Code clone Discovery Based on Functional Behavior by Ronald M Krawitz 2012 Legacy programs are used for many years and experience many cycles of use-maintenance-use-maintenance-use-etc. Source code or source code functionality is frequently replicated within these programs when it is written, as well as when it is maintained. Over time many different developers with greater or lesser understanding of the source code maintain the source code. Maintenance developers, when they have limited time or lack understanding of the program, frequently resort to short cuts that include cutting and pasting existing code and re-implementing functionality instead of refactoring. This means a specific functionality is often repeated several times, sometimes using different source code. Blocks of replicated source code or source code functionality are called code clones. Removing code clones improves extensibility, maintainability, and reusability of a program in addition to making the program more easily understood. It is generally accepted that four types of code clones exist. Type-1 and Type-2 code clones are comparatively straightforward to locate and tools exist to locate them. However, Type-3 and Type-4 code clones are very difficult to locate with only a few specialized tools capable of locating them with a lower level of precision. This dissertation presents a new methodology that discovered code clones by studying the functional behavior of blocks of code. Code Clone Discovery based on Functional Behavior (FCD) located code clone by comparing how the blocks of code reacted to various inputs. FCD stimulated the code blocks with the same input patterns and compared the resulting outputs. When a significant portion of the outputs matched, those blocks were declared to be a code clone candidate. Manual analysis confirmed that those blocks of code were code clones. Since FCD discovered code clones based on their black-box behavior, the actual source code syntax was irrelevant and manual inspection further confirmed FCD located code clones that included Type-3 and Type-4 code clones which are frequently excluded from code clone detection tools. FCD recognized the code clones regardless of whether or not they use identical code, similar code, or totally dissimilar code. This new technique allows for an improvement in software quality and has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of software over its lifetime.

A majority of all fractures in current US armed conflicts are open fractures, in which a soft tissue injury is sustained along with the bone fracture. Even with gold standard treatment, in which muscle flaps are used to cover bony defects, patients often do not regain normal function of their extremity, highlighting the necessity for tissue engineering strategies for this complex clinical problem. Due to a substantial amount of tissue damage and debridement treatment in composite injuries, a large volume of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that are necessary for tissue healing are removed from the body. In the replacement of large volumes of tissue, nutrient transfer necessitates a vascular supply to maintain the viability of delivered cells. The objective of this project was to examine the regenerative potential of engineered matrix constructs and stem cells on composite bone & muscle defects. We hypothesized that stem cells delivered on engineered matrix constructs into the muscle defect will aid in muscle regeneration and promote bone healing, ultimately resulting in superior functional limb recovery. These studies established multiple preclinical platforms for testing tissue engineering strategies as well as models that can be used to gain insights on the healing of VML and composite VML/bone defects. From some of the insights gained on the vascularization of the defect sites, a vascular treatment strategy was tested within these platforms and shown to have varying results in the treatment of complex multi-tissue injuries.

Author: Bc. Alice Pernicová Title: Motor and cognitive consequences of hypoxic-ischemic damage Objectives: The aim of this diploma work was asses the impact of Enriched Environment on development of rats after hypoxic-ischemic damage. Methods: Experiment was performed in 30 Long Evans rats from breeding in Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. All rats were operated for dissection of carotid. Than randomly were half of rats chosen for hypoxic-ischemic damage. Group with hypoxic-ischemic damage were divided into control and experimental group, same procedure was with rats without HIE. For one week were rats from experimental group in special Enriched Environment cage, than they were split into smaller cages with Enriched Environment. Rats from control groups were in normal cages without special equipment. After defined time were all rats tested by chosen test: Reaching test, Ladder rung walking test, Bar holding test, Rotarod test, Morris water maze test, Open filed test. For data analysis were used Microsoft Excel 365, Sigma plot. Results: Results of test showed, that Enriched Environment can positively enhance motoric and cognitive deficit in rat development with hypoxic-ischemic damage. But it is obvious, that Enriched Environment can positively enhance development...

