The electroplating wastewater is usually treated by chemical precipitation, and the generated sludge has loose structure to cause the difficulties in sedimentation and filtration. Moreover, the sludge is unstable and the contained heavy metals are easily leached. Solidification is one method to deal with this kind of sludge; however it cause another problem, land requirement. In this study, the contents of electroplating wastewater are divided into two parts organic matters and heavy metals; organic matters are treated by Fenton method and heavy metals are by Ferrite process. The purpose of this study is that through the serial Fenton-Ferrite Process treatment the effluent water and the sludge generated from the procedure could meet the standards in Taiwan. It was well-know that the primary operation factors of Ferrite Process are pH, reaction temperature, ferrous ion concentration, time and aeration. The results showed that the proper factors of FP were pH=10, temperature= 90¢J, Fe/M molar ratio= 7,reaction time=80 min and aeration rate=1.0 L air / min / L solution. However, in Fenton method, the parameters of pH, hydrogen peroxide, ferrous ion concentration, and reaction time were discussed. I had greatest efficiency under the data showed that Fenton method pH = 3, ferrous ion concentration=3000 mg/L, hydrogen peroxide = 13000 mg/L, and reaction time=2 hr. The wastewater measured COD =1162 mg/L, Cr=70 mg/L, Zn=400 mg/L. The treatment efficiency of the procedure combining Fenton method and Ferrite Process were that COD=88.5 mg/L, Cr=1.06 mg/L, and Zn=0.98 mg/Lin effluent water and the TCLP test results of sludge were Cr=3.37 mg/L, Zn=2.46 mg/L. All the data showed that the combination of the two process can significantly treat wastewater to meet the standards. Furthermore, the sludge can be recycled as magnetic materials or other purposes due to it¡¦s specific properties.

published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

No description available.

Since the energy crisis in 1970’s, research on low energy cements with low CO2-emissions has been increasing. Numerous solutions have been investigated, and the goal of this original research is to create a viable hybrid cement with the components of both Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSAC), by forming a material that contains both alite and calcium sulfoaluminate clinker phases. Furthermore, this research focuses on keeping the cost of this material reasonable by reducing aluminum requirements through its substitution with iron. The aim of this work would produce a cement that can use large amounts of red mud, which is a plentiful waste material, in place of bauxite known as an expensive raw material. Modified Bogue equations were established and tested to formulate this novel cement with different amounts of ferrite, from 5% to 45% by weight. This was followed by the production of cement from reagent chemicals, and from industrial by-products as feedstocks (fly ash, red mud and slag). Hydration processes, as well as the mechanical properties, of these clinker compositions were studied, along with the addition of gypsum and the impact of a ferric iron complexing additive triisopropanolamine (TIPA). To summarize this research, the influence of the addition of 5-45% by weight of ferrite phase, was examined with the goal of introducing as much red mud as possible in the process without negatively attenuate the cement properties. Based on this PhD dissertation, the production of high-iron alite-calcium sulfoaluminate-ferrite cements was proven possible from the two sources of raw materials. The hydration processes and the mechanical properties seemed negatively affected by the addition of ferrite, as this phase was not hydrated entirely, even after 6 months of curing. The usage of TIPA counteracted this decline in strength by improving the ferrite hydration and increasing the optimum amount of gypsum required in each composition. The mechanical data were equivalent to OPC strengths for some compositions with 25% ferrite. This preliminary work constitutes the first research phase of this novel cement and requires additional research for its improvement. Topics for additional research are identified in this dissertation.

