Three-dimensional (3-D) medical imaging creates notable opportunities as input toward engineering analyses, whether for basic understanding of the normal function or patho-physiology of an organ, or for the simulation of virtual surgical procedures. These analyses most often require finite element (FE) models to be constructed from patient-specific 3-D medical images. However, creation of such models can be extremely labor-intensive; in addition, image processing and mesh generation are often operator-dependent, lack robustness and may be of suboptimal quality. Focusing on the human aorta, the goal of the present work is to create a fast and robust methodology for quadrilateral surface and hexahedral volume meshing from 3-D medical images with minimal user input. By making use of the segmentation capabilities of the 3-D gradient vector flow field combined with original ray-tracing and orientation control algorithms, we will demonstrate that it is possible to incrementally grow a structured quadrilateral surface mesh of the inner wall of the aorta. The process does not only require minimal input from the user, it is also robust and very fast compared to existing methods; it effectively combines segmentation and meshing into one single effort. After successfully testing the methodology and measuring the quality of the meshes produced by it from synthetic as well as real medical image datasets, we will make use of the surface mesh of the inner aortic wall to derive hexahedral meshes of the aortic wall thickness and of the fluid domain inside the aorta. We will finally outline a tentative approach to merge several structured meshes to process the main branches of the aorta.

A pipe consisting of Inconel 600 welded to grade 106-B Carbon-Steel using Inconel 182 weld filler is used to transport heavy water in nuclear reactors. A confidential report concluded that cracking is one of the problems these pipes are currently facing. Before cracking can be fully understood the mechanical properties of the weld must be determined. This thesis analyzed the pipe at various length-scales using optical microscopy, micro-hardness testing, small and large scale tensile testing and digital image correlation (DIC). This thesis successfully achieved it goals of determining the mechanical properties and creating a model of the Inconel dissimilar metal weld. It partially met the goal of observing fracture mechanisms as it was able to observe fracture in tensile samples but was not able to successfully track crack growth.

Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) have been used widely in civil engineering in order to improve the structural response (deformation and stress). Most of the current codes for the strengthening of RC structures do not provide enough provision for the design of the column-slab connections strengthened with externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) due to the lack of research covering this area. This study is to investigate, both experimentally and analytically, the effectiveness of bonding pre-stressed carbon fibre plates to the tension surface of concrete column-slab connections in both the serviceability and ultimate limit state. The experimental programme comprises five full-scale specimens that are designed and fabricated to simulate an interior column-slab connection. The prestressing technique, application procedure and prestressing device are described in detail in this study. Different prestressing forces are applied to the FRP plates bonded to the concrete substrate. The structural response of the strengthened specimens are compared with a reference specimen in terms of punching shear strength, deflection profile, strain, crack opening displacement and failure modes. Furthermore, a finite element model using ABAQUS is built to obtain a further insight into the punching behaviour of the test slabs. Both experimental and numerical results are compared, and a parametric study on the effect of the FRP-concrete interface on the structural integrity is conducted. Results are also compared with Eurocode 2 and ACI for the prediction of the punching strength. It was found that bonding of prestressed FRP plates to the tensile face of the concrete slabs improved the serviceability, but was not able to enhance the ultimate behaviour as much as the non-prestressed FRP plates. The development of the critical diagonal crack (CDC) was the main reason for diminishing the ultimate strength of the strengthened slabs.

