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Análise teórica e experimental de pilares de concreto armado sob ação de força centrada com resistência média à compressão do concreto de 40MPa / Theoretical and experimental analysis of reinforced concrete columns under concentric compression with concrete strength of 40MPaOliveira, Walter Luiz Andrade de 28 April 2004 (has links)
O objetivo primordial da pesquisa foi obter informações sobre o comportamento dúctil de pilares submetidos à compressão centrada moldados com concreto de resistência média à compressão de 40MPa. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente foram confrontados com da análise numérica e se mostraram satisfatórios. O modelo adotado para análise teórica considerou as equações de equilíbrio que regem a segurança da seção transversal, e, o comportamento do pilar confinado. Para o desenvolvimento da parte experimental foram ensaiados 16 modelos de concreto armado: quatro com dimensões da seção transversal de 200mm x 200mm e altura de 1200mm e doze com dimensões da seção transversal de 150mm x 300mm e altura de 900mm, que apresentaram melhora no comportamento dúctil diretamente influenciada pelo aumento da taxa de armadura transversal. Foi verificado, também, o comportamento dúctil de pilares variando-se a resistência à compressão do concreto, a partir de dados experimentais de outros autores e deste trabalho. O comportamento de pilares se torna frágil com o aumento da resistência à compressão, assim foi gerada uma superfície que mostra o comportamento dúctil de pilares em função da taxa de armadura transversal e da resistência à compressão do concreto. Moldaram-se também, oito modelos não armados, para determinação do coeficiente K2, que leva em consideração a estimativa da resistência do concreto na estrutura, quando avaliada por meio de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos, e verificou-se que o valor desta variável diminui com o aumento da resistência à compressão do concreto, como sugere a norma Norueguesa. A utilização da variável K2 em função da resistência do concreto torna possível o dimensionamento de pilares de concreto de alta resistência considerando-se a seção íntegra ao invés da seção do núcleo / The main purpose of this research is to obtain information about the ductile behavior of concrete columns under concentric compression with concretes compressive strength of 40MPa. The experimental results were compared with those from a numerical analysis. The theoretical analysis was made using the equations that govern the safety of the cross section and the columns confinement behavior. For the development of the experimental program 16 specimens of reinforced concrete were tested: four with a 200mm x 200mm cross section and 1200mm height, and twelve with a 150mm x 300mm cross section and 900mm height, which presented improvement directly in the ductile behavior influenced by the increase in the rate of transverse reinforcement. It was also verified that the ductile behavior of columns with variations of the compressive strength of concrete, starting from third-party experimental data and from experimental results from this work, becomes fragile with the increase in concretes compressive strength. Thus, a surface was drawn showing the ductile behavior of concrete columns in function of the rate of traverse reinforcement and the concretes compressive strength. Eight specimens of plain concrete were also tested to determine the K2 coefficient that takes into account the estimate of the resistance for the concrete used in the column when appraised through cylindrical specimens. It was verified that the value for this variable decreases with the increase of the concretes compressive strength, as the Norwegian norm suggests. The use of the K2 coefficient in function of the concretes compressive strength turns possible calculate high-strength concrete columns being considered the complete section instead the nucleus section Read more
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Análise da ocorrência do atraso de vaporização no escoamento do R-410A em tubos capilares adiabáticos. / Analysis on the delay of vaporization occurence for R-410A flow in adiabatic capillary tubes.Silva, Carlos Augusto Simões 18 December 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo experimental sobre a ocorrência do atraso de vaporização no escoamento de misturas de fluidos refrigerantes em tubos capilares adiabáticos, com o intuito de aprimorar modelos de simulação do desempenho desse componente do ciclo de refrigeração previamente desenvolvidos. Foi realizada uma série de levantamentos experimentais para o R410A, uma mistura quase azeotrópica composta de 50% de HFC 32 e 50% de HFC 125 em base mássica, utilizando a unidade laboratorial para estudo de tubos capilares do Laboratório de Máquinas Térmicas do PMEEPUSP. Os sensores de temperatura foram posicionados adequadamente ao longo do tubo capilar, com maior concentração na região onde o atraso de vaporização tende a ocorrer, de forma a permitir uma determinação acurada do ponto onde se inicia a mudança de fase para diversas condições operacionais e geométricas. Primeiramente foram realizados estudos para caracterização de alguns parâmetros geométricos, como a medição dos diâmetros dos tubos capilares e a determinação das curvas de fator de atrito em função do n° de Reynolds para cada tubo capilar. A seguir foram realizados 27 ensaios, nos quais se obteve um total de 44 pontos experimentais, caracterizando o efeito de vários parâmetros geométricos e operacionais na diferença de pressão de saturação e no comprimento do trecho metaestável. Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados com os parâmetros experimentais no intuito de obter uma correlação para previsão da diferença de pressão de saturação no escoamento do R 410A em tubos capilares adiabáticos. A correlação obtida prevê 67% dos valores experimentais dentro da faixa de ± 26,4%, com um erro médio de 3,2%, resultado semelhante a outros trabalhos existentes na literatura. / This work presents the results of an experimental study on the occurrence of the delay of vaporization in the flow of refrigerant blends in adiabatic capillary tubes in order to improve previously developed models that simulate this component of refrigeration cycle. Experiments were carried out for R410A, a near azeotropic mixture composed of 50% of HFC 32 and 50% of HFC 125 on mass basis, using the capillary tubes laboratorial unit of the Mechanical Engineering Department of University of São Paulo. The temperature sensors was properly positioned along the capillary tubes, concentrated in the region where the delay of vaporization is expected to happen, to allow an accurate determination of the flashing point inception for a several operational conditions and geometries. Preliminary studies for characterization of some geometric parameters like capillary tubes diameters and determination of friction factor curves as function of the Reynolds number were performed. A total of 44 experimental points, collected from 27 runs, allowed the characterization of the effect of geometric and operational parameters on the underpressure of vaporization and metastable length. A correlation was developed for predicting the underpressure of vaporization as function of operational parameters and capillary tube geometry. The obtained correlation predicts 67% of experimental data within a ± 26,4% range, with an average error of 3,2%. This result is similar to other works in the literature. Read more
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Análise experimental do escoamento transversal turbulento sobre dois cilindros paralelos fixos, com liberdade oscilatória e rotacionalVarela, Dolir Jose Climaco January 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho apresentada um estudo experimental do fenômeno de biestabilidade que ocorre na geometria simplificada de dois tubos dispostos lado a lado submetidos a um escoamento cruzado turbulento. Na análise consideram-se a condição de tubos fixos e com um grau de liberdade (rotacional), submetidos a diferentes números de Reynolds. A técnica experimental consiste na medição de flutuações de velocidade do escoamento através da anemometria de fio quente em canal aerodinâmico, na avaliação dos esforços do escoamento sobre os tubos com o uso de uma célula de carga e na visualização dos efeitos do fenômeno biestável sobre os tubos livres para rotacionar. Os dados obtidos da medição no canal são tratados com o uso de ferramentas estatísticas, espectrais e de ondaletas. Os resultados das visualizações do escoamento são apresentados através de imagens obtidas das filmagens realizadas com uma câmera digital. A investigação experimental consiste de ensaios de cilindros rígidos elasticamente montados e pivotados na base e posteriormente liberados para oscilar e/ou rotacionar em um eixo central aos dois tubos, submetidos ao escoamento perpendicular permanente de ar no canal Nos resultados experimentais observam-se a presença da biestabilidade e nota-se o comportamento não simultâneo deste fenômeno ao longo dos cilindros. A formação assimétrica das esteiras também é estudada e atribuída à interação entre os vórtices das esteiras, já que, inicialmente, o desprendimento dos vórtices atrás dos cilindros é simétrico. Na avaliação dos esforços por extensiometria, as etapas de condicionamento e aquisição do sinal foram elaboradas e os resultados de deformação mecânica apresentaram similaridade com o fenômeno observado na anemometria experimental. Para um número de Reynolds de 27635 encontrou-se uma força de 26,1 mN com um torque desenvolvido na célula de carga de 84,95Nmm. A técnica de visualização do fenômeno empregada corrobora a interpretação dos resultados obtidos através da técnica de anemometria de fio quente e extensiometria em canal aerodinâmico. / This paper presents an experimental study of the bistability phenomenon that occurs in the simplified geometry of two tubes arranged side by side submitted to a turbulent cross flow. In the analysis we consider the condition of fixed tubes and with a degree of freedom (rotational), submitted to different Reynolds numbers. The experimental technique consists in the measurement of velocity fluctuations through the aerodynamic channel with the hot wire anemometry technique, the evaluation of the stresses of the flow on the tubes with the use of a load cell and the visualization of the effects of the bistable phenomenon on the tubes free to rotate. The data obtained from the measurement in the channel are treated with the use of statistical, spectral and wavelet tools. The results of the flow visualizations are presented through images obtained with a high speed digital camera. The experimental investigation consists of tests of rigid cylinders mounted elastically and pivoted at the base and later released to oscillate and / or to rotate in a central axis to the two tubes, submitted to the flow of air in the channel In the experimental results we observe the presence of bistability and note the non-simultaneous behavior of the phenomenon along the cylinders. The asymmetric formation of the wakes is also studied and attributed to the interaction between the vortices from wakes behind the cylinders, since, initially, the wake detachments is symmetrical. In the evaluation of the forces by means of the extensiometry technique, the steps of conditioning and acquisition of the signal were elaborated and the results of mechanical deformation presented similarity with the phenomenon observed in the experimental anemometry. For a Reynolds number of 27635 a force of 26.1 mN was found with a torque developed in the load cell of 84.95 Nmm. The technique used for the visualization of the phenomenon corroborates the interpretation of the results obtained through hot wire anemometry and extensiometry in aerodynamic channel. Read more
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Análise teórica e experimental de pilares de concreto armado sob ação de força centrada com resistência média à compressão do concreto de 40MPa / Theoretical and experimental analysis of reinforced concrete columns under concentric compression with concrete strength of 40MPaWalter Luiz Andrade de Oliveira 28 April 2004 (has links)
O objetivo primordial da pesquisa foi obter informações sobre o comportamento dúctil de pilares submetidos à compressão centrada moldados com concreto de resistência média à compressão de 40MPa. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente foram confrontados com da análise numérica e se mostraram satisfatórios. O modelo adotado para análise teórica considerou as equações de equilíbrio que regem a segurança da seção transversal, e, o comportamento do pilar confinado. Para o desenvolvimento da parte experimental foram ensaiados 16 modelos de concreto armado: quatro com dimensões da seção transversal de 200mm x 200mm e altura de 1200mm e doze com dimensões da seção transversal de 150mm x 300mm e altura de 900mm, que apresentaram melhora no comportamento dúctil diretamente influenciada pelo aumento da taxa de armadura transversal. Foi verificado, também, o comportamento dúctil de pilares variando-se a resistência à compressão do concreto, a partir de dados experimentais de outros autores e deste trabalho. O comportamento de pilares se torna frágil com o aumento da resistência à compressão, assim foi gerada uma superfície que mostra o comportamento dúctil de pilares em função da taxa de armadura transversal e da resistência à compressão do concreto. Moldaram-se também, oito modelos não armados, para determinação do coeficiente K2, que leva em consideração a estimativa da resistência do concreto na estrutura, quando avaliada por meio de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos, e verificou-se que o valor desta variável diminui com o aumento da resistência à compressão do concreto, como sugere a norma Norueguesa. A utilização da variável K2 em função da resistência do concreto torna possível o dimensionamento de pilares de concreto de alta resistência considerando-se a seção íntegra ao invés da seção do núcleo / The main purpose of this research is to obtain information about the ductile behavior of concrete columns under concentric compression with concretes compressive strength of 40MPa. The experimental results were compared with those from a numerical analysis. The theoretical analysis was made using the equations that govern the safety of the cross section and the columns confinement behavior. For the development of the experimental program 16 specimens of reinforced concrete were tested: four with a 200mm x 200mm cross section and 1200mm height, and twelve with a 150mm x 300mm cross section and 900mm height, which presented improvement directly in the ductile behavior influenced by the increase in the rate of transverse reinforcement. It was also verified that the ductile behavior of columns with variations of the compressive strength of concrete, starting from third-party experimental data and from experimental results from this work, becomes fragile with the increase in concretes compressive strength. Thus, a surface was drawn showing the ductile behavior of concrete columns in function of the rate of traverse reinforcement and the concretes compressive strength. Eight specimens of plain concrete were also tested to determine the K2 coefficient that takes into account the estimate of the resistance for the concrete used in the column when appraised through cylindrical specimens. It was verified that the value for this variable decreases with the increase of the concretes compressive strength, as the Norwegian norm suggests. The use of the K2 coefficient in function of the concretes compressive strength turns possible calculate high-strength concrete columns being considered the complete section instead the nucleus section Read more
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Análise numérica e experimental da biestabilidade turbulenta no escoamento transversal sobre cilindros paralelos com razão de espaçamento 1,26Neumeister, Roberta Fátima January 2015 (has links)
O presente trabalho aborda um estudo sobre o fenômeno de biestabilidade em escoamentos transversais turbulentos sobre dois cilindros lisos paralelos, com razão de espaçamento, p/d, de 1,26, utilizando abordagem numérica e experimental. Nas comparações consideram-se o domínio computacional e a seção de testes experimental equivalentes. As análises comparam escoamentos turbulentos com números de Reynolds subcríticos, variando entre Re = 17000 e Re = 26000, além disto, uma análise laminar comparativa com Re = 167 é executada. Nas avaliações experimentais utilizam-se velocidades médias e flutuações de velocidade, adquiridas com a técnica de anemometria de fio quente, exploram-se também dados de flutuações de pressão obtidos com microfones condensadores posicionados na parede do canal aerodinâmico. Para comparação experimental e numérica executam-se leituras de pressões estáticas ao longo do canal aerodinâmico. Os sinais temporais das aquisições são analisados estatisticamente com médias e momentos, transformada de Fourier e transformada de ondaletas para caracterização e identificação do fenômeno biestável. Na avaliação numérica é executada a solução das equações de Navier-Stokes, utilizando a simulação LES (Large Eddy Simulation) com modelo Smagorinsky-Lilly dinâmico para sub-malha e a simulação URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) com o modelo de turbulência k ω – SAS (Scale Adaptive Simulation). Os resultados das duas abordagens são comparados utilizando as médias de valores, comportamento temporal e valores do número de Strouhal. O estudo de qualidade de malha, com o método GCI (Grid Convergence Index), é aplicado nas malhas utilizadas em URANS. Para a validação da simulação LES, aplica-se análise de quantidade de energia cinética resolvida comparando com resultados experimentais e uma metodologia para verificação da solução descrita na literatura, com a qual um comparativo entre duas simulações LES com diferentes malhas é executado. Nos resultados numérico e experimental observam-se a presença da biestabilidade e nota-se o comportamento não simultâneo da mesma ao longo dos cilindros. Este comportamento é observado nas análises numérica e experimental. A formação assimétrica das esteiras também é estudada e atribuída à interação entre os vórtices das esteiras, já que, inicialmente, os desprendimentos dos mesmos são simétricos. Na investigação do escoamento entre os cilindros a presença da perturbação da velocidade média é observada, mas a mesma não apresenta relação direta com a troca biestável. A alteração do patamar da velocidade média, neste caso, é resultado da influência da troca de modos que acontece nas esteiras. A biestabilidade também é observada na flutuação de pressão, de forma similar ao comportamento obtido com flutuações de velocidade nos estudos da literatura. No comparativo entre os dois métodos numéricos observa-se boa concordância nos resultados obtidos utilizando URANS com modelo k ω – SAS em relação aos observados com LES, sendo possível prever os principais comportamentos, mesmo com a aplicação da lei de parede na região entre cilindros na simulação URANS. / This paper reports a study on the bistable phenomenon in turbulent crossflow over two parallel smooth cylinders with spacing rate, p/d, 1.26 using numerical and experimental approaches. In the comparisons, the computational domain and experimental tests section are considered equivalents. Turbulent flows with subcritical Reynolds numbers ranging between Re = 17000 and Re = 26000 are compared and, in addition, a comparative laminar analysis