Este trabalho investigou a deposição de filmes finos de ferrita de bismuto (BFO) através da técnica spray pirólise utilizando sais inorgânicos como precursores em diferentes solventes e silício como substrato, visando a deposição em menor temperatura e a obtenção de diferentes morfologias de superfície. Para tanto, foram utilizados água, etilenoglicol e etanol/butil carbitol (1:1) como solventes na preparação da solução a ser aspergida. Foram realizadas deposições com diferentes temperaturas do substrato: 200, 250, 300 e 350ºC para cada solvente utilizado. A deposição de filmes BFO em baixas temperaturas (200ºC) favoreceu a formação de filme. Para o solvente etilenoglicol (maior ponto de ebulição), verifica-se a formação de filmes porosos, já para o solvente etanol/butil carbitol (1:1) foi verificada a formação de filmes densos com a presença de trincas. As análises termogravimétricas (ATG) e termodiferenciais (ATD) foram realizadas para os filmes como-depositados a 200ºC com diferentes solventes. Após a deposição, as amostras foram tratadas termicamente a 550ºC por 1h, visando a formação da fase cristalina BiFeO3 com estrutura romboédrica. Os filmes foram analisados por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram a obtenção da fase cristalina do BiFeO3 após o tratamento térmico a 550ºC/1h com a presença de fase secundária. As imagens de MEV evidenciaram a formação de filmes independente do solvente utilizado para a temperatura de 200ºC. Contudo, o aumento da temperatura promoveu a formação de partículas sobre o substrato e não uma formação contínua de filme, evidenciada pela composição elementar medida através de espectroscopia por energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX). A caracterização elétrica dos filmes foi realizada utilizando espectroscopia de impedância (EI) em função da temperatura, sendo observada maior condutividade para o filme depositado com etilenoglicol. A fase BFO não estequiométrica evidenciada por DRX pode explicar as diferentes condutividades elétricas mensuradas por EI quando utilizado diferentes solventes. As propriedades ópticas foram medidas utilizando-se espectroscopia de reflectância difusa, encontrando-se um band gap entre 2,23 – 2,26 eV. / This research investigated the deposition of thin films of bismuth ferrite (BFO) on silicon substrate using the spray pyrolysis technique based on inorganic salts as precursors. For this purpose water, ethylene glycol and ethanol/butyl carbytol (1:1) were used as solvents to prepare the solution for spraying. The depositions were carried out with different substrate temperatures for each solvent used: 200, 250, 300 and 350ºC. The film deposition at low temperatures (200°C) promotes the formation of cracks due to the arrival of the liquid state from droplets sprayed by the atomizer. When using solvent ethanol/butyl carbytol (1:1) the formation of dense films was verified for the different depositions. The thermal gravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were performed for the as-deposited films at 200°C with different solvents for the study of possible reactions of thermal decomposition. The BFO films were heated at 550°C for one hour aiming to the formation of the crystalline state BiFeO3 with rhombohedral structure. The films were analyzed by Xray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after treatment. The XRD showed the crystalline state obtained after the heat treatment at 550°C/1h. It was observed the formation of non-stoichiometric composition on the film. The SEM images showed formation of films regardless of the solvent used for the temperature to 200°C. However, the increase temperature promotes the formation of particles on the substrate. Applying the ethylene glycol solvent the formation of porous films appeared, since for ethanol/butyl carbytol (1:1) was observed the formation of dense films with the presence of cracks. The electrical characterization of the films will be performed using impedance spectroscopy (IS) coupled to a furnace in order to vary the temperature of the measures. The film deposited with ethylene glycol presents a major electrical conductivity than films deposited using ethanol/butyl carbytol or water. This behavior can be associated with a non-stoichiometric composition of BFO. Moreover, the optical properties were obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The films present a band gap between 2.23 and 2.26 eV, approximately.

