The primary aim of this thesis is to investigate the transition between different flow regimes in porous media. The complete transition spectrum of single-phase flow, from creeping flow to inertial, unsteady laminar, and turbulent flow regimes, was examined in sphere packings. Further understanding of the fundamental fluid dynamics was derived based on the pore-scale flow visualisation using magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV). Spiral imaging was selected as the ultrafast imaging protocol to probe the transient phenomena, and the acquisition was further accelerated by combining subsampling and compressed sensing reconstruction. In a random sphere packing column with column-to-diameter ratio of 3.44, the inertial effect and the onset of unsteady regime were examined with respect to the principal flow characteristics: the inertial core/channeling, backflow, and helical vortices. Helical vortices have been observed experimentally in a random packing for the first time, and the analogy between the swirling flow and helical vortices provides insight into the design and operation of packed bed reactors. Another new observation is that the transition to the unsteady regime is a highly heterogeneous process, where the evolution of the flow instability depends on the pore geometry. Moreover, pixelwise validation was achieved between the experimental and simulation results on three-dimensional velocity fields in the inertial regime; this is enabled by an image-based meshing pipeline, which reproduces the geometry of the random packing in MRV for the numerical simulation. The unsteady regimes were further investigated using a regular sphere packing, the simple cubic packing (SCP). The spectral analysis, in both the random and regular packing, revealed a route to chaos from the steady to periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic dynamics, which was only predicted numerically before. During the transition to turbulence, the coherent structures were extracted using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), which yields a coherent picture regarding the turbulent dynamics, when combined with the skewness, flatness, and quadrant analysis. Furthermore, it was found that the macroscopic properties converged at lower Reynolds number than the microscopic features. In conclusion, the opportunity to measure flow fields at high spatial and temporal resolution will play an increasingly significant role in the advancement of fundamental fluid dynamics. In this thesis, MRV is used, which is particularly advantageous for non-invasive measurements in opaque systems. This thesis provides the experimental and analysis toolkits for such studies and has demonstrated the contribution to characterising and understanding different flow regimes in porous media.

Highway systems world wide continue to see an ever increased number of vehicles and subsequently a rise in congested traffic. This results in longer commute times, wasted energy as vehicles idle in stop and go traffic, and increases the risk of accidents. In short, increased congestion costs time and money. These issues have prompted much research into Automated Highway Systems (AHS). In AHS vehicles using computer algorithms can safely travel at much smaller inter-vehicle distances than human drivers are capable of. This increases the capacity of existing highway systems. Sensors aboard each vehicle make this possible by monitoring their surroundings. Vehicles equipped with Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) are capable of this type of close proximity travel. ACC packages are becoming common as a standard package on many mid-priced vehicles. Another form of automation, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), which utilizes wireless communication between vehicles, has been proposed and will likely become available within the next couple decades. CACC allows each vehicle to communicate their intended speed or position changes to surrounding vehicles, further decreasing the possibility of collisions. These automation methods are proposed to reduce driver stress, increase highway throughput, and decrease accident rates. However, the fact that vehicles are being automated creates new opportunities for malicious individuals to wreak havoc on society. This research investigates the possibility that some vehicles on the highway might be under the control of malicious individuals who have modified their automated control systems to negatively affect vehicles around them. These malicious actors might also exploit the wireless communication of CACC vehicles and hack their control algorithms, causing them to become unstable. These hacked vehicles could become passive participants in the attack unbeknownst to the driver of the vehicle. The result of such attacks could be congested traffic, rapid changes in acceleration causing drivers discomfort, or multi-vehicle collisions. Such attacks could effectively negate the benefits of implementing AHS. The goal of this work is to bring to light possible weaknesses in the proposed systems so they can be rectified before becoming an issue to the public at large.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to experimentally determine the effect of operational parameters on the onset of flow instability (OFI) in narrow, uniformly heated, vertical, rectangular channels. The geometry investigated was a 9.0 cm long rectangular channel with a 1.0mm by 1.3cm cross section. This geometry closely matches the coolant channel geometry in an accelerator target. Nitrogen-saturated subcooled water was used as the coolant, with mass fluxes ranging from 250 to 1336 kg/m^2 s, and an inlet temperature of 26ºC for the OFI experiments. The exit pressures investigated ranged from 275kPa to 620kPa, while the heat flux ranged from 0.729 to 2.236 MW/m^2. The primary data collected from these experiments were used to develop two correlations for the heat flux and mass flux at OFI. Wall temperature data were also collected in order to develop a Nusselt number correlation for the single-phase regime. This correlation is valid for the Reynolds number range of 6x103 to 1.7x104. The data obtained in this investigation will aid designers of high-power-density systems establish design limits to prevent over heating and possible damage due to the onset of flow instability. The data obtained in this investigation will aid designers of high-power-density systems establish design limits to prevent over heating and possible damage due to the onset of flow instability.