This project aimed to address the lack of research into the mechanical properties and degradation mechanisms for historical tapestries at the fabric level and understand how effective conservation support strategies can be in the preservation of these artifacts. The research incorporated a large range of techniques from diverse disciplines including weaving, ageing, computer modeling, biochemistry and conservation science. The successful manufacture and ageing of relevant samples provided an excellent opportunity to include testing of historical samples for comparison. Tensile testing of all samples provided a valuable insight into the characteristics of degraded historical samples compared to artificially aged samples. Although individual ageing processes – including UV ageing, Relative Humidity (RH) – thermal cycling and mechanical strain ageing produced a reduction in strength, the historical samples showed a far greater loss of strength due to the combination of all types of ageing in addition to handling and pollution damage. A proteomic analysis of the wool fibres resulted in a greater understanding of the degradative “dark” wool ageing process which suggests that wool yellowing and tendering can be produced not just through photo-chemical reaction. Additionally, the chemical analysis laid an important foundation for future research into linking chemical mechanisms of damage with mechanical loss of strength. Analysis using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) provided an insight into the free radical chemistry of a range of wool/wool samples. It was observed that the light aged samples produced thiyl radicals whereas thioperoxy radicals were seen in the heat-humidity aged samples. This implies separate chemical reactions occur to produce degradation in the different ageing regimes. EPR analysis of some historical samples produced a carbon-based radical peak linked to a soot calibration signal. Further research on historical samples found phenolic radicals, possibly linked to the complex dye chemistry. Further research needs to be undertaken to fully clarify these findings. A world-wide questionnaire to textile conservators has provided a useful resource in terms of a survey of methods and materials used across the world – including technical data as well as more “ethical” motivations for conservation. The results of this survey were used along with the physical data collated in the mechanical testing as information inputted into a finite element model (FEA) to undertake the digital modeling of a tapestry hanging under its own weight. Although more research is needed to fully develop this model, a preliminary investigation has been established which can be used in future research as a tool for textile conservators across the world.

The development of lightweight concretes has made a contribution to advances in structural design. It would be useful to further improve the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete formulations whilst enhancing their resistance to fire degradation and reduced thermal conductivity. Improving the sustainability of any new proposed lightweight concrete formulation is desirable, for example by the inclusion of waste stream components into the formulation.This thesis describes an investigation of the mechanical, thermal and fire resistance properties of a new type of expanded clay lightweight concrete formulation in which varying quantities of sand are replaced by crushed glass aggregate, in conjunction with the addition of metakaolin (which may be available as a waste component from the manufacture of paper) as a partial replacement for the cement. The investigation involved short and long-term laboratory testing of a range of mechanical and thermal properties of individual concrete formulations and small scale structural elements consisting of masonry blocks made from these formulations (so called wallettes). An extensive programme of Finite Element Analysis using Abaqus was also performed.The results obtained show that it is possible to produce a structural expanded clay lightweight concrete that possesses good thermal properties by incorporating of ground glass and metakaolin. Compressive and splitting tensile strengths, as well as the modulus of elasticity, increased with an increase in the metakaolin content, while concrete density decreased. Reductions in thermal conductivity and improvements in fire resistance criteria were also observed in comparison with conventional lightweight concrete mixtures. For example, measured thermal conductivity values ranged from 0.092 W/m.K to 0.177 W/m.K, and the insulation criterion (an indicator of resistance to fire) reached up to 110 minutes for a concrete member with a thickness of 29 mm. The highest resistance to the effects of high temperatures was observed for concrete mixes containing either 15% or 30% recycled glass with 10% metakaolin.The maximum axial loads at failure were 474 kN and 558 kN for reference and modified wallettes respectively, implying corresponding bearing capacities of 7.1 MPa and 8.3 MPa. The critical path of the failure mode was similar for all of the wallettes tested and normally began underneath the load point, then passed through the concrete blocks and head joint to reach the toe of the wallette. The masonry wallettes formulated using reference lightweight concrete blocks exhibited failure due to explosive spalling at 400 oC with no applied mechanical load, whereas the second type of masonry wallettes (the modified wallettes) did not show such behaviour.The results of Finite Element Analysis showed that the coefficient of thermal convection had the most influence upon the insulation criterion. From a structural perspective, the key parameters were the value of penalty stiffness and imperfections in wallette construction. In general, a close agreement between the measured and simulated results was observed for both the thermal and structural finite element models at ambient and high temperatures.

Orientadores: Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani, Mateus Bertolini Fernandes dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:13:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caetano_ConradoReinoldes_M.pdf: 1244825 bytes, checksum: e99a928da45883acc1a5cc2ace6699fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição de tensões em overdentures com sistema de retenção tipo barra-clipe apresentando diferentes inclinações dos implantes, desajuste vertical e material da barra. Para isso foram confeccionados modelos tridimensionais de mandíbula e overdenture fixada por dois implantes com sistema de retenção barra-clipe que foram modelados com software específico (SolidWorks 2010) ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digita / Abstract: The aim of this study was evaluate the stress distribution in overdentures with a bar-clip retention system presenting different implant inclinations, vertical misfit, and framework materials. Three-dimensional models of a jaw, an overdenture retained by two implants and a bar-clip attachment were modeled using specific software (SolidWorks 2010) ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Protese Dental / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

Orientadores: Wander José da Silva, Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:28:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bordin_Dimorvan_M.pdf: 2274259 bytes, checksum: df29bb77fcbdeb7aa2c016d064c98a46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O coeficiente de atrito entre implante-pilar-parafuso tem sido considerado o fator principal na manutenção da estabilidade do conjunto. Estudos prévios demonstram que a saliva e o biofilme interposto entre estas superfícies podem alterar o coeficiente de atrito, comprometendo o comportamento biomecânico do conjunto. Nesse estudo foi avaliado a influência da película de saliva (Pel) e do biofilme (Bf) no coeficiente de atrito (CA) entre materiais protéticos utilizados na fabricação de pilares de titânio (Ti) e zircônia (Zr), e a influência do CA no comportamento biomecânico de uma prótese unitária implanto suportada. Discos de Ti (12,5 X 2mm) (n=14) receberam acabamento com lixas e foram divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos de acordo com o par tribológico (Ti-Ti e Ti-Zr) em três condições de superfície do disco: Controle (Ctrl) sem película de saliva ou biofilme, com película de saliva (Pel) ou com biofilme (Bf). Os grupos obtidos foram: Ti-Ti Ctrl; Ti-Ti Pel; Ti-Ti Bf; Ti-ZrCtrl; Ti-Zr Pel; Ti-Zr Bf. Discos de Ti e Zr foram submetidos à aferição da rugosidade de superfície por interferometria. Os discos foram imersos em saliva para a formação de uma película de saliva e sobre esta um biofilme multiespécie (64,5 horas) composto por cinco espécies bacterianas e uma fúngica, respectivamente Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Candida albicans. O ensaio tribológico de atrito foi realizado em um tribômetro, onde uma esfera de Ti ou Zr (5mm) foi utilizada como contraparte. Uma carga de 10N foi aplicada e mantida na contraparte durante o deslocamento horizontal do disco (1mm/segundo). Os dados de CA foram avaliados por análise da variância a dois critérios e teste post hoc de Tukey (?=5%). O padrão de desgaste da superfície foi observado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Posteriormente, foi construído um modelo tridimensional virtual para a análise das tensões por e elementos finitos representando uma reabilitação unitária implanto-suportada de um incisivo central superior. Uma coroa protética foi modelada e virtualmente cimentada sobre um pilar anatômico. O pilar foi parafusado à um implante cone morse (4,1 X 11mm). O conjunto foi posicionado no modelo ósseo virtual da maxila. Seis modelos foram obtidos de acordo com o material do pilar (Ti e Zr) e de acordo com o coeficiente de atrito obtido nas condições estudadas (Ctrl, Pel e Bf). O CA, previamente obtido no ensaio tribológico, foi simulado na superfície de contato entre: implante-pilar; implante-parafuso; pilar-parafuso. Após a geração da malha (0,50mm), uma carga de 49N foi aplicada em ângulo de 45 graus na superfície palatina da coroa. Os valores de tensão foram avaliados de acordo o critério de tensão máxima principal e tensão de cisalhamento para o tecido ósseo e a tensão de von Mises para o implante e componentes protéticos. Os dados foram avaliados por análise da variância a dois critérios e calculada a porcentagem de contribuição de cada parâmetro do estudo. A superfície do titânio apresentou rugosidade de 0,19 ±0,01?m e da zircônia 0,25 ±0,01?m. O CA Ti-Ti Pel e Ti-Ti-Bf diminuiu em relação à Ti-Ti Ctrl (p<0,05). O CA dos grupos Ti-Zr Ctrl e Ti-Zr Bf foram semelhantes entre si (p>0,05) e aumentaram no grupo Ti-Zr Pel (p<0,05). Na avaliação dos materiais, o comportamento do Ti e Zr foi semelhante na presença de Pel(p>0,05) e diferiu nas demais condições (p<0,05). No estudo in silico, o CA contribuiu com 89,83% para a tensão no parafuso, diminuindo quando o CA foi menor (p<0,05). A tensão máxima principal e cisalhamento no osso medular foram influenciadas pelo CA com 63,94% e 98,59% (p<0,05), respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a película de saliva e o biofilme interferem com o comportamento biomecânico de uma reabilitação unitária implanto-suportada / Abstract: The friction coefficient between abutment-implant- screw has been considered as a key factor in retention joint stability. Previous studies shown that saliva and biofilm interfacing these surfaces may shift the friction coefficient, jeopardizing the joint biomechanical behavior. This study evaluated the influence of saliva (Pel) and biofilm (Bf) on friction coefficient (FC) between prosthetic materials used to manufacture abutments such as titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr) and the influence of the FC in the biomechanical behavior of single dental implant rehabilitation. Ti discs (12.5 x 2mm) (n=14) were polished with sandpaper and randomly into six groups according to the tribological couple (Ti-Ti and Ti-Zr) under three conditions: without biofilm or saliva pellicle as negative control (Ctrl); saliva pellicle (Pel) and biofilm (Bf). The obtained groups were: Ti-Ti Ctrl; Ti-Ti Pel; Ti-Ti Bf; Ti-Zr Ctrl; Ti-Zr Pel; Ti-Zr Bf. Discs of Ti and Zr underwent roughness measurements by interferometry. A saliva pellicle and a multispecies biofilm (64,5 hours) were developed onto the Ti discs. The biofilm was composed by 5 bacterial species and 1 fungal, respectively Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Candida albicans. A tribological assay was performed in a tribometer, where a sphere made of Ti or Zr (5mm) was used as counter part. A 10N of load was applied and maintained in the counter part during the horizontal displacement of the disc (1mm/sec). The FC data were evaluated by two-way Anova and Tukey post hoc test (?=5%).The surface wear patterns were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, was built a virtual three-dimensional model representing a single dental implant rehabilitation for upper central incisor. A prosthetic crown was modeled and cemented onto an anatomic abutment. The abutment was screw-retained into the morse taper implant (4.1 X 11mm). The joint was positioned into a virtual bone model of maxilla. Six models were obtained according to the abutments material (Ti or Zr) in the friction coefficient under studied conditions (Ctrl, Pel and Bf). The previously FC obtained in the tribological assay was simulated in the contact surfaces between: implant-abutment; implant-screw; abutment-screw. After the mesh generation (0.50mm), a 49N of load was applied at 45 degree in the palatal surface of the crown. The stress data were evaluated according to the maximum principal and shear stress for the bone tissue and von Mises stress for the implant and prosthetic components. Two-way Anova was used to calculate the percentage of contribution of each parameter. The surface roughness of Ti was 0.19 ±0.01?m and Zr 0.25 ±0.01?m. The FC of Ti-Ti Pel and Ti-Ti Bf decreased when compared to Ti-Ti ctrl (p<0.05). The FC of Ti-Zr Ctrl and Ti-Zr Bf were similar (p>0.05) and increased in the Ti-Zr Pel (p<0.05). In the in silico study, the FC contributed with 89.83% of the stress in the screw, decreasing the stress when the FC was lower (p<0.05). The maximum stress in the cortical bone was influenced by 59.78% of friction and increased when the FC was lower (p<0.05). The maximum and shear stress in the cancellous bone were influenced by the FC with 63.94% and 98.59% (p<0.05), respectively. It can be concluded that the biofilm jeopardize the biomechanical behavior of a implant-supported single crown restoration / Mestrado / Protese Dental / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caldas_RicardoArmini_M.pdf: 2481955 bytes, checksum: f84eab0472b008e5bab4c2136a7f6b7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O uso de prótese total implanto-retida tem sido indicada atualmente como primeira opção de tratamento para uma mandíbula desdentada; no entanto, os fatores biomecânicos associados a ela não estão totalmente esclarecidos. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar por meio da análise tridimensional por elementos finitos o comportamento biomecânico do sistema de retenção barra-clipe para overdentures com barra de diferentes secções transversais (circular, oval e Hader), níveis de desajuste horizontal (50 e 150 µm) e inclinações em um dos implantes no sentido látero-lateral (-10, -5, 0, 5 e 10 graus). As angulações positivas (5 e 10 graus) dos implantes representam a inclinação da região cervical do mesmo para mesial, valores negativos (-10, -5 graus) inclinação para distal e o valor de 0 graus para os implantes paralelos. Os resultados foram obtidos de forma quantitativa e qualitativa em tensão de von Mises para os componentes protéticos, tensão máxima principal e deformação para o tecido ósseo. Foi observado que na inclinação 10 graus ocorreu o pior comportamento biomecânico, promovendo os maiores valores de tensão sobre a barra e tecido ósseo peri-implantar. Os grupos com inclinação negativa (distal) apresentaram os menores valores de tensão sobre os componentes protéticos e na inclinação -10 graus foi observado o menor valor de deformação no tecido ósseo peri-implantar. O aumento do desajuste horizontal aumentou os valores de tensão em todas as estruturas avaliadas. A seção da barra não demonstrou influência nas tensões geradas. Concluiu-se que a inclinação do implante para mesial aumentou a tensão em todos os componentes e a maior inclinação (10 graus) causou os maiores valores; os implantes com inclinação para distal geraram os menores valores de deformação no tecido peri-implantar. As diferentes secções transversais da barra não influenciaram os valores de tensão em todos os componentes do sistema / Abstract: The most common treatment for edentulous patients is conventional denture. However, implant-retained prosthodontics is actually the first option for treatment of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate by 3-D finite element analysis the biomechanics involved in the bar clip retention system for overdentures. The study factors were latero-lateral angulation in the right implant (-10, -5, 0, 5 and 10 degrees); horizontal misfit on the left implant (50 e 150 µm), and bar cross-section (round, Hader and oval). Positive angulation (5 and 10 degrees) means inclination of the implant to mesial position, negative values (-5 and -10 degrees) for distal position and zero degress for parallel implants. The von Mises stresses evaluated the prosthetic components; maximum principal stresses, and strain analyses evaluated the peri-implantar bone. The positive angulation (10 degrees) showed the worse biomechanical behavior for bar and peri-implantar bone, with higher stress concentration. Conversely, the negative angulation showed the lowest stress deformation to the peri-implantar bone. The amplitude of horizontal misfit was directly proportional to stress concentration. Bar Cross-sections did not affect the stress distribution. It was possible to conclude that: the mesial implant angulation produced more stresses in the prosthetic components; distal angulation showed better biomechanical behavior; and bar cross-section had no influence on stress distribution / Mestrado / Protese Dental / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Felippe Bevilacqua Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:49:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChavezSevillano_ManuelGustavo_M.pdf: 1186393 bytes, checksum: 63db972779fb61b2324263a1b5e39826 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A Técnica de Expansão Palatina é usada frequentemente para corrigir a mordida cruzada posterior, atresia transversal maxilar e aumentar o perímetro da arcada dentária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar pela análise de elementos finitos o efeito simulado da expansão palatina sobre o processo pterigoide, sincondrose esfeno-occipital e sela turca em dois crânios com relação esquelética tipo Classe II e Classe III, identificando a distribuição das tensões mecânicas nessas estruturas anatômicas. Para isso, foram selecionadas duas Tomografias Computorizadas Cone Beam de dois crânios de 13 anos de idade e com atresia transversal da maxila. Um modelo de elemento finito de cada crânio foi gerado usando os dados extraídos das imagens digitalizadas tipo DICOM. Foram obtidas imagens espiraladas em cortes de 0,25 mm. de espessura por 1mm. de intervalo das estruturas craniofaciais. Uma força de 100 Newton transversal e paralela ao plano oclusal foi aplicada ao nível do primeiro molar e primeiro pré-molar permanente superior do modelo, simulando uma situação clínica da expansão palatina. As imagens scaneadas foram visualizadas com o software Mimics V.17 para a construção dos modelos de referência em formato STL (Stereolitografia). A posterior construção das geometrias em modelos Bio-CAD foram efetuado com a ajuda do software Rhinoceros 3D 5.0. A malha de elementos finitos dos modelos foi construída no software Ansys V.14. Foram incorporadas as propriedades mecânicas do osso, sutura palatina mediana e a sincondrose esfeno-occipital em cada malha dos crânios. Para uma melhor análise dos efeitos biomecânicos os modelos de elementos finitos foram cortados sagitalmente e logo identificados pontos craniométricos para sua avaliação. A tensão equivalente de Von Mises e a Tensão máxima principal foram avaliadas e comparadas em ambos os crânios. Os resultados mostraram que a Técnica de Expansão Palatina teve um efeito direito sobre o processo pterigoide, sincondrose esfeno-occipital e sela turca na Classe II esquelética por protrusão da maxila e na Classe III esquelética por retrusão da maxila. Em geral nós observamos que o modelo Classe III mostrou maiores valores de tensões do que o modelo Classe II especialmente nas estruturas como a sincondrose esfeno-occipital e a sela turca / Abstract: The Palatal Expansion Technique is often used to correct the posterior cross bite, maxillary transversal colapse and increase the perimeter of the dental arch. The objective of this study was evaluate by Finite Element Analysis the biomechanics effect on the Pterygoid processes, the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the Sella turcica in two skulls with Class II and Class III skeletal relationship, identifying the distribution of mechanical stresses in these anatomical structures. For this, we selected two Computerized Tomography Cone Beam of skulls with 13 years old and maxillary transversal collapse. A finite element model of craniofacial structure of each skull was generated using data extracted from scanned images DICOM type. Spiral images were obtained at 0.25 mm thick by 1 mm slices range of craniofacial structures. A force of 100 Newton horizontal and parallel to the occlusal plane was applied at the level of the first molar and upper first permanent premolar model, simulating a clinical situation of the Palatal Expansion. Images scanned were viewed with Mimics V.17 software for the construction of the reference models in STL format (Stereolithography). The subsequent construction of the geometries of Bio-CAD models were made with the help of Rhinoceros 3D software 5.0. The finite element mesh of the models was built in Ansys V.14 software. The mechanical properties of bone, sutures and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis were incorporated in each mesh of skulls. In order to observe with bigger clarity the biomechanical effects, the finite-elements models were cut sagittally and then identified craniometrics points for the evaluation. The Von-Mises stress and maximum principal stress were evaluated and compared in both skulls. The results revealed that the Palatal Expansion Technique had a direct effect on the the Pterygoid processes, the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the Sella turcica in the Class II skeletal relationship by maxillary protrusion and in the Class III skeletal relationship by maxillary hypoplasia. In general, we observed that the Class III model presented higher values stress than the Class II model, especially in the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the Sella turcica structures / Mestrado / Anatomia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