Este trabalho investigou a deposição de filmes finos de ferrita de bismuto (BFO) através da técnica spray pirólise utilizando sais inorgânicos como precursores em diferentes solventes e silício como substrato, visando a deposição em menor temperatura e a obtenção de diferentes morfologias de superfície. Para tanto, foram utilizados água, etilenoglicol e etanol/butil carbitol (1:1) como solventes na preparação da solução a ser aspergida. Foram realizadas deposições com diferentes temperaturas do substrato: 200, 250, 300 e 350ºC para cada solvente utilizado. A deposição de filmes BFO em baixas temperaturas (200ºC) favoreceu a formação de filme. Para o solvente etilenoglicol (maior ponto de ebulição), verifica-se a formação de filmes porosos, já para o solvente etanol/butil carbitol (1:1) foi verificada a formação de filmes densos com a presença de trincas. As análises termogravimétricas (ATG) e termodiferenciais (ATD) foram realizadas para os filmes como-depositados a 200ºC com diferentes solventes. Após a deposição, as amostras foram tratadas termicamente a 550ºC por 1h, visando a formação da fase cristalina BiFeO3 com estrutura romboédrica. Os filmes foram analisados por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram a obtenção da fase cristalina do BiFeO3 após o tratamento térmico a 550ºC/1h com a presença de fase secundária. As imagens de MEV evidenciaram a formação de filmes independente do solvente utilizado para a temperatura de 200ºC. Contudo, o aumento da temperatura promoveu a formação de partículas sobre o substrato e não uma formação contínua de filme, evidenciada pela composição elementar medida através de espectroscopia por energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX). A caracterização elétrica dos filmes foi realizada utilizando espectroscopia de impedância (EI) em função da temperatura, sendo observada maior condutividade para o filme depositado com etilenoglicol. A fase BFO não estequiométrica evidenciada por DRX pode explicar as diferentes condutividades elétricas mensuradas por EI quando utilizado diferentes solventes. As propriedades ópticas foram medidas utilizando-se espectroscopia de reflectância difusa, encontrando-se um band gap entre 2,23 – 2,26 eV. / This research investigated the deposition of thin films of bismuth ferrite (BFO) on silicon substrate using the spray pyrolysis technique based on inorganic salts as precursors. For this purpose water, ethylene glycol and ethanol/butyl carbytol (1:1) were used as solvents to prepare the solution for spraying. The depositions were carried out with different substrate temperatures for each solvent used: 200, 250, 300 and 350ºC. The film deposition at low temperatures (200°C) promotes the formation of cracks due to the arrival of the liquid state from droplets sprayed by the atomizer. When using solvent ethanol/butyl carbytol (1:1) the formation of dense films was verified for the different depositions. The thermal gravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were performed for the as-deposited films at 200°C with different solvents for the study of possible reactions of thermal decomposition. The BFO films were heated at 550°C for one hour aiming to the formation of the crystalline state BiFeO3 with rhombohedral structure. The films were analyzed by Xray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after treatment. The XRD showed the crystalline state obtained after the heat treatment at 550°C/1h. It was observed the formation of non-stoichiometric composition on the film. The SEM images showed formation of films regardless of the solvent used for the temperature to 200°C. However, the increase temperature promotes the formation of particles on the substrate. Applying the ethylene glycol solvent the formation of porous films appeared, since for ethanol/butyl carbytol (1:1) was observed the formation of dense films with the presence of cracks. The electrical characterization of the films will be performed using impedance spectroscopy (IS) coupled to a furnace in order to vary the temperature of the measures. The film deposited with ethylene glycol presents a major electrical conductivity than films deposited using ethanol/butyl carbytol or water. This behavior can be associated with a non-stoichiometric composition of BFO. Moreover, the optical properties were obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The films present a band gap between 2.23 and 2.26 eV, approximately.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

abstract: The overall objective of this project is to optimize the development of magnetic ferrite thin films targeted for enabling low-loss broadband communication devices, miniaturized low-microwave inductors and electromagnetic noise suppressors. The focus of this objective is to design and build a reactor and improve the spin-spray process. Each film is then characterized and optimized to have a high permeability and high frequency in the range of 500 MHz - 3 GHz. Films produced by the µ-droplet deposition regime yields a higher Snoek's product than the continuous liquid layer regime. The highest Snoek's product occurs when it is deposited at an oxidant pH of 8.28. The Ni-Zn-Co ferrite magnetic domains were imaged using the Lorentz TEM in which multi-grain domains are experimentally observed for the first time. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering 2013

abstract: Loading a cavity-backed slot (CBS) antenna with ferrite material and applying a biasing static magnetic field can be used to control its resonant frequency. Such a mechanism results in a frequency reconfigurable antenna. However, placing a lossy ferrite material inside the cavity can reduce the gain or negatively impact the impedance bandwidth. This thesis develops guidelines, based on a non-uniform applied magnetic field and non-uniform magnetic field internal to the ferrite specimen, for the design of ferrite-loaded CBS antennas which enhance their gain and tunable bandwidth by shaping the ferrite specimen and judiciously locating it within the cavity. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to examine the influence of the shape and relative location of the ferrite material, and also the proximity of the ferrite specimen from the probe on the DC magnetic field and RF electric field distributions inside the cavity. The geometry of the probe and its impacts on figures-of-merit of the antenna is of interest as well. Two common cavity backed-slot antennas (rectangular and circular cross-section) were designed, and corresponding simulations and measurements were performed and compared. The cavities were mounted on 30 cm $\times$ 30 cm perfect electric conductor (PEC) ground planes and partially loaded with ferrite material. The ferrites were biased with an external magnetic field produced by either an electromagnet or permanent magnets. Simulations were performed using FEM-based commercial software, Ansys' Maxwell 3D and HFSS. Maxwell 3D is utilized to model the non-uniform DC applied magnetic field and non-uniform magnetic field internal to the ferrite specimen; HFSS however, is used to simulate and obtain the RF characteristics of the antenna. To validate the simulations they were compared with measurements performed in ASU's EM Anechoic Chamber. After many examinations using simulations and measurements, some optimal designs guidelines with respect to the gain, return loss and tunable impedance bandwidth, were obtained and recommended for ferrite-loaded CBS antennas. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013