with Re = 167. In the experimental evaluations the mean velocity and fluctuations velocities are used and acquired with the hot-wire anemometry technique, exploiting also pressure fluctuations data, obtained with condenser microphones positioned in the wall of the aerodynamic channel. For experimental and numerical comparisons, the static pressure over the aerodynamic channel using pressure taps is executed. The temporal signals from the acquisitions are analyzed statistically with mean and moments, Fourier transform and wavelet transform for characterization and identification of the bistable phenomenon. In the numerical evaluation performed, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved using LES simulation (Large Eddy Simulation) with Smagorinsky-Lilly dynamic model for sub-grid and URANS simulation (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) with the turbulence model k ω – SAS (Scale Adaptive Simulation). The results of the two numerical approaches are compared using the mean values, temporal behavior and values of the Strouhal number. The mesh quality study is executed using the GCI (Grid Convergence Index) for the mesh used in URANS. To validate the LES simulation, the amount of solved kinetic energy is compared with experimental amounts. For verification of the LES solution a method described on literature is used, in which a comparison between two LES simulations with different meshes is performed. In the numerical and experimental results, the presence of bistability were observed and in addition the non-simultaneous behavior of the phenomenon over the cylinder was identified in both analyzes. The wakes asymmetric formation was also studied and attributed to the interaction between the vortices of the wakes, since initially the detachments are symmetrical. In the investigation of the flow between the cylinders, the presence of the average velocity disturbance is observed, but it does not have direct relation with the bistable switch. The change in the average velocity level, in this case, is the result of the switching modes influence from the change in the wakes. The bistability is observed also in pressure fluctuation, similar to the behavior obtained with velocity fluctuations in the literature. Comparing the two numerical methods were observed good agreement in the results obtained using URANS with model k ω - SAS in relation to those observed with LES, being possible to predict the main behaviors, even with the application of wall law in the region between cylinders for the URANS simulation. Read more
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Does nicotine alter what is learned about non-drug incentives?Baker, Tarra L 01 May 2014 (has links)
Nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs known to man, yet it has limited reinforcing effects in humans and non-human animals when it is not self-administered in tobacco products. One hypothesis for these paradoxical effects of nicotine is that the effects of the drug in the brain alter acquisition of incentive learning. The hypothesis for this study is that nicotine will increase the value of cues paired with a reward. To test this hypothesis, 26 Sprague Dawley Male rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups Pre-NIC (the critical experimental group), Post-NIC and SAL. Each group received a subcutaneous injection 15 min prior to testing and another injection 1-3 h after testing. For the Pre-NIC group, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base) was injected 15 min before test sessions; placebo was administered after testing. For the Post-NIC group the order of injections was reversed, and this manipulation controls for total exposure to nicotine. The SAL groups received placebo injections before and after testing. Rats were shaped to respond for 10% sucrose for pressing an illuminated nose-key (Experiment 1) or 0.2% saccharin for pressing a lever (Experiment 2). Responding in the Pre-NIC group was higher than all other groups in Experiment 2 (saccharin reward); however, responding in the three groups was similar in Experiment 1 (sucrose reward). This paradigm highlights how nicotine can increase motivation for rewards, but that the facility of operant behaviors and caloric value of the reward may mask this effect. Read more
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Examining Attention, Impulsiveness, and Cognitive Failures in Driving BehaviorsFox, Russell Thomas 15 August 2012 (has links)