O projeto estrutural de túneis envolve o conhecimento da variável convergência (fechamento radial) para definição da pressão atuante sobre o revestimento e do nível de descompressão do solo circundante (maciço). A adoção de modelos contínuos em elementos finitos consegue discretizar de forma mais adequada o modelo mecânico estrutural considerando a interação com o solo. Dessa forma, esta dissertação recai sobre a variação da razão de cobertura (profundidade) de um túnel, a fim de determinar a profundidade limite que o modelo numérico segue o padrão de tensões geostáticas crescentes com a profundidade versus um padrão geostático uniforme profundo. A validação do modelo numérico ocorre junto a soluções analíticas desenvolvidas por Park (2004) e Kirsch (1898) para túneis em maciços elásticos superficiais e profundos respectivamente. Nos exemplos analisados, quando a profundidade do eixo do túnel é dez vezes maior que seu diâmetro as convergências se aproximam daquelas dadas pelo GEOMEC 91 (Bernaud, 1991) e o túnel pode ser considerado profundo. A curva de assentamentos (recalques) foi considerada consequência importante a ser notada em túneis superficiais que mostraram um recalque máximo até duas vezes maior quando se reduz a profundidade Para esse estudo foram desenvolvidos scripts com profundidade variável adicionando a superfície de plasticidade de Drucker-Prager (utilizada em solos friccionais). O modelo numérico desenvolvido para túneis superficiais é validado junto a túneis reais instrumentados que tenham sido avaliados a partir de algum outro modelo contínuo, são eles: Heathrow Express, Green Park, Metrôs de Barcelona, Brasília e São Paulo com resultados variando entre 1,20% e 6,78%. Eventualmente, uma breve análise do desenvolvimento de tensões no revestimento para túneis circulares, elípticos e ferradura é realizada a fim de encontrar zonas de tração. Enquanto túneis em seção ferradura desenvolveram tração para qualquer profundidade devido ao formato retilíneo, túneis circulares precisaram se encontrar com baixa profundidade a fim de desenvolver zonas descomprimidas decorrentes da ovalização de túneis rasos. / The structural design of tunnels involves the knowledge of the variable convergence (radial closure) for the definition of the acting pressure upon the lining and for the decompression level of the involving soil (rockmass). The adoption of continuous models using finite element analysis (FEA) is able to assess the structural mechanical model accurately, concerning the soil interaction. This way, this work studies the covering ratio (depth) of tunnels, in a way to determine the threshold point which divides the geostatic growing stresses versus the deep uniform stresses pattern. The validation of the numerical model under an elastic rockmass is done by comparison with analytical solutions developed by Park (2004) and Kirsch (1898) for shallow and deep tunnels respectively. Regarding the analyzed examples, when the depth of the tunnel axis is ten times greater than its diameter; the convergences approach to the ones given by GEOMEC 91 (Bernaud, 1991) and the tunnel may be considered deep. The settlement through (ground movement) is considered an important consequence to be noticed upon shallow tunnels; these tunnels have led to a maximum settlement twice deeper when the covering ratio is shallow (H/D = 1). For this study, several scripts have been developed concerning the variable depth and adding the Drucker-Prager plasticity criterion for frictional soils. The numerical model developed for shallow tunnels is validated with other continuous models relied on real instrumentation of subway network tunnels, such as: Heathrow Express, Green Park, Barcelona, Brasília and São Paulo with the solutions ranging between 1,20% and 6,78%. Eventually, a brief analysis of the stress development in the lining for circular, ellipsoid and horseshoe tunnels is done in search of tension zones. In one hand, horseshoe tunnels develop tension for any depth due to its straight walls; in the other hand, circular tunnels need to have a small covering ratio in order to develop decompression zones caused by the shallow tunnels ovalization.