Dominika Ščučková: Mimomanželská a manželská plodnost v EU se zaměřením na státy Visegrádské čtyřky a Finsko 1 Nonmarital and marital fertility in the EU with focus on countries of Visegrad group and Finland Abstract This thesis adresses trends and structures of fertility. It is manly focused on marital and non- marital fertility in the second half of the 20th century. The first part is devoted to trends and structures of fertility of the European Union members. The typology of the current European Union members was made by using cluster analyses based on trends of live birth outside marriage, level of fertility and mean age of mother at first birth. Second part of this thesis adresses development and structures of live births inside and outside marriage in countries of the Visegrad group (Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland) and Finland. relationship dependency between legitimacy of live births and their birth order, mother's age and education was found by using categorial variable method. The last part is devoted to attitudes to marriage and to children born outside marriage which is based on the European Values Study conducted in 2008. The analyses of these questions were made up by using logistic and there were distinguished significant diferences between rather liberal (Czechia, Finland) and...

Masters of Science / The present study is an understanding of the relationship that exists between landholding and the reproductive behaviour of rural women in Kenya. Traditional women have rights to cultivate land as well as control income from the resulting crop production but rarely have rights to allocate or alienate land. Men are the rightful owners of the land. When the rightful owner person passes away, the eldest son of the family automatically takes ownership of the land and subsequent care of the family. This period of land ownership supported high fertility rates. However, in current spaces this practice has changed. Land is scarce and people are opting for other alternatives of limiting their family sizes. The aim of the study is to address the dissimilar changes of fertility behaviour among women in rural Kenya. Particularly, landholdings and low fertility behaviour, focusing on how this change happened. Data used is from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) 2008/2009. We acquire a representative sample size of 6761 women age 15-49 from the data. A multiplicity of statistical parameters like chi-square test, p-value, logistic regression, and multivariate analysis are adopted. In this regard, the relationship that exists between fertility and landholdings leads to large family sizes. In addition, land decrease has lead to the search of alternatives such as education, employment, and increase in age at marriage. The introduction of these factors has promoted smaller family sizes. This study is immensely useful for the policy makers, planners and other interested stakeholders in population and development spheres in this juncture.

The procedure currently recommended by the University of Arizona for predicting the nitrogen (N) requirements of durum wheat has proven to be quite accurate at sites where grain yields exceeded 5,400 lbs/acre. However, the method slightly overestimated N needs when the yield possibility was below that level. Additional information on the relationships between N rates, stem NO₃⁻N levels and grain yields are needed for the wide range of agronomic conditions found in Arizona. Three N fertility trials were conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center to: 1) document the accuracy of the currently recommended soil + stem NO₃⁻N testing procedure in predicting the N needs of durum wheat on soils of varying residual N content and grain yield potentials; and 2) to evaluate the use of the current stem testing procedure on two durum varieties 'Aldura' and 'Westbred -881. The University of Arizona procedure was found to accurately predict the minimum amount of N required for optimum production of durum wheat on two sites where yield potentials were 5,400 and 4300 lbs. grain /A, but it slightly overpredicted N rates on two sites with maximum yield levels of 5,400 lbs /a. 'Aldura' consistently out yielded 'Westbred -881' by about 12 % but 'Aldura' also averaged 0.78 %lower in grain protein content. Little statistical or practical differences were observed in the quantities of NO₃⁻N contained in the stem tissue of these two varieties, which should simplify the interpretation of stem NO₃⁻N values for various wheat cultivars. The currently recommended procedure for predicting optimum N rates in durum wheat production has proven to be accurate when yield levels exceed 5,400 lbs. grain /A. A slight modification of the procedure may be needed to more closely predict N requirements on lower yielding sites.

The relative efficiencies of residual soil NO₃⁻N and fertilizer Nin basin - irrigated wheat production are not well defined. A two-year field study was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center to investigate what these N efficiencies are under optimum yielding conditions. 'Aldura' durum wheat was grown on the same field site two years in succession. In 1987 a wide range of fertilizer N (0 to 419 lbs /A) applications resulted in residual NO₃⁻N accumulations of 36 to 140 lbs /A in the surface four feet of soil. Residual N plots were split in 1988 with one subplot receiving no additional N while the other was treated with 145 lbs of fertilizer N /A. Grain yield response curves for the –N and +N subplots were used to estimate the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of soil NO₃⁻N for fertilizer N. The marginal efficiency of residual NO₃⁻N was a constant 16.7 lbs. grain produced /lb. of N across the range of profile N values in this study, while the marginal efficiency of fertilizer N varied from over 17 to below 6 lbs. grain /lb. N. When basin- irrigated wheat is supplied with adequate, but not excessive N, the MRS of soil vs. fertilizer N is about 1:1 although absolute N efficiencies under basin irrigation are considerably lower than those achieved in other grain production systems.

