No description available.

This thesis addresses the design of ferrite cores for inductive proximity sensors of the ECKO type. The purpose of this pursuit is to identify several ferrite cores that have the highest performance in terms of the sensor's sensing ability. The purpose of the ferrite core in these sensors is to concentrate and focus the alternating magnetic field produced by a current-carrying winding. The magnetic flux is specifically aimed at the sensor's metal target, and since the sensing operation is dependent on the generation of eddy currents within the metal target, the range at which the target can be detected is a direct function of how optimally the magnetic flux is cut by the target. In this study the target is a circular disk, just as is used in industry for standardization procedures. To begin with, a theoretical analysis is performed to identify those factors that affect sensing performance; this development makes use of fundamental electromagnetic theory. Subsequently, the performance of a score or so ferrite geometries is evaluated by computer simulation using the results of the theory to facilitate effective comparison. The computer simulation is performed using finiteelements based electromagnetics solver software from ANSOFT. Lastly, some of the geometries studied with the simulation are constructed and their sensing performance evaluated as verification of the simulation and its theoretical backing. / Master of Science

La thèse porte sur la modélisation de la transformation de l'austénite en ferrite dans les aciers en mettant l'accent sur les conditions thermodynamiques et cinétiques aux interfaces alpha/gamma en cours de croissance de la ferrite. Dans une première partie, la thèse se concentre sur la description des équilibres thermodynamiques entre alpha et gamma à l'aide de la méthode CalPhad. Nous avons développé un nouvel algorithme hybride combinant la construction d'une enveloppe convexe avec la méthode classique de Newton-Raphson. Nous montrons ses possibilités pour des aciers ternaire Fe-C-Cr et quaternaire Fe-C-Cr-Mo dans des cas particulièrement difficiles. Dans un second chapitre, un modèle à interface épaisse a été développé. Il permet de prédire l'ensemble du spectre des conditions à l'interface alpha/gamma au cours de la croissance de la ferrite, de l'équilibre complet au paraéquilibre avec des cas intermédiaires des plus intéressants. Nous montrons que de nombreux régimes cinétiques particuliers dans les systèmes Fe-C-X peuvent être prévus avec un minimum de paramètres d'ajustement, principalement le rapport entre les diffusivités de l'élément substitutionnel dans l'interface épaisse et dans le volume d'austénite. Le troisième chapitre porte sur l'étude d'un modèle de champ de phase. Une analyse approfondie des conditions à l'interface données par le modèle est réalisée en utilisant la technique des développements asymptotiques. En utilisant les connaissances fournies par cette analyse, le rôle de la mobilité intrinsèque d'interface sur la cinétique et les régimes de croissance est étudié, à la fois dans le cas simple d'alliages binaires Fe-C et dans le cas plus complexe d'alliages Fe-C-Mn / Transformation in steels focusing on the thermodynamic and kinetics conditions at the alpha/gamma interfaces during the ferrite growth. The first chapter deals with the determination of thermodynamic equilibria between alpha and gamma with CalPhad thermodynamic description. We have developed a new hybrid algorithm combining the construction of a convex hull to the more classical Newton-Raphson method to compute two phase equilibria in multicomponent alloys with two sublattices. Its capabilities are demonstrated on ternary Fe-C-Cr and quaternary Fe-C-Cr-Mo steels. In the second chapter, we present a thick interface model aiming to predict the whole spectrum of conditions at an alpha/gamma interface during ferrite growth, from full equilibrium to paraequilibrium with intermediate cases as the most interesting feature. The model, despite its numerous simplifying assumptions to facilitate its numerical implementation, allows to predict some peculiar kinetics in Fe-C-X systems with a minimum of fitting parameters, mainly the ratio between the diffusivities of the substitutional element inside the thick interface and in bulk austenite. The third chapter deals with the phase field model of austenite to ferrite transformation in steels. A thorough analysis on the conditions at the interface has been performed using the technique of matched asymptotic expansions. Special attention is given to clarify the role of the interface mobility on the growth regimes both in simple Fe-C alloys and in more complex Fe-C-Mn alloys

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-09-17T15:34:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 _ TESE_ - Soraia Jesus de Oliveira - Versão Final com ficha catalográfica OK.pdf: 3092511 bytes, checksum: 4de5ad2f3ebfbeb60d029db00c51c206 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-09-19T12:43:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 _ TESE_ - Soraia Jesus de Oliveira - Versão Final com ficha catalográfica OK.pdf: 3092511 bytes, checksum: 4de5ad2f3ebfbeb60d029db00c51c206 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T12:43:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 _ TESE_ - Soraia Jesus de Oliveira - Versão Final com ficha catalográfica OK.pdf: 3092511 bytes, checksum: 4de5ad2f3ebfbeb60d029db00c51c206 (MD5) / FAPESB / A desidrogenação catalítica do etilbenzeno em presença de vapor d´água é, sem dúvida, a principal via de produção de estireno, um produto de alto valor comercial, amplamente utilizado na manufatura de borrachas e vários polímeros. Os catalisadores típicos comerciais são baseados em hematita (-Fe2O3) contendo óxido de cromo e óxido de potássio, que atuam como promotor textural e estrutural, respectivamente. Estes sistemas possuem diversas vantagens, tais como baixo custo e elevada resistência a venenos, mas apresentam algumas desvantagens, tais como a perda de potássio durante a reação, provocando a desativação do catalisador e a toxicidade do óxido de cromo. Visando a superar esses problemas, neste trabalho, foram preparados catalisadores de hematita dopada com magnésio, que foram avaliados na desidrogenação de etilbenzeno, a fim de obter sistemas isentos de cromo e de potássio para essa reação. Os catalisadores (Mg/Fe (molar)= 0; 0,01; 0,03; 0,06; 0,09 e 0,10) foram preparados por hidrólise simultânea de nitrato de ferro e de nitrato de magnésio, com hidróxido de amônio à temperatura ambiente, seguido de aquecimento a 600 °C. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por análise química, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, difração de raios X, espectroscopia Mössbauer, medidas de área superficial específica, redução à temperatura programada e espectroscopia fotoeletrônica de raios X. Nas amostras com baixos teores de magnésio (Mg/Fe= 0,01 e 0,03) foram obtidos magnésia e cristais de hematita de 69 e 63 nm, respectivamente, enquanto na amostra com Mg/Fe= 0,06 foram produzidos cristais de hematita de 124 nm, co- existindo com ferrita de magnésio. Por outro lado, nas amostras mais ricas em magnésio (Mg/Fe= 0,09 e 0,1) foram obtidos cristais de hematita de 57 e 61 nm, respectivamente, co-existindo com magnésia e ferrita de magnésio. A adição de magnésio a catalisadores de hematita alterou a área superficial específica dos sólidos; a magnésia atua como um espaçador na produção de pequenos cristais de hematita. O magnésio também diminuiu a temperatura de redução da hematita mas não se observou uma tendência regular com o seu conteúdo. Em todos os catalisadores, o magnésio tende a depositar-se na superfície e este efeito aumenta com o seu teor, gerando superfícies sólidas parcialmente cobertas com magnésia e/ou ferrita de magnésio. Todos os catalisadores dopados com magnésio foram mais ativos que a hematita na desidrogenação de etilbenzeno, em presença de vapor d´água e seletiva ao estireno. A atividade e a seletividade da hematita variaram de forma irregular com o teor de magnésio, um fato que pode ser relacionado com as diferentes fases nos sólidos. Foi proposto que a magnésia atua como promotor textural, levando à produção de pequenos cristais de hematita, que são cataliticamente mais ativos, enquanto a ferrita de magnésio aumenta a atividade dos sítios de ferro devido às interações eletrônicas na estrutura do espinélio. A combinação destes efeitos conduz à formação do catalisador mais ativo (Mg/Fe= 0,9), consistindo de hematita parcialmente coberta por magnésia e ferrita de magnésio. Ele tem a vantagem de não ser tóxico, sendo promissor para aplicações comerciais. Além disso, o catalisador com o mais baixo teor de magnésio (Mg/Fe= 0,1), consistindo de hematita parcialmente coberta por magnésia, também é atrativo para aplicações comerciais, devido à sua elevada selectividade (quase 100%), o que pode evitar a reciclagem do etilbenzeno e as operações de separação, levando a uma redução nos custos operacionais / Catalytic ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in the presence of steam is by far the main route for the production of styrene, a high value chemical, widely used in the manufacture of several rubbers and polymers. The typical commercial catalysts are based on hematite (-Fe2O3) containing chromium oxide and potassium oxide which act as textural and structural promoter, respectively. These systems have several advantages such as low cost and high resistance to poisons but have some disadvantages such as potassium loss during reaction, leading to the catalyst deactivation and the toxicity of chromium oxide. In order to overcome these drawbacks, magnesium-doped hematite catalysts were prepared and evaluated in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in this work, aiming to get chromium and potassium- free catalysts for the reaction. The catalysts (Mg/Fe (molar)= 0; 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 and 0.10) were prepared by simultaneous hydrolysis of iron nitrate and magnesium nitrate with ammonium hydroxide at room temperature, followed by heating at 600 °C. The catalysts were characterized by chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, specific surface area measurements, temperature programmed reduction and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy. For the poorest-magnesium samples (Mg/Fe = 0.01 and 0.03) both magnesia and hematite crystals of 69 and 63 nm, respectively, were found while for the sample with Mg/Fe= 0.06 hematite crystals of around 124 nm were produced, coexisting with magnesium ferrite. Conversely, for the richest-magnesium samples (Mg/Fe = 0.09 and 0.1) hematite crystals of 57 and 61 nm, respectively, were found co-existing with magnesia and magnesium ferrite. The addition of magnesium to hematite-based catalysts changes the specific surface area of the solids, magnesia acts as a spacer to produce small crystals of hematite. Magnesium also decreases the reduction temperature of hematite but no regular tendency with its content was found. For all catalysts, magnesium tends to deposit on the surface, this effect increases with its amount, generating solid surfaces partially coated with magnesia and/or magnesium ferrite. All magnesium-doped catalysts were more active than pure hematite in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in the presence of steam and selective to styrene. The activity and selectivity of hematite vary irregularly with magnesium content, a fact that can be related to the different phases in the solids. It was proposed that magnesia acts as textural promoter, leading to production of small crystals of hematite, which are catalytically more active while magnesium ferrite increases the activity of iron sites due to electronic interactions in the spinel structure. The combination of these effects leads to the most active catalyst (Mg/Fe = 0.9), consisting of hematite partially covered by magnesia and magnesium ferrite. It has the advantage of not being toxic and then is promising for commercial applications. In addition, the magnesium-poorest catalyst (Mg/Fe = 0.1), consisting of hematite partially covered by magnesia, is also attractive for commercial application due to its high selectivity (almost 100%), which could prevent ethylbenzene recycle and separation operations, leading to a reduction in operating costs.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est consacré à la précipitation interphase dans les aciers microalliés au vanadium. Il s’agit principalement de mieux comprendre l’évolution des microstructures et des propriétés mécaniques résultantes à partir d’une double approche expérimentale et de modélisation. Les analyses effectuées conjointement en Microscopie Electronique en Transmission et en nanoindentation ont permis de mieux cerner les relations qui existent entre les paramètres microstructuraux de la précipitation interphase (taille moyenne des carbures, distances moyenne entre carbures et entre feuillets, morphologie des carbures) et les modifications de propriétés mécaniques locales induites dans les aciers à très haute résistance. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé un modèle original qui couple les cinétiques de transformation de phases à celle de la précipitation interphase. Ce modèle permet de décrire l’évolution des paramètres microstructuraux et les résultats obtenus sont en très bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. / The present thesis gives an overview of carbide aggregates (interphase precipitation and carbide fiber) in vanadium-alloyed steels, covering the aspects of microstructure, modeling, and mechanical properties. The microstructural features of different carbide aggregates by the use of microscopies, and the transition of carbide morphologies is discussed. A new model considering the ledge mechanism as well as austenite decomposition is subsequently proposed according to the observed microstructure. The sheet spacing, particle spacing, and interface velocity, can be calculated and show good agreements with experimental data. Finally, the effect of interphase-precipitated carbide distribution (sheet spacing, particle spacing, and carbide radius) on Orowan strengthening contribution is examined by nano-indentation. By the virtue of small indenter, the mechanical properties of single ferrite grain are able to be extracted.Keyword:

Cette thèse concerne de l’étude de composants passifs non-réciproque (circulateurs) fabriqué sur substrat LTCC ferrite. Les aimants externes utilisés dans les circulateurs classiques doivent créer un champ magnétique intense pour compenser le champs de démagnétisant dans le ferrite. Le nouveau circulateur présenté ici utilise une bobine intégrée dans le LTCC ferrite pour magnétiser le matériau de l'intérieur, pour réduire considérablement les effets des champs démagnétisants. Il est possible de contrôler le champ de polarisation rendant le dispositif multifonctionnel: lorsque la bobine est excitée par un courant, le dispositif fonctionne comme un circulateur dynamique dans lequel la direction de circulation peut être basculée en changeant la direction du courant. Si un aimant externe est placé sur le circulateur, sa fréquence de fonctionnement peut être accordée en ajustant le courant de polarisation. Contrairement à d'autres circulateurs LTCC avec aimants externes, le dispositif proposé peut même fonctionner comme un diviseur de puissance sans courant de polarisation. Un prototype de circulateur a été réalisé et caractérisé dans trois états: 1. démagnétisé, 2. Magnétisé par la bobine, 3. magnétisé par la bobine et des aimants externes. En l'absence de courant appliqué, la transmission de chaque port est d'environ -5 dB avec un coefficient de réflexion inférieur à -20 dB à 14,8 GHz. Quand un courant de 300 mA est injecté dans la bobine, les pertes d'insertion et l'isolation mesurées sont d'environ 3 dB et 8 dB, respectivement. Le coefficient de réflexion est inférieur à -20 dB à 14,2 GHz. Lorsque les aimants externes sont ajoutés avec un courant de 200 mA, les pertes d'insertion et l'isolation a été améliorée à 1,6 dB et 23 dB, respectivement à 14,2 GHz. La variation de la fréquence de travail du circulateur est de 0,6 GHz. Elle est due par la variation de l'aimantation M interne lorsque le courant est inférieur à 120 mA, puis par l’augmentation de la température créée par le courant dans la bobine. La taille (L * W * H) totale du circulateur réalisé est de 8mm * 8mm *1.1mm. Ce travail monte qu’il est possible d’intégrer (MMIC) sur un substrat LTCC ferrite des circuits passifs non-réciproques / This thesis investigates passive non-reciprocal components (mainly circulators) based on ferrite Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) substrate. The external magnets used in conventional circulators must be strong to overcome the ferrite's demagnetization field. The novel circulator presented herein uses an embedded winding within the ferrite substrate to magnetize the material from the inside, thereby significantly reducing the demagnetization effects. Because of the controllability of the bias field, the resulting device is also multifunctional: when the windings are energized by a current, the device operates as a dynamic circulator in which the circulation direction can be changed by switching the direction of the current. Unlike other LTCC circulators with external magnets, the proposed device can even operate as a power splitter by removing the bias current. A circulator prototype has been characterized in three states: unbiased, biased by winding and biased by winding and external magnets. When no current is applied, the transmission of each port is about -5 dB with return loss better than 20 dB at 14.8 GHz. When a current of 300 mA is injected into the winding, the measured insertion loss and isolation of the circulator is approximately 3 dB and 8 dB, respectively, whereas the return loss is better than 20 dB at 14.2 GHz. When external magnets are added in addition to the current of 200 mA, the insertion loss and isolation is improved to 1.6 dB and 23 dB, respectively at 14.2 GHz. The variation of the circulator's working frequency is 0.6 GHz. This is achieved firstly by the change of internal magnetization M when current is less than 120 mA, then the heat in the substrate due to the winding introduces more frequency shifting. The total size (L*W*H) is 8mm*8mm*1.1mm

Des nanoparticules de ferrite de nickel ont été produites par une technique de plasma induc-tif à jet de solution. En contrôlant le ratio Ni/(Ni+Fe) dans la solution de précurseurs, une grande gamme de nanoparticules monophasées de ferrite de nickel NixFe3-xO4-δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) peuvent être produites, ainsi que des nanoparticules multiphasées de NiFe2O4 + (Ni,Fe)O. Des nanoparticules avec deux types de morphologie peuvent être obtenues dépendant de l’endroit où elles sont recueillies dans le réacteur : des octaèdres tronqués facettés, ayant une taille moyenne de 30 nm, ou un petit agglomérat de forme aléatoire, ayant une taille caractéristique de ~3-5 nm. Pour les nanoparticules multiphasées, il est démontré que la phase (Ni,Fe)O se dépose de façon sélective sur les facettes {110} et {111} de la ferrite de nickel, tout en laissant les facettes {100} exposées. En utilisant la même procédure, il est également possible de produire des nanocubes de NiO. Ces résultats démontrent la flexibilité des réacteurs à plasma inductif pour la production de nanoparticules mono ou multiphasées organisées avec un grand rendement. Des analyses de DRX in situ sur ces nanoparticules montrent que la réduction avec H2 enlève l'excès d'oxygène de la maille spinelle, si présent initialement, suivi d'une réduction vers les alliages métalliques (Ni,Fe). Leur réoxydation subséquente avec CO2 mène à un renversement partiel du processus de réduction par H2. Les expériences in situ ont été analysées avec un modèle cristallin qui lie le paramètre de maille d'un spinelle à sa déviation de sa stœchiométrie en oxygène (δ). / Abstract : Nickel ferrite spinel nanoparticles were produced by the solution spray induction