Within both the scientific discourse on workforce diversity, and diversity management practice, intersexuality and transgender issues have hitherto remained marginalized topics. This chapter gives an overview of the discourses on both phenomena, and proposes starting points for more inclusive organizational diversity management initiatives. It is shown that both topics represent different aspects of the category of "gender". The common practice of conceptually lumping together intersexuality, transgenderism, and sexual orientation can be seen as one important reason that intersexuality and transgenderism are rarely considered in organizational diversity management programs in terms of concrete action. Against this background, a modified, and more integrated approach to structuring the workforce alongside the different dimensions of diversity is proposed. It is shown that the categories of "biological sex and gender", "gender identity", and "sexual orientation" cannot be regarded as being separate from each other. They represent, rather, an interrelated organizational field of action that should be considered as being one interrelated topic for organizational diversity practices. This chapter derives this claim theoretically and discusses the consequences for organizational diversity management practices. For most organizations, this would mean a fundamental rethinking of their goals, in terms of workforce diversity, and the shaping of their diversity management programs.

M.A. / The psychological study of gender has evolved to comprise both dispositional and social cognitive perspectives (Morawski, 1987). Recent theoretical debates within these fields have centred on multifactorial and unifactorial conceptions of gendered factors (Spence, 1993), and the cognitive representation of gender (Howard & Hollander, 1997). This study aimed to investigate specific phenomena implicated in the above approaches. Firstly, it assessed the influence of using gender as a basic-level category (Fiske & Taylor, 1991) for the organisation of person schemas on other elements of the perceivers’ gender belief systems (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998). These elements comprise the use of gender stereotypical perception of others, endorsement of traditional-sexist gender attitudes, and self-identification with expressive and instrumental personality traits (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998). Secondly, the study aimed to explicate the structure of perceivers’ gender belief systems (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998). To this end, multifactorial gender theories (Koestner & Aube, 1995), as explanations of the interrelations of gendered factors, were evaluated. Spence and Sawin’s (1985) multifactorial gender identity theory was specifically scrutinised in this regard. Hypotheses which were informed by sceptical accounts of the theoretical utility of the femininity and masculinity constructs (Spence & Buckner, 1995), gender transcendence theories (Ravinder, 1987c), robust multifactorial findings (Spence & Buckner, 2000), and recent advances in social cognitive theory (Higgins, 2000) were formed based on a review of the relevant literature.. Various self-report measures were utilised to address the research questions. A modified version of Kelley’s (1955) Role Construct Repertory test (Rep test), an Instrumental and Expressive scale (I/E scale) developed by Spence and Buckner (2000), a modified version of the Adjective Check List (ACL-M; Beere, 1990), the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1978), and the Macho Scale (MS; Villemez & Touhey, 1977) were administered to a test sample of university students. The results of the study suggested that elements of the gender belief system relate to one another in complex patterns. Perceivers’ use of gender as a basic-level category was found to partially predict, along with their endorsement of traditional-sexist gender attitudes, the degree to which they implemented societal gender stereotyping. In addition, general multifactorial assumptions regarding gender (Koestner & Aube, 1995) were confirmed in that components of the gender belief system (Deaux & LaFrance, 1998) were shown to have varied interrelations depending on their specific properties (Spence, 1993). Multifactorial gender identity theory (Spence & Buckner, 2000; Spence & Sawin, 1985) received less support, and findings obtained suggested that its conceptions regarding femininity and masculinity as ineffable identity factors to be flawed. Alternative explanations of these findings that reflected gender transcendent and social cognitive insights (Frable, 1997; Freedman & Lips, 1996) better accounted for the results. In conclusion, the present study found considerable individual variance among perceivers’ use of gender as an important basic-level category for person perception. These differences in viewing males and females as fundamentally different human beings (Howard & Hollander, 1997) impacted on how targets (both known and less known) were perceived in terms of ostensibly gendered attributes. In addition, multifactorial conceptions of gender were supported as well as the contention that femininity and masculinity are not theoretically useful heuristics (Morawski, 1987).

The purpose of this research was to investigate the link between gender identity and engagement in three health behaviors—alcohol consumption, marijuana use, and the non-medical use of prescription stimulants. Historically, health research has focused on how biological sex (i.e. male and female) is associated with engagement in health behaviors, thereby ignoring the role that gender identity (i.e. masculine and feminine) plays in making health decisions. The primary goal of this study was to offer a more contemporary understanding of health research by considering gender identity instead of biological sex in order to suggest a more accurate way for researchers to investigate health behaviors and, consequently, develop more effective interventions. A secondary goal of this research was to add to the established literature exploring the close relationships between the three health behaviors. Throughout this paper, sex is used to indicate the biological dichotomy of male and female, and gender is used to indicate the cultural representations of masculinity and femininity. This study uses Social Constructionism, Social Learning Theory, and Gender Schema Theory as theoretical foundations for the hypotheses. The role that gender identity plays in predicting alcohol use, marijuana use, and the non-medical use of prescriptions stimulants in a college-age population was investigated. It was hypothesized that gender identity would be more accurate than sex in predicting engagement in health behaviors. Participants were recruited from several Communication courses at Florida State University during the spring 2017 semester. In total, 205 respondents completed the online survey; ultimately 174 responses were included in data analysis. The Bem Sex-Role Inventory was used to measure gender identity, the AUDIT-C was used to measure alcohol consumption, the UNCOPE was used to measure marijuana use, and the Stimulant Medication Use Questionnaire was used to measure prescription stimulant misuse. The results did not show significant relationships between gender identity or sex and the three health behaviors. However, the results did show significant relationships between the three health behaviors. The results indicate that, in the current sample, neither gender identity nor sex predict alcohol consumption, marijuana use, or the non-medical use of prescription stimulants, though the three health behaviors are related to one another, which supports the literature regarding substance use. / A Thesis submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Spring Semester 2018. / April 18, 2018. / alcohol use, gender identity, health, marijuana use, non-medical use of prescription stimulants, prescription misuse / Includes bibliographical references. / Ulla Sypher, Professor Co-Directing Thesis; Russell B. Clayton, Professor Co-Directing Thesis; Laura Arpan, Committee Member.

The power of Confessional poetry derives in large part from its reputation for telling the truth. Indeed, the very term “confessional” indicates the genre’s status as a discourse of truth. Recent scholarship on Confessional poetry has focused on revealing how the genre is not as authentic or truthful as readers have assumed, and has countered assumptions from earlier critics that Confessional poems are uncritically autobiographical. The relationship between Confessional poetry and truth does not entail the facts of the author’s lives as previously assumed, yet, rather than disassociate Confessionalism from truth altogether, I seek to redefine the relationship. Instead of regarding Confessional poetry as a collection of individual confessions, we should understand the genre more broadly in terms of what U.S. culture considers to be confessional. The truth at the heart of Confessional poetry lies in its revelation of culturally significant information: the sites of our deepest emotions, the topics we vehemently disagree on, the places we feel most vulnerable, and the matters we really care about. Confessions often have cultural significance as they tap into the systems of power that intimately shape people’s lives. The continuing genre of Confessional poetry in the United States reveals the truths of the body, and how the personal is political over generations. I carry out this argument through the poems of several generations of Confessional poets, and through the lenses of class, gender, and race, in order to find what we consider worth confessing, what we do not, and how the content of our confessions evolves or remains over time. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester 2018. / March 23, 2018. / confession, Confessional poetry, gender, race, truth / Includes bibliographical references. / Joann Gardner, Professor Directing Dissertation; Reinier Leushuis, University Representative; Linda Saladin-Adams, Committee Member; Robert Stilling, Committee Member.

Given the expanding role of today’s grandparent within the family, this dissertation seeks to explore the diverse range of grandparenting experiences outside of the commonly studied experience of the caregiving grandparent. Using the 2005-2006 wave of the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG), this study explores underlying types of grandparenting, the social factors that predict membership in the various types, and the association between grandparenting types and subjective well-being. Unlike previous research on non-caregiving grandparents, this study pays greater attention to potential gender differences in grandparenting experiences and uses quantitative techniques to explore variation in grandparenting types. In my first set of analyses, I use latent class analysis (LCA) to develop a typology of grandparents using the following dimensions of grandparent-grandchild relationship quality: distance from grandchildren, frequency of contact, receipt of support, and emotional attachment. Results reveal three latent classes of grandparents derived from two dimensions of grandparent-grandchild relationship quality on which respondents vary—distance from grandchildren and frequency of contact with grandchildren. The three latent classes are labeled Geographically Close/High Contact, Geographically Close/Low Contact, and Geographically Distant/Low Contact. Results from the LCA show different patterns for grandmothers and grandfathers: The Geographically Close/Low Contact class is comprised of significantly more grandfathers (70%), while the Geographically Close/High Contact class and the Geographically Distant/Low Contact class are made up of mostly grandmothers (60%; 61%). I then test if various social factors—including age, gender, number of grandchildren, education, and household income—predict probability of membership in the three grandparenting categories. Surprisingly, gender does not emerge as a significant predictor in the multivariate analyses. However, highlighting the importance of socioeconomic status, household income and education are significantly associated with membership in two of the grandparenting categories: Geographically Close/High Contact and Geographically Distant/Low Contact. Grandparents with higher household incomes have a lower probability of belonging to the Geographically Distant/Low Contact class (p<.05) and a higher probability of belonging to the Geographically Close/High Contact class (p<.01), while grandparents who have attended or graduated from college have a lower probability of belonging to the Geographically Distant/Low Contact class (p<.01). In the second set of analyses, I examine the association between grandparenting type and two measures of subjective well-being: depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Suggesting some evidence of variation in well-being across the different grandparenting categories, Geographically Close/High Contact grandparents report the highest levels of subjective well-being, while Geographically Close/Low Contact grandparents report the lowest levels. However, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression results surprisingly reