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Differential Effects of Family Context on Noncognitive Ability and School Performance during AdolescenceJodl, Jacqueline Marie January 2015 (has links)
Recent research suggests that the female advantage in educational attainment is driven in part by the differential effect of family background characteristics on the noncognitive skills of males relative to females. Building on this research, this study provides new evidence that links family characteristics and gender differences in noncognitive ability and school performance. Data are drawn from the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Surveys. Multilevel modeling is used to examine how family context relates to gender differences in adolescent externalizing behavior, and how family context relates to gender differences in externalizing behavior and high school grades. Results indicate a strong relationship between externalizing behavior and grades that is not explained by the female advantage in grades. Results also indicate that males are differentially affected by family context and suggest that the pathways through which family structure, noncognitive ability, and school performance operate are different for boys relative to girls. A primary conclusion is that boys’ externalizing behavior is more dependent upon family background characteristics. Findings suggest the need to address both the school and family environments by formulating policies that promote the development of noncognitive skills in school as well as those that remedy family disadvantage in the home.
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The Female Hand: The Making of Western Medicine for Women in China, 1880s–1920sLin, Shing-Ting January 2015 (has links)
This dissertation explores the transmission of Western medicine for women in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century China. It starts from the fundamental presupposition that one cannot reach a proper understanding of the medical knowledge available at the time without investigating the practical experience of doctors, medical students, and their female patients. Focusing on the practice of Western and Chinese missionary practitioners (male and female), including the hospital buildings they erected, the texts they translated, the ways they manipulated their senses in diagnosis and treatment, and the medical appliances they employed for surgery and delivery, I reconstruct these people’s daily-life experiences, while reassessing the broad issues of professionalization and gender, colonial medicine, translation, knowledge making, and interactions between the human body and inanimate materials in a cross-cultural context.
This dissertation first highlights daily life’s contributions to the history of professionalization by examining the on-the-ground, material circumstances of women doctors’ work at the Hackett Medical Complex in the southeast treaty-port city of Canton (Guangzhou). The physical conditions of the missionary hospital and its built environment embodied the multi-layered process through which the concrete elements of Western medicine were circulated, applied, and localized in China’s pluralistic medical landscape. Foregrounding Western missionary physicians and their Chinese students as practitioners who were practicing and learning medicine in a specific medical setting, I argue that the professionalization of medicine for women was not defined through a set of abstract theoretical criteria but was rather embedded in concrete daily practice, in observing, diagnosing, and treating patients.
Drawing evidence from translated medical treatises and manuals, I demonstrate in the second part of the dissertation (Chapter Two) how craft-based, material-centered medical knowledge from the West was disseminated in China via the vehicle of words. Missionary doctors integrated the topic of manual skills into their medical discourse and, hence, could monopolize the realm of pragmatic knowledge generated exclusively from the hospital setting. Here, I underline the role that text played in mobilizing female healing techniques. By doing so, I show how Western-trained physician-translators derived their authority not only as practitioners of women’s reproductive health but also as interpreters of female bodies.
Whereas published words served as a powerful vehicle in spreading speculative ideas, it was not the only channel through which Western medical knowledge was transmitted and acquired. Rather, an account of doctor–patient encounters at the Hackett Medical Complex clarifies the non-discursive modes of knowledge exchange that prioritized the interactions of skills, body, and instruments in translating technical know-how. As I show in this dissertation’s third part (Chapters Three and Four), missionaries created their new norms of medical practice by placing touching and handling at the center of diagnostic practice. Moreover, the apprenticeship approach and potential linguistic barrier between the missionary teachers and their Chinese students meant that a large body of knowledge passed from one to the other more by observation and imitation than by the study of books. Whereas most scholars in this field have characterized the Chinese encounter with Western science as a translation practice relying on texts, I broaden this assessment by exploring a gendered mode of knowing that emphasizes the role of clinical practice and sensory experience.
My fundamental aim in this dissertation is to foreground knowledge transmission and the nature of the women doctors’ work at the level of practice, which was based mostly on their experiences and bodily labor. By focusing this history of profession-in-the-making in the multifarious exchanges between China and the West, I demonstrate how the “expertise” in women’s medicine was generated by doing—that is, by the technical dimension of the social practice of medicine.