A potência dos membros inferiores e superiores e a agilidade parecem ser parâmetros de avaliação física e técnica associadas com o desempenho no polo aquático (PAq). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar como são as relações entre parâmetros que podem influenciar o desempenho no polo aquático, em jogadores de diferentes categorias (idade, experiência e nível de desempenho). Participaram 63 jogadores de PAq, do sexo masculino, que realizaram três testes: altura do salto vertical na água (absoluta – AAbs e relativa à estatuta - ARel), velocidade da bola após o arremesso (Vel) e agilidade (Agil). Resultados: 137,5 ± 1,7 cm para AAbs, 76 ± 1 % para ARel, 64,1 ± 0,66 km.h-1 para Vel e 3,83 ± 0,05 s para Agil. Considerando as comparações e correlações, nenhum padrão de resultado foi encontrado entre as diferentes categorias, no entanto tratando-se de resultados esportivos, poucos centímetros ou décimos de segundos, mesmo sem diferença estatística, são determinantes para vencer uma partida. Desta forma, pode ser observado que a AAbs e ARel foram maiores em atletas mais experientes e com maior faixa etária; a Vel também é maior em atletas mais experientes, no entanto pode sofrer influência negativa a partir de determinada faixa etária; a agilidade parece sofrer maior influência dos anos de experiência. Avaliando os resultados conclui-se que a altura do salto vertical pode estar mais relacionada com o aprendizado da técnica, já a velocidade com a potência como variável física e a agilidade ser fruto da adaptação à atividade. / The lower and upper limbs’ power and agility seem to be physical and technical parameters associated with performance on the water polo (PAq). The aim of this study was to investigate how these parameters are associated in PAq players of different categories (experience, age and performance level). Ball speed after the shot (Vel), agility (Agil) and vertical jump height in water (absolute – AAbs - and relative to the stature - ARel) were assessed. Sixty-three male PAq players underwent three tests. Results: 137.5 ± 1.7 cm for AABS, 76 ± 1% for ARel, 64.1 ± 0.66 km h-1 for Vel, and 3.83 ± 0.05 s for Agil. Considering the tested comparisons and correlations, no pattern of results was found among the different categories, however in the case of sports scores, few centimeters or deciseconds, even without statistical differences, are crucial to winning a match. Thus, it can be seen that the AAbs and Arel were higher in athletes more experienced and older age; the Vel is also higher in more experienced athletes, however it may suffer negative influence from a certain age group; and agility is more strongly influenced the years of experience. Evaluating the results, it is concluded that height of vertical jump can be most related to learning technique, however the speed with power as physical variable and agility be the result of adaptation to activity.

Skatteverket (The Swedish Tax Agency) offers more than 20 web ser- vices to individuals and even more to corporations. Skatteverket has a vital function in society and it’s important that their web site never goes down. A user may logon to one service with electronic legitimation and later change to another service. The purpose of this thesis is to learn how to monitor a web service from outside, to test a webpage and its functionality and how to a logon automatically with electronic legitima- tion. Monitoring of webpages is offered by many services and tools. WebDriver is an API and engine to navigate a web browser and sup- ports many of the biggest program languages. With support from this tool it is possible to test a webpage and its functionality. It is supported by most web browsers on the market. Examples of tools to automatical- ly test logon with electronic identification are Java Robot and Sikuli. The project resulted in several tools for logon and tests of elements in webpages. / Skatteverket erbjuder fler än 20 webbtjänster för privatpersoner och ännu fler för företag. För en organisation som har en sådan viktig funktion som Skatteverket så är det av största vikt att deras webbplats aldrig går ner eller att vissa delar slutar fungera. En användare loggar in på en tjänst med e-legitimation för att sedan byta till en annan tjänst. Syftet med den här rapporten är att ta reda på hur övervakning av en webbtjänst kan ske utifrån, testa funktionalitet automatiskt på en webbplats och automatisk inloggning med e-legitimation. För övervak- ning av en webbtjänst utifrån så finns många olika tjänster och verktyg. WebDriver är ett applikationsgränssnitt och en motor för att styra en webbläsare med flera olika programspråk. Med hjälp av detta verktyg går det att testa en webbsida och dess funktioner. Stöd finns för de flesta webbläsare på marknaden. Exempel på verktyg för att automatiskt testa inloggning är Java Robot och Sikuli. Arbetet resulterade i flera verktyg för såväl inloggning med e-legitimation som tester för att hitta element på webbsidor.