Collecting additional data to calibrate and refine current guidelines for interpreting soil and plant test values for P is an ongoing need in Arizona. An experiment was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center during the 1987 -88 crop year to evaluate the response of 'Aldura' durum wheat to P fertilizer applications on a clay loam soil testing low in available P. Maximum grain yields of more than 5,500 lbs. /A were obtained by banding 40 lbs. P₂O₅/A as triple super phosphate with the seed at planting. A December 9 planting date subjected plants to cold soil temperatures early in the season (up to 80 days after planting), rendering soil P less available for plant utilization. Preplant soil P analyses predicted the yield increase observed with P fertilization (11.2 %);however, economic returns were not sufficient to offset the cost of P fertilizer. The recommended preplant soil test for P proved accurate in predicting P status and stem PO₄⁻P tissue analyses seemed reliable in monitoring P nutrition of durum wheat. A critical nutrient range of 1200 - 2000 ppm PO₄⁻P is proposed for basal stem tissue sampled prior to the joint growth stage, and 1500 - 1706 ppm PO₄⁻P is suggested for flag leaf tissue sampled at the boot stage.

Nonmarital and marital fertility in the Czech Republic and from international perspective. Trends, patterns and attitudes. Abstract The aim of this master thesis is to describe the development trends of marital and nonmarital fertility in the Czech Republic and to analyze selected indicators of fertility. As tools are used to certain methods of demographic analysis. The first part addressis the basic concepts related to the issue of marital and nonmarital fertility, data sources and a description of the historical development of nonmartial fertility. The analytical part include basic analysis of fertility by age, marital status, education, birth order and the decomposition of the total fertility rate and proportion of childern born outsider marriage in the Czech Republic and Austria too. Keywords: marital fertility, nonmarital fertility, decomposition, total fertility rate, value orientation

Fertility among young people has increased globally and is a major concern, particularly in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa is a region that is greatly affected by poverty; HIV/AIDS and an increasing population. Young people are engaging in unprotected sex and this not only increases their risk of having an unplanned pregnancy, but also increases the risk of them contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. In Southern Africa, pregnancy rates among young people are high even though total fertility rates have declined. Many interventions have been implemented to directly address this issue; however, it is perplexing as to why pregnancy rates among young people are so high. Studies have indicated that there are many factors that influence unplanned pregnancy rates among young people. The aim of this dissertation is to understand the reasons for high fertility rates among young people in South Africa. This study draws on qualitative methodology using in-depth interviews with 20 female students at a tertiary institution in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Students interviewed presented a number of reasons for the high levels of pregnancy among young people. The study findings highlighted that young women have knowledge of contraception and are aware of the importance of contraception in preventing an unplanned pregnancy; however, contraception is being practiced inconsistently and incorrectly. Students are more afraid of the risk of an unplanned pregnancy than HIV/AIDS. Poor interpersonal relations with health service providers were perceived as a common barrier preventing young women from accessing contraception at the local clinics. Furthermore, the interviews suggest that peers exert an enormous influence over young people. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1957 F75 / Master of Science

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / James F. Ragan Jr / This report reviews the effects of fertility on female labor supply, primarily female labor force participation and work hours. Although estimates of the causal relationship between fertility and female labor supply are mixed, this report tries to review why and by how much an additional child in a family affects work decisions and work hours of mothers on average. Statistical analysis shows a decreasing trend in fertility and an increasing trend in female labor force participation throughout the world over the last four decades. Using different specifications and estimation techniques, empirical studies suggest that fertility has negative effects on maternal labor supply because childbearing falls on women and women have lower wage rates than men on average. The negative relationship between fertility and female labor supply is explained by social, economic, and technical forces that affect fertility and female labor supply, including an increase in the value of women’s time due to an increase in education levels of women, expensive childcare, and substitutes for children; emphasis on quality instead of quantity of children; an increase in employment opportunities for women; changes in social norms towards supporting women working outside their home; and technical progress in birth control.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.