramatic context. In Chapter I, single speeches of several types are shown to rely on similar techniques of presentation and argument. Chapter II analyses patterns of correspondence between the speeches of a scene. The debate scenes of Alkestis and Hippolytos are discussed with a view to determining how stylised and conventional rhetorical material affects our view of the characters involved. Analysis is next offered of some common techniques for the presentation of arguments. Chapter III discusses the "probability argument" and related forms involving the use of rhetorical questions and conditional formulations. Chapter IV examines Euripides' use in argumentative contexts of gnomic material and so-called "utopian reflections". Chapter V considers the use of rhetorical techniques and scenes in three plays. Phaidra's monologue in Hippolytos 373-430 is discussed in terms of its rhetorical purpose and its contribution to important themes and formal relationships in the play. The rhetorical confrontations of the first half of Suppliant Women are seen to contribute to the delaying and highlighting of the action that follows while exploiting an opportunity for abstract moral and political debate. The play-long rhetorical preparation for the sacrifice of Iphigeneia in Iphigeneia at Aulis similarly is shown to serve the purpose of enhancing the importance and value of the girl's death, while involving an intricate formal balancing of scenes and speeches that should be appreciated in its own right. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

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