plasma technique. By controlling the Ni/(Ni+Fe) ratio in the precursor solution, a wide range of single-phased nickel ferrite NixFe3-xO4-δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanoparticles can be produced, along with multiphased NiFe2O4 + (Ni,Fe)O nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with two types of morphologies can be obtained depending on where they are collected in the reactor: facetted truncated octa-hedrons, with an average size of about 30 nm, or a small-sized random agglomerate, with a characteristic length of ~3-5 nm. For the multiphased nanoparticles, it is demonstrated that the (Ni,Fe)O phase selectively deposits on the {110} and {111} facets of nickel ferrite, while leaving its {100} facet exposed. Using the same procedure, it is also possible to produce nanocubes of NiO. These results show the flexibility of the induction plasma method for the production of organized single or multiphased nanoparticles with a high throughput. In situ XRD catalytic experiments on those nanoparticles show that reduction with H2 will cause the removal of excess oxygen from the spinel lattice, if present initially, followed by a reduction to metallic (Ni,Fe) alloys. Their subsequent reoxidation with CO2 leads to a partial reversal of the H2 reduction process. In situ experiments were enhanced by the development of a crystal-lographic model that links the lattice parameter of a spinel to its deviation from oxygen stoechiometry (δ).

Le but de cette thèse est donc de mettre en œuvre la méthode µPEEC pour évaluer, sans avoir recours à des simulations ni à des mesures, la réluctance de circuits magnétiques simples en 2D et ce, afin de prédire leur comportement électromagnétique dès les phases de conception. Cela revient à chercher le champ créé par un brin conducteur rectiligne placé dans une fenêtre ronde ou rectangulaire de circuit magnétique comportant ou non un entrefer. Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une recherche plus vaste, visant à élaborer le circuit équivalent de transformateurs, avant la réalisation de prototypes, afin d'optimiser ces composants au sein de leurs applications. Avant d'atteindre ce but, différentes étapes ont été franchies progressivement, en s'aidant de solutions analytiques et de simulations par éléments finis pour valider nos approches. / The aim of this thesis is to implement the method μPEEC to assess, without using simulations or measurements, the reluctance of magnetic circuits and simple 2D to predict their behavior from electromagnetic design phases . It's just asking the field created by a blade straight conductor placed in a round window or rectangular magnetic circuit with or without an air gap. This study is part of a larger research aimed at developing the equivalent circuit of transformers, before prototyping to optimize these components in their applications. Before reaching this goal, several steps were taken gradually, with the help of analytical solutions and finite element simulations to validate our approaches.

No description available.

This thesis describes the convenient routes and the preparation conditions (temperature, oxygen partial presssure) which lead to the formation of single phase materials within the quaternary system Cu-Ni-Fe-O. The investigated compositions are the solid solutions CuxNi1-xFe2O4, the ferrites occurring in the phase triangle Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 -Cu0.9Fe2.1O4 - Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 and some copper-nickel oxide solid solutions. Three synthesis routes have been used, namely (i) the preparation and the thermal decomposition of freeze-dried carboxylate precursors, (ii) the preparation and the oxidation of intermetallic phases and (iii) the preparation and the heat treatment in air of mixed oxide/metallic powders. The thermal decomposition of freeze-dried Cu-Ni-Fe formate has been found as a suitable method for preparing single spinel phases within the Cu-Ni-Fe-O system. In comparison with the conventional solid state reaction, the required temperature is much lower. Concerning the solid solution CuxNi1-xFe2O4 , a single phase spinel is formed at 1000¢XC for x < 0.7; for CuO is identified as second phase. In this latter range the formation of a pure phase required an increase of the iron content in the mixture. The other single spinel phases in the phase triangle Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 - Cu0.9Fe2.1O4 - Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 have been synthesized under special synthesis p(O2)/T-conditions. For copper ferrites Cu1-xFe2+xO4 with x ?­ 0.1, 0.2, 0.33, 0.4 and 0.5, the change in the conductivity with the temperature is irreversible. The deviation from the linearity of the conductivity ?ã as a function of the temperature occurs due to the thermal history of these samples. The saturation magnetic moment (nB) at 5K, of some synthesized CuxNi1-xFe2O4 compounds has been determined. It has been found that nB increases with the nickel content in the ferrite sample.