Dangerous driving behaviors are influenced by multiple factors including cognitive processes such as impulse inhibition and attentiveness. Impulsiveness, inattention, and cognitive failures have been linked to other risky behaviors, but a comprehensive evaluation using multiple methods of measurement of these has never been conducted to analyze their impact on dangerous driving. The purpose of this study was to examine influences of attentional abilities, impulsiveness, and cognitive failures on reported and demonstrated dangerous driving behaviors. Seventy-five participants completed a self-report dangerous driving measure, a self-report ADHD measure, a self-report impulsiveness measure, a continuous performance task to measure behavioral impulsivity and inattention, a measure of cognitive failures, and a driving simulator task. Two hierarchical linear regressions with simultaneous entry into blocks were used to analyze contributions of impulsiveness, inattention, and cognitive failures assessments in predicting dangerous driving behavior. Results indicated these assessments accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in Dula Dangerous Driving Index (3DI) scores above and beyond the effects of age and sex, Adjusted R▓ = .20, F(6, 59) = 2.51, p < .05, but no significant individual predictors emerged. Scores on these measures were also found to account for a significant amount of the variance in risky driving as measured by the driving simulator, above and beyond the effects of age and sex, Adjusted R▓ = .15, F(6, 60) = 2.91, p < .05, and identified BIS-11 scores and ADHD-RS impulsiveness scores as significant individual predictors. It seems that despite multiple methods of assessment, it is still difficult to capture the assumed relationships between each of these factors and driving. Though each assessment measures different aspects of constructs related to dangerous driving, the lack of relationships and predictive abilities may indicate that impulsiveness, inattention, cognitive failures, and dangerous driving may be more complex and multifaceted than previously understood. Read more
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Pick-Up lines: To Use a Neg or a Flippant?Hendon, Adrienne Leigh 05 May 2012 (has links)
Pick-up lines are a "ritual that tries to turn strangers into lovers" (Murray, 1985, p.17). By studying how pick-up lines are perceived by the population, we might learn how the phenomenon of short- or long-term mating is initiated. By taking into account mating strategies, mate value, attractiveness, and flirting strategies, a pattern of behaviors and reactions may be observed. This study examines perceived pick-up line appropriateness and effectiveness when the attractiveness of the man delivering them varies. To test the effectiveness of 2 different types of pick-up lines, an online survey featuring 1 of 4 videos was administered. Results indicated that a humorous pick-up line was perceived as more effective and favorable than a slightly insulting one. An attractive man was perceived to be more communicatively competent than an unattractive man. Men, regardless of attractiveness, were perceived as more socially attractive when using a humorous pick-up line.
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Neuroticism and Ego Depletion PatternsDreves, Parker A 01 May 2017 (has links)
Self-control has been defined as the ability to override or alter an automatic response. Past research has suggested that those who are higher in the personality trait neuroticism display poorer self-control. Based on theory suggesting that self-control is a limited resource, the present study attempts to explain the relationship between neuroticism and self-control. Understanding that neuroticism is characterized by emotional instability, it follows that individuals high in neuroticism must exert more self-control in managing their negative moods, thus leaving them depleted for future acts of self-control. Participants (n = 84) completed measures of trait self-control, engaged in an emotional regulation task, and then completed measures of state self-control, affect, and rumination. Results revealed no significant effect of emotional regulation on state self-control, nor a significant effect of neuroticism on state self-control. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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The Effects of a Sympathiomimetric Stressor on the Protestant Ethic Effect in RatsMirabelle, Peter 01 August 1976 (has links)
In an experiment which investigated the effects of stress on the Protestant Ethic Effect (PEE) 12 Wistar rats were trained for 20 days to barpress for their total water intake. Following training the rats were divided into two groups and were allowed to choose between barpressing for a 10% sucrose solution and consuming a freely available sucrose solution under either stress or nonstress conditions. Stress was defined as a .01 cc per 36g body weight injection of norepinephrine. The stress and nonstress conditions were counterbalanced during the choice session. Regardless of stress order both groups preferred the free over the earned solution. The preference for the free reinforce is discussed in terms of strain of rat used in the experiment as well as the physiological effects of norepinephrine.
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