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Tracing Tarbiya: Women, Education, and Childrearing in Lebanon and Egypt, 1860-1939Ferguson, Susanna January 2019 (has links)
“Tracing Tarbiya” is a feminist conceptual history of education and upbringing as they were articulated by intellectuals writing in Arabic between the last decades of the Ottoman Empire and the outbreak of the second World War. It focuses on women writers raised in the educational crucible of Beirut and Mount Lebanon who moved to Cairo and Alexandria around 1900 to become theorists of tarbiya, an old Arabic word for cultivation and upbringing that came in the nineteenth century to refer to new structures of formal schooling, new pedagogies, and the feminized labor of childrearing, moral cultivation, and subject formation in the home. Through the work of these writers and others, the concept of tarbiya moved across gender, geography, and sect to enable new political imaginaries: upbringing became the way to shape men and women fit for representative politics, to produce an Arab world capable of facing rising European power, and to refashion Muslim, Christian, and European intellectual traditions for a new age.
"Tracing Tarbiya" makes three main arguments. First, while scholars have highlighted the ongoing importance of affective and embodied practices of subject cultivation within the Islamic tradition, this story shows how new pedagogies based around affect and embodiment captivated both Christians and Muslims between 1860 and 1939. Second, this work traces the ongoing power of discourses about motherhood and childrearing to show how writers in Beirut, Cairo, and Alexandria came to identify tarbiya as the foundation of successful reform, making women, children, and the family into a primary site for political argument and action. Finally, “Tracing Tarbiya” puts gendered discourses about upbringing at the center of the history of representative governance in the Arab world, proposing that a non-Western political concept might help us to better understand the disjuncture between the promises of representative democracy and its actual outcomes in Egypt, Lebanon, and beyond. By adopting conceptual history methods, it shows how debates about tarbiya identified women's capabilities as childraisers as a way to bridge two contradictions central to actualizing liberal political ideals: first, the contradiction between legal equality and human difference, and second, the tension between the promises of mass politics and the desires of reformist elites.
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Moving with Music: Approaches to the Analysis of Movement-Music InteractionsSterbenz, Maeve Ann January 2017 (has links)
In this study I investigate the variegated and complex ways in which music and movement can interact in works that involve both media, such as ballets, modern dance works, music videos, and dance films. My dissertation centers around analyses of pieces in diverse styles and genres; each analysis focuses on different aspects of human movement or movement analysis tools. Some of these concepts – Effort, Space, Body, and Shape – are sourced from Laban Movement Analysis, while others – synchronization, body language, kinesthetic empathy, and form – do not belong to a cohesive system. Taking an intersubjective approach, my analyses highlight instances in which watching co-occurring movement affects my musical perceptions, or vice versa. I also examine conscious interventions on perception, where deliberate changes in perspective, theoretical frameworks, or prioritization of my embodied responses affect the way I hear and see the works. I aim not only to account for structural complexities in movement-music interactions, but also to examine ways in which those interactions participate in articulating identities and politics or in suggesting narrative interpretations. I aim to provide a versatile toolkit that would facilitate the analysis of many different kinds of music-movement interactions. Each chapter outlines two analytical tools and then demonstrates how the tools can be used in an analytical example.
In the first chapter, I investigate the role of body language and movement-music synchronization in a hip hop music video by the rapper Tyler, The Creator. I argue that Tyler’s movements fail to synchronize to the music in straightforward ways and fail to convey the cool confidence that his lyrics purport to. As a result, the movement-music relationship helps to articulate a version of masculinity that can be read as non-normative and politically charged.
In the second chapter, I examine the role of kinesthetic empathy in the perception of choreographic and musical form in the “Rose Adagio” from Tchaikovsky’s and Petipa’s The Sleeping Beauty. While both character and performer inhabit a single onstage body, the observer’s empathetic embodied responses to the dancer may diverge depending on whether she is read as character or performer. This perceptual contrast depends in part on the ballet’s narrative world. The two possible empathetic alignments yield, in turn, divergent analytical observations about the relationship between music and movement.