This dissertation considers the genesis and dynamics of interfacial instability in vertical laminar gas-liquid flows, using as a model the two-dimensional channel flow of a thin falling film sheared by counter-current gas. The methodology is linear stability theory by means of Orr-Sommerfeld analysis together with direct numerical simulation of the two-phase flow in the case of nonlinear disturbances. The influence of two main flow parameters on the interfacial dynamics, namely the film thickness and pressure drop applied to drive the gas stream, is investigated. To make contact with existing studies in the literature, the effect of various density and viscosity contrasts as well as surface tension is also examined. Energy budget analyses based on the Orr-Sommerfeld theory reveal various coexisting unstable modes (interfacial, shear, internal) in the case of high density contrasts, which results in mode coalescence and mode competition, but only one dynamically relevant unstable interfacial mode for low and intermediate density contrast. Furthermore, high viscosity contrast and increases in surface tension lead to some amount of mode competition for thin film. A study of absolute and convective instability for low density contrast shows that the system is absolutely unstable for all but two narrow regions of the investigated parameter space. These regions are extended at intermediate density contrast and exhibit only small changes with increased viscosity contrast or surface tension. Direct numerical simulations of the system with low density contrast show that linear theory holds up remarkably well upon the onset of large-amplitude waves as well as the existence of weakly nonlinear waves. For high density contrasts corresponding more closely to an air-water-type system, linear stability theory is also successful at determining the most-dominant features in the interfacial wave dynamics at early-to-intermediate times. Nevertheless, the short waves selected by the linear theory undergo secondary instability and the wave train is no longer regular but rather exhibits chaotic motion. Furthermore, linear stability theory also predicts when the direction of travel of the waves changes - from downwards to upwards. The practical implications of this change in terms of loading and flooding is discussed. The change in direction of the wave propagation is represented graphically for each investigated system in terms of a flow map based on the liquid and gas flow rates and the prediction carries over to the nonlinear regime with only a small deviation. Besides the semi-analytical and numerical analyses, experiments with an practically relevant setup and flow system have been carried out to benchmark and validate the models developed in this work.

Control of bulk melt crystal growth techniques is desirable for producing semiconductors with the highest purity and ternary alloys with tunable electrical properties. Because these molten materials are electrically conducting, external magnetic fields are often employed to regulate the flow in the melt. However, complicated by the coupled flow, thermal, electromagnetic and chemical physics, such magnetic control is typically empirical or even an educated guess. Two magnetic flow control mechanisms: flow damping by steady magnetic fields, and flow stirring by alternating magnetic fields, are investigated numerically. Magnetic damping during optically-heated float-zone crystal growth is modeled using a spectral collocation method. The Marangoni convection at the free melt-gas interface is suppressed by applying a steady magnetic field, measured by the Hartmann number Ha. Using normal mode linear stability analyses, suppression of detrimental flow instabilities is quantitatively determined in a range applicable to experiments (up to Ha = 300 for Pr = 0.02, and up to Ha = 500 for Pr = 0.001). The hydrodynamic flow instability for small Prandtl number P r float-zone is confirmed by energy analyses. Rotating magnetic field stirring during confined crystal growth in an ampoule is also modeled. Decoupled from the flow field at small magnetic Reynolds number, the electromagnetic field is solved in a finite element solver. At low AC frequencies, the force is only in the azimuthal direction but penetrates deep into the melt. In contrast, the magnetic shielding effect is observed at high alternating current (AC) frequencies, where the external magnetic field penetrates only by a skin depth into the electrically conducting media within the short AC cycle. As a result, the electromagnetic body force is primarily confined to the ampoule surface. At these high AC frequencies the magnetic flux lines are drastically distorted within the melt. The body force is fully three-dimensional and is much stronger than at low AC frequencies, but is confined to near the ampoule surface due to the magnetic shielding effect. These models promote fundamental understanding of flow dynamics regulated by electromagnetic body forces. They provide quantitative guidance for crystal growth to minimize trial and error experimentation that is slow and expensive.

Tanto os motores turbo-jato quanto os turbo-fan, são os maiores responsáveis pela geração de ruído durante a decolagem, segmento de subida e de aceleração de uma aeronave. Devido a isto, o problema de ruído em jatos vem sendo intensamente investigado ao longo dos últimos anos. Já na fase do pouso, o slat é uma das fontes de ruído mais importantes. Para este caso, na maioria das aplicações práticas, existe o descolamento da camada limite no intradorso do slat a partir de onde se desenvolve uma camada de mistura. Ainda assim, existem inúmeros aspectos de tais escoamentos que precisam de investigação. Uma abordagem frequentemente feita para o estudo da instabilidade hidrodinâmica e ruído em jatos é o estudo de metade do jato. A estratégia consiste em estudar os fenômenos na camada de mistura, o que é uma aproximação razoável quando o jato tem diâmetro muito grande comparado à espessura da camada cisalhante que se desenvolve nas bordas do jato. Assim, alguns aspectos do ruído gerado pelos modos axi-simétricos de instabilidade são em grande parte reproduzidos. Um aspecto aparentemente jamais estudado antes é o efeito do emparelhamento de vórtices de diferentes geometrias na camada de mistura. Caso o efeito da modulação dos vórtices produzisse um padrão de ruído com características diferentes no emparelhamento, um controle ativo de escoamento por excitação periódica poderia ser usado para reduzir o ruído em jatos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar tal efeito. A idéia é investigar este emparelhamento de vórtices na camada de mistura em desenvolvimento temporal bi-dimensional. Com isto foi possível visualizar um emparelhamento isolado de outros emparelhamentos e sem o efeito Doppler (presente na camada de mistura em desenvolvimento espacial). O método adotado foi a simulação numérica direta (DNS) das equações de Navier Stokes compressíveis na forma não-conservativa escritas na formulação característica. Os resultados mostram que a modulação dos vórtices não produz alteração significativa do ruído gerado no emparelhamento. / Turbo-fan and turbo-jet engines are the most important noise sources during the aircraft take off, climb and acceleration segments. Owing to this fact, the jet flow noise has been studied in the past years. For the landing stage, the slat is an important sound source. In this case, the slat leading edge frequently experiences a boundary layer deattachment causing the development of a mixing layer inside the slot. Nevertheless, there are many aspects of such phenomenon that have not been studied yet. Mixing layers constitutes an usual approach for jet flow instability in aeroacoustics studies. The stategy is to study the mixing layer in order to understand the jet-flow. This strategy becomes better as the ratio between the jet diameter and mixing layer thickness becomes larger. This approach is only reazonable for the jet flow axi-symetric unstable modes. The effect of vortex modulation on the vortex pairing sound production has not been found in the literature. If such effect could cause a significant change in the sound generation patterns, an active flow control system could be developed in order to enhance the jet noise performance. The purpose of the present work was to investigate such effect. It was also possible to observe a single vortex pairing inside a wide domain without the Doppler effect. The strategy was to study the vortex pairing in a bi-dimensional mixing layer under temporal development. The method used was the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the compressible bidimensional (2D) Navier Stokes equations written in a nonconservative form of the characteristics formulation. The results showed that the vortex modulation did not produce a significant change on the vortex pairing sound.

Tanto os motores turbo-jato quanto os turbo-fan, são os maiores responsáveis pela geração de ruído durante a decolagem, segmento de subida e de aceleração de uma aeronave. Devido a isto, o problema de ruído em jatos vem sendo intensamente investigado ao longo dos últimos anos. Já na fase do pouso, o slat é uma das fontes de ruído mais importantes. Para este caso, na maioria das aplicações práticas, existe o descolamento da camada limite no intradorso do slat a partir de onde se desenvolve uma camada de mistura. Ainda assim, existem inúmeros aspectos de tais escoamentos que precisam de investigação. Uma abordagem frequentemente feita para o estudo da instabilidade hidrodinâmica e ruído em jatos é o estudo de metade do jato. A estratégia consiste em estudar os fenômenos na camada de mistura, o que é uma aproximação razoável quando o jato tem diâmetro muito grande comparado à espessura da camada cisalhante que se desenvolve nas bordas do jato. Assim, alguns aspectos do ruído gerado pelos modos axi-simétricos de instabilidade são em grande parte reproduzidos. Um aspecto aparentemente jamais estudado antes é o efeito do emparelhamento de vórtices de diferentes geometrias na camada de mistura. Caso o efeito da modulação dos vórtices produzisse um padrão de ruído com características diferentes no emparelhamento, um controle ativo de escoamento por excitação periódica poderia ser usado para reduzir o ruído em jatos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar tal efeito. A idéia é investigar este emparelhamento de vórtices na camada de mistura em desenvolvimento temporal bi-dimensional. Com isto foi possível visualizar um emparelhamento isolado de outros emparelhamentos e sem o efeito Doppler (presente na camada de mistura em desenvolvimento espacial). O método adotado foi a simulação numérica direta (DNS) das equações de Navier Stokes compressíveis na forma não-conservativa escritas na formulação característica. Os resultados mostram que a modulação dos vórtices não produz alteração significativa do ruído gerado no emparelhamento. / Turbo-fan and turbo-jet engines are the most important noise sources during the aircraft take off, climb and acceleration segments. Owing to this fact, the jet flow noise has been studied in the past years. For the landing stage, the slat is an important sound source. In this case, the slat leading edge frequently experiences a boundary layer deattachment causing the development of a mixing layer inside the slot. Nevertheless, there are many aspects of such phenomenon that have not been studied yet. Mixing layers constitutes an usual approach for jet flow instability in aeroacoustics studies. The stategy is to study the mixing layer in order to understand the jet-flow. This strategy becomes better as the ratio between the jet diameter and mixing layer thickness becomes larger. This approach is only reazonable for the jet flow axi-symetric unstable modes. The effect of vortex modulation on the vortex pairing sound production has not been found in the literature. If such effect could cause a significant change in the sound generation patterns, an active flow control system could be developed in order to enhance the jet noise performance. The purpose of the present work was to investigate such effect. It was also possible to observe a single vortex pairing inside a wide domain without the Doppler effect. The strategy was to study the vortex pairing in a bi-dimensional mixing layer under temporal development. The method used was the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the compressible bidimensional (2D) Navier Stokes equations written in a nonconservative form of the characteristics formulation. The results showed that the vortex modulation did not produce a significant change on the vortex pairing sound.

[pt] Alguns projetos pilotos de injeção de polímeros em campos de produção de petróleo mostraram um incremento na recuperação de óleo, embora os mecanismos que governam a dinâmica do escoamento não são bem compreendidos. Recentes investigações experimentais mostraram que as propriedades viscoelásticas de soluções poliméricas podem alterar o comportamento do escoamento na escala de poros e reduzir a saturação residual de óleo. Para entender esses fenômenos em meios porosos, é importante estudar o escoamento de soluções viscoelásticas através das gargantas dos poros. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental do escoamento de uma solução viscoelástica de PEO (0,1 porcento em peso de óxido de polietileno) de alto peso molecular escoando através de uma constrição, utilizado como modelo de uma geometria de garganta de poro de um meio poroso. Medições de queda de pressão e campos de velocidade do escoamento são obtidos utilizando a técnica de velocimetria por imagem de partículas (Micro-PIV). Experimentos com uma solução viscosa de glicerina (45 porcento em peso de glicerina em água) de viscosidade similar à solução de PEO foram também realizados com a finalidade de estimar os efeitos elásticos da solução de PEO. O escoamento da solução de PEO exibiu uma queda de pressão extra (comportamento não linear) acima de uma condição crítica do escoamento, acima da qual os efeitos elásticos passam a ser preponderantes. Para toda a faixa de vazão explorada, os campos de velocidade da solução de glicerina mostraram um regime de escoamento Newtoniano, enquanto a solução de PEO apresenta instabilidade no escoamento a partir de um número de Weissenberg crítico, coincidindo com o aumento da queda de pressão. Esta instabilidade pode ser relacionada ao aumento da viscosidade extensional na entrada da garganta acima de uma determinada taxa de extensão. Os resultados obtidos indicam a variação do padrão do escoamento da solução polimérica de PEO devido à presença dos efeitos elásticos do polímero, e fornecem informações importantes sobre o comportamento das soluções poliméricas viscoelásticas em um meio poroso e que podem impactar sua utilização na recuperação melhorada de óleo. / [en] Some pilot projects of polymer injection in oil fiel ds have shown an increase in oil recovery, although the mechanisms that govern the flow dynamics are still not well understood. Recent experimental investigations have shown that the viscoelastic properties of polymer solutions may change the pore-scale flow behavior and reduce the residual oil saturation. To understand these phenomena in porous media, it is important to understand viscoelastic flow behavior through the pores-throats. This work presents experimental study of the flow of a high molecular viscoelastic PEO solution (0.1 wt percent Polyethylene Oxide) flowing through a constricted capillary, used as model for a pore-throat geometry of a porous media. Pressure drop measurements are performed and velocity fields are obtained using the micro-particle image velocimetry (Micro-PIV) technique. Experiments with a viscous solution of glycerin (45 wt percent glycerin in water), of similar shear viscosity to the PEO solution were also performed in order to isolate the elastic effects of the PEO solution. The flow of the PEO solution exhibited an extra pressure drop (nonlinear behavior) above a critical flow condition beyond which the elastic forces become relevant. For the entire flow rate range explored, the velocity field of the glycerin solution showed a Newtonian flow regime, while the PEO solution shows instability in the flow above a critical Weissenberg number, coinciding with the onset of the extra pressure drop. This instability in the flow is associated with the high extensional viscosity near the constriction at high enough extension rates. The results show the changes in the flow pattern of the PEO polymer solution due to the presence of the elastic effects of polymer, and provide important information on how viscoelastic polymer solutions behave in a porous media and can impact their use in Enhanced Oil Recovery operations.

L’Analyse Linéaire de Stabilité a été largement utilisée afin de décrire l’évolution du mode dominant des instabilités pour différentes configurations. Toutefois, plusieurs observations expérimentales et numériques ont démontré l’existence de distributions de longueurs inter-strictions, prémices aux distributions de tailles de fragments. Une extension de cette utilisation classique de l’Analyse Linéaire de Stabilité dédiée à l’extension d’un barreau en traction a été proposée afin de rendre compte de la contribution de l’ensemble des modes de perturbation sur le profil final des strictions. Cette approche, correspondant physiquement au cas des anneaux fins en expansion, est à même de déterminer une distribution de longueurs inter-strictions. En se basant sur les mêmes outils mathématiques que ceux ayant permis d’étendre l’analyse linéaire de stabilité, une nouvelle approche numérique a été suivie afin de déterminer le temps d’apparition et le nombre de strictions en fonction de la vitesse de chargement, de l’amplitude et de la taille de cellules de perturbations. Une comparaison, en termes de distribution de longueurs inter-strictions, a été par la suite obtenue entre résultats analytiques et numériques. De bonnes corrélations ont été observées. Le développement d’un montage expérimental d’expansion d’anneaux par forces électromagnétiques a été entamé au cours de ce travail de thèse. Lors de sa finalisation, il devrait permettre une validation expérimentale des approches développées dans les domaines numériques et analytiques / Linear Stability Analysis has been widely used in order to describe the evolution of the dominant necking pattern in different configurations. However, experimental and numerical observations have demonstrated that a distribution of internecking lengths is obtained instead of a unique dominant pattern. In this work, an extension of the classical Linear Stability Analysis applied to the dynamic extension of a round bar case has been developed to take into account the contribution of all perturbation modes on the final necking pattern. This approach, corresponding physically to the case of thin ring expansion, is able to determine a distribution on internecking distances. Based on the same mathematical tools that was developed for the extension of the linear stability analysis, a new numerical approach has been followed to determine the number and the onset time of necking with respect to loading velocity, amplitude and cell size of the perturbations. A comparison, in terms of distributions of inter-necking distance, has been carried out between analytical and numerical results. Good correlations have been observed. An electromagnetic ring expansion experimental device has been proposed during this work. Whith some additional development, it should enable to validate experimentally the working assumptions developed in the numerical and analytical studies

Les ondes internes de gravité jouent un rôle essentiel dans la dynamique océanique. La relation de dispersion anisotrope de ces ondes conduit à des lois de réflexion qui sont différentes de celles dont nous avons l'habitude avec les ondes acoustiques ou les rayons lumineux. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous nous intéressons aux structures créées par ces ondes en deux dimensions puis en trois dimensions. Dans la plupart des géométries 2D, le parcours des ondes va converger vers un attracteur. Nous étudions d'abord expérimentalement, dans une géométrie trapézoïdale, l'aspect énergétique d'un de ces attracteurs d'ondes. Nous examinons ensuite expérimentalement la transformation de ces attracteurs dans des géométries tridimensionnelles. Dans certaines géométries, la réflexion des ondes conduit à un phénomène de piégeage dans un plan 2D. Ce phénomène, d'abord étudié à l'aide de tracés de rayons, a été reproduit dans une géométrie trapézoïdale ainsi que dans une géométrie de canal. Cette mise en évidence expérimentale du piégeage pourrait expliquer certaines mesures in-situ réalisées dans l'estuaire du Saint Laurent où la propagation des ondes internes est encore mal comprise. Cette thèse est enrichie par deux études expérimentales portant sur la propagation et la réflexion d'un faisceau d'ondes interne : d'une part, l'instabilité créant un courant moyen dans le cas d'un faisceau se propageant dans une géométrie tridimensionnelle et d'autre part la génération d'ondes rétro-réfléchies lors de la réflexion sur des surfaces courbes. / Internal waves play a critical rôle in the ocean dynamics. The anisotropic dispersion relation of these waves leads to reflexion law which are different from what we are used to with acoustic waves or light rays. In the PhD thesis, we are interested in structures generated by these waves, in two dimensions then in three dimensions. In most of the 2D geometries, wave path will converge onto an attractor. We firstly study experimentally, in a trapezoidal geometry, the energy aspect of one of these attractors. Then, we survey experimentally the future of these attractors in tridimensional geometries. In some of them, reflexion leads to a trapping event in a 2D plan. This phenomenon was firstly studied by means of ray tracing, and was reproduced in both a trapezoidal and a canal geometry. The experimental obtainment of trapping could explain some in-situ measurements done in the Saint Laurent estuary, where internal wave propagation is still under scrutiny. This thesis is enhanced by two experimental studies on propagation and reflexion of an internal wave beam. Firstly, the instability generating a mean flow from a beam propagating in a three-dimensional geometry. Secondly, the generation of back-reflected waves from beam reflexion on a curved surface.