Computer systems which interact with human users to collect, update or provide information are growing more complex. Additionally, users are demanding more thorough testing of all computer systems. Because of the complexity and thoroughness required, automation of interactive systems testing is desirable, especially for functional testing. Many currently available testing tools, like program proving, are impractical for testing large systems. The solution presented here is the development of an automated test system which simulates human users. This system incorporates a high-level programming language, ATLIS. ATLIS programs are compiled and interpretively executed. Programs are selected for execution by operator command, and failures are reported to the operator's console. An audit trail of all activity is provided. This solution provides improved efficiency and effectiveness over conventional testing methods.

[pt] O teste funcional de software é um desafio enfrentado há muito tempo por desenvolvedores. A complexidade crescente de sistemas computacionais torna esse desafio ainda maior. Uma tendência apontada como possível solução deste problema é o uso de teste baseado em modelos. Inspirada neste paradigma, esta dissertação retrata uma pesquisa sobre o uso de gramáticas como modelos de teste funcional. Modelos gramaticais podem capturar conceitos e comportamentos de um sistema e de seu ambiente usando um nível de abstração de acordo com o objetivo de teste. Eles também podem ser aplicados para descrever casos de teste funcional e guiar a execução de casos de teste gerados num sistema em teste. O resultado desta execução, representado na forma de um veredicto, revela a conformidade do sistema com seus requisitos e especificações. Para explorar o potencial dos modelos gramaticais, este trabalho definiu uma maneira sistemática de gerar e executar massas de teste. Esta solução permitiu a programação de diferentes estratégias de teste. Ela também facilitou a adaptação dos testes a mudanças de requisitos e promoveu o reuso dos testes existentes. Como efeito colateral deste estudo, um processo de teste funcional foi desenvolvido e a arquitetura de apoio aqui introduzida pode ser reutilizada ou estendida por futuras soluções de teste funcional. / [en] Software functional test is a challenge faced by developers for a long time. The growing complexity of computing systems turns this challenge even greater. Model-based testing is a trend pointed out by the academia and the industry as a possible solution to this matter. Inspired by this paradigm, this dissertation depicts a research made on the use of grammars as functional test models. Grammar models can capture concepts and behaviors of a system and its environment at a level of abstraction according to the test goal. They also can be applied to describe functional test cases and guide the execution of the generated test cases against a system under test. The result of this execution, represented as a verdict, reveals the system conformity with its requirements and specifications. In order to explore grammar models potential, this work defined a systematic way to generate and execute a mass of tests. This solution allowed the implementation of different test strategies. It also assisted test adjustment to requirements change and promoted existing tests reuse. As a side-effect of this study, a functional test process was developed and the supporting architecture introduced here may be reused or extended by future functional test solutions.

A potência dos membros inferiores e superiores e a agilidade parecem ser parâmetros de avaliação física e técnica associadas com o desempenho no polo aquático (PAq). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar como são as relações entre parâmetros que podem influenciar o desempenho no polo aquático, em jogadores de diferentes categorias (idade, experiência e nível de desempenho). Participaram 63 jogadores de PAq, do sexo masculino, que realizaram três testes: altura do salto vertical na água (absoluta – AAbs e relativa à estatuta - ARel), velocidade da bola após o arremesso (Vel) e agilidade (Agil). Resultados: 137,5 ± 1,7 cm para AAbs, 76 ± 1 % para ARel, 64,1 ± 0,66 km.h-1 para Vel e 3,83 ± 0,05 s para Agil. Considerando as comparações e correlações, nenhum padrão de resultado foi encontrado entre as diferentes categorias, no entanto tratando-se de resultados esportivos, poucos centímetros ou décimos de segundos, mesmo sem diferença estatística, são determinantes para vencer uma partida. Desta forma, pode ser observado que a AAbs e ARel foram maiores em atletas mais experientes e com maior faixa etária; a Vel também é maior em atletas mais experientes, no entanto pode sofrer influência negativa a partir de determinada faixa etária; a agilidade parece sofrer maior influência dos anos de experiência. Avaliando os resultados conclui-se que a altura do salto vertical pode estar mais relacionada com o aprendizado da técnica, já a velocidade com a potência como variável física e a agilidade ser fruto da adaptação à atividade. / The lower and upper limbs’ power and agility seem to be physical and technical parameters associated with performance on the water polo (PAq). The aim of this study was to investigate how these parameters are associated in PAq players of different categories (experience, age and performance level). Ball speed after the shot (Vel), agility (Agil) and vertical jump height in water (absolute – AAbs - and relative to the stature - ARel) were assessed. Sixty-three male PAq players underwent three tests. Results: 137.5 ± 1.7 cm for AABS, 76 ± 1% for ARel, 64.1 ± 0.66 km h-1 for Vel, and 3.83 ± 0.05 s for Agil. Considering the tested comparisons and correlations, no pattern of results was found among the different categories, however in the case of sports scores, few centimeters or deciseconds, even without statistical differences, are crucial to winning a match. Thus, it can be seen that the AAbs and Arel were higher in athletes more experienced and older age; the Vel is also higher in more experienced athletes, however it may suffer negative influence from a certain age group; and agility is more strongly influenced the years of experience. Evaluating the results, it is concluded that height of vertical jump can be most related to learning technique, however the speed with power as physical variable and agility be the result of adaptation to activity.