In the third chapter, I offer an analysis of “Duet” from Lar Lubovitch’s Concerto 622,which is set to the Adagio movement of Mozart’s Clarinet Concerto in A Major K.622. Examining Lubovitch’s choreography helps me to arrive at a more sensitive hearing of the music than I initially expected. Also, in comparing two phrases whose music is nearly identical but which feature different choreography, I find an especially compelling case in support of the proposition that dance affects musical perceptions.
In the final chapter, I consider the role of Body and Shape in Nijinsky’s and Debussy’s Jeux. Movement-music analysis provides support for an interpretation of the ballet that acknowledges a pervasive, yet ultimately unfulfilled sexual desire. Movement-music analysis also sheds light on the ever-changing and moment-focused nature of Debussy’s musical form. Motives are not developed nor organized by a large-scale formal design, but instead give rise to ever new musical ideas, unprepared and unresolved. The ballet’s choreography often helps these rapid and abrupt transitions to cohere.
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The Articulation of Difference: Imagining "Women's Language" between 1650 and the PresentSalvo, Sophie Alexander January 2017 (has links)
This dissertation is an archaeology of so-called Weibersprache. While the concept of feminine language is typically associated with 1970s feminist theory, this study shows that there was a diverse history of conceptualizing “women’s language” prior to this period. I begin with seventeenth-century ethnographic texts that report on a langage des femmes among Island Caribs (by authors such as Jean Baptiste du Tertre, Charles de Rochefort, and Raymond Breton). Shifting genres, I then trace how the idea of a separate women’s language was appropriated by German philology and philosophies of language in the nineteenth century. I show how authors ranging from Wilhelm von Humboldt to Fritz Mauthner reconceptualize Weibersprache to be a universal female phenomenon and present “primitive” women’s languages as evidence for the general alterity of female speech. The second chapter of the dissertation juxtaposes this genealogy of Weibersprache with the nineteenth-century debate over the origin of grammatical gender, and contends that discourses on gendered language constitute an important part of the broader reconfiguration of the sexes during this period. The third chapter moves to literary discourse to show how the notion of women's language fulfills a different discursive function around 1900. With recourse to texts by Robert Musil (Vereinigungen, Drei Frauen), Hugo von Hofmannsthal (Furcht, Elektra), and Walter Benjamin (“Das Gespräch”), I demonstrate how Modernist writers use the idea of an alternative feminine language as a means to test the boundaries of their own literary genres. Once the concept of Weibersprache is reimagined in Modernist literature, it assumes a utopian dimension, which then becomes a central concern for French feminist theory. The fourth chapter offers new readings of feminist theories of language (Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva) by contrasting their focus on textuality with earlier conceptions of Weibersprache that link women’s language to orality. A genealogy of “women’s language” from “primitive” phenomenon to feminist politics in ethnography, philology, literature and theory, this dissertation is an interdisciplinary study of language, sex and gender.
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Inclusive guise of 'gay' asylum : a sociolegal analysis of sexual minority asylum recognition in the UKOlsen, Preston Trent January 2017 (has links)
The United Kingdom’s acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) refugees has been heralded as a progressive shift in asylum law. Indeed, the scope for the protection of sexual minorities under the Refugee Convention has expanded. The interpretation of the Convention definition of refugee in Article 1A(2) has been continuously adapted, especially the “particular social group” (PSG) category as well as the recognised scope of “well-founded fear of being persecuted.” This thesis interrogates how “gay” refugees have been accepted under the Convention. The analysis considers the ways judicial decision-making has constructed the PSG and persecution of sexual minority asylum seekers. The sample consists of 22 appeals from 1999-2011 which were identified as major legal developments, beginning with the first significant recognition of “homosexual” refugees. Several additional tribunal determinations and key international cases are also considered. A socio-legal approach is taken to study the tensions between fluid sociological images of gender and sexuality and the fixed notions of identity found in the law (whether arising from individual cases, formal practice, or state imperatives). Through an examination of the legal discourse in the texts examined, the research deconstructs the jurisprudential debates in order to assess their impact on sexual minorities seeking asylum. This contextual, rather than doctrinal, approach reveals how the jurisprudence often obscures sociologically problematic assumptions made by adjudicators. This analysis offers an original contribution, concluding that UK protection is grounded on the assumption that sexual and gender identity are “immutable.” Far from opening the UK to persecuted sexual minorities, the prevalence of this assumption significantly narrows the apparently “inclusive” construct of the refugee. Building on the findings, the thesis proposes that adjudication should focus on the persecutory intent to suppress non-conforming acts and identities (or norm deviance) in order to identify sexual minority refugees rather than the categories of LGBT. Additionally, framing determination in the terms of relational autonomy develops a better understanding of the conditions necessary to realise a non-conforming sexual and gendered life free of persecution. The concept of norm deviance decentres the assumption of a knowable truth of identity, and relational autonomy asserts that the deprivation of self-determination and rights to relate may constitute a well-founded fear of persecution.
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The Body Salvages: A Collection of New PoemsGilcrest, Mel 01 January 2019 (has links)
The Body Salvages is a collection of contemporary post-confessional poetry. The collection explores familial trauma, grief, sex and gender identity, puberty, dysphoria, and transition. The Body Salvages blends magical realism with memoir until easy certainties are no longer an option; the poems overgrow divisions between experience and identity, fiction and reality, past and present, world and body. Gilcrest draws inspiration from a diverse array of writers, poets, and musicians, including Sharon Olds, Yrsa Daley-Ward, Allen Ginsberg, Walt Whitman, Gabriel García Márquez, Ezra Furman, and Sandro Ortega-Riek.
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THE TRANSGENDER EXPERIENCEMileham, Amanda Lynn 01 June 2016 (has links)
The purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of transgender people and allow participants to have a voice in describing the experience of those in the transgender community. This study was conducted utilizing qualitative analysis through individual interviews with six participants. One of the major key findings of this study was the prevalence of depression among all participants. Another key finding of this study found safety among peers to be an issue for those transitioning from male to female. From the findings, it is imperative for social work practitioners to understand this marginalized community and be sensitive to the issues they face, such as: higher rates of mortality, suicide, substance abuse, and mental health issues.
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Lesbian Gender Identities: An Expansion of Bern's Sex-Role InventoryVan Belthowing, Sheilagh 01 January 2000 (has links)
The central research question of the current study had to do with self - an stereotypically- gendered identities of lesbians. The purpose was to determine the nature and form of gender identity and gender stereotypes among women who self-identify as lesbians, and more specifically, to determine whether or not “gender” means the same to lesbians as it does to heterosexual women. Identity measures were Bern’s (1974) Sex-role Inventory (BSRI) and a butch-femme rating scale. The sample consisted of 65 women who self-identified as lesbian. The lesbians in the current sample did identify more strongly with masculine attributes (Masculinity scale mean = 5.27) than with feminine attributes (Femininity scale means= 5.07). Interestingly, the current sample’s mean Masculinity scores were higher than those of women (heterosexual orientation unknown, and lesbians) in prior research. The majority of butches and femmes identified as masculine and feminine, respectively.
As indicated from prior research subjects, and even more strongly among the lesbians in this study, traits such as “cheerful,” “shy,” “flatterable,” “childlike,” “does not use harsh language,” and “lives children” may no longer be self-descriptions of lesbians or heterosexual women. The lesbians in this study described themselves as assertive and independent and also as nurturant and sensitive. It may be that the terms like “agency” and “emphatic” will in the future be more useful than the dichotomized masculine and feminine labels.
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Gender differentiation in early literacy development : a sociolinguistic and contextual analysis of home and school interactionsRazey, Melissa Anne, University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, Education and Social Sciences, School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning January 2002 (has links)
The role of gender in the social construction of literacy is investigated in some detail. Gender construction is examined by observing and analysing the literacy interactions of six kindergarten children (three boys and three girls) at school and in the home. The analysis shows the ways in which the girls and boys differ in attaining literacy skills, and also reveals the different interactions between the children and their families. The ways literacy is perceived in the home are also noted. The children responded in a much more uniform way in the classroom than they did in their individual home situations. The findings are significant for educational practice because they provide insight into how implicit structuring by teachers can affect the extent of participation of boys and girls in the classroom. The results indicate how analysis in the emergent state of literacy development is critical for a thorough understanding of gender construction. Significant theoretical insights are gained through a methodology using both a microanalysis and a macroanalysis. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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