A potência dos membros inferiores e superiores e a agilidade parecem ser parâmetros de avaliação física e técnica associadas com o desempenho no polo aquático (PAq). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar como são as relações entre parâmetros que podem influenciar o desempenho no polo aquático, em jogadores de diferentes categorias (idade, experiência e nível de desempenho). Participaram 63 jogadores de PAq, do sexo masculino, que realizaram três testes: altura do salto vertical na água (absoluta – AAbs e relativa à estatuta - ARel), velocidade da bola após o arremesso (Vel) e agilidade (Agil). Resultados: 137,5 ± 1,7 cm para AAbs, 76 ± 1 % para ARel, 64,1 ± 0,66 km.h-1 para Vel e 3,83 ± 0,05 s para Agil. Considerando as comparações e correlações, nenhum padrão de resultado foi encontrado entre as diferentes categorias, no entanto tratando-se de resultados esportivos, poucos centímetros ou décimos de segundos, mesmo sem diferença estatística, são determinantes para vencer uma partida. Desta forma, pode ser observado que a AAbs e ARel foram maiores em atletas mais experientes e com maior faixa etária; a Vel também é maior em atletas mais experientes, no entanto pode sofrer influência negativa a partir de determinada faixa etária; a agilidade parece sofrer maior influência dos anos de experiência. Avaliando os resultados conclui-se que a altura do salto vertical pode estar mais relacionada com o aprendizado da técnica, já a velocidade com a potência como variável física e a agilidade ser fruto da adaptação à atividade. / The lower and upper limbs’ power and agility seem to be physical and technical parameters associated with performance on the water polo (PAq). The aim of this study was to investigate how these parameters are associated in PAq players of different categories (experience, age and performance level). Ball speed after the shot (Vel), agility (Agil) and vertical jump height in water (absolute – AAbs - and relative to the stature - ARel) were assessed. Sixty-three male PAq players underwent three tests. Results: 137.5 ± 1.7 cm for AABS, 76 ± 1% for ARel, 64.1 ± 0.66 km h-1 for Vel, and 3.83 ± 0.05 s for Agil. Considering the tested comparisons and correlations, no pattern of results was found among the different categories, however in the case of sports scores, few centimeters or deciseconds, even without statistical differences, are crucial to winning a match. Thus, it can be seen that the AAbs and Arel were higher in athletes more experienced and older age; the Vel is also higher in more experienced athletes, however it may suffer negative influence from a certain age group; and agility is more strongly influenced the years of experience. Evaluating the results, it is concluded that height of vertical jump can be most related to learning technique, however the speed with power as physical variable and agility be the result of adaptation to activity.

A mobile application has been developed to be used for assistance in crisis scenarios. To assure the application is dependable enough to be used in such scenarios, the application was put under test. This thesis investigates different approaches to functional testing and security testing. Five common methods of generating test cases for functional testing have been identified and four were applied on the application. The coverage achieved for each method was measured and compared. For this specific application under test, test cases from a method called decision table-testing scored the highest code coverage. 9 bugs related to functionality were identified. Fuzz testing is a simple security testing technique for efficiently finding security flaws, and was applied for security testing of our application. During the fuzz test, system security properties were breached. An unauthorized user could read and alter asset data, and it also affected the system's availability. Our overall conclusion was that with more time, creating functional tests for smaller components of the application might have been more effective in finding faults and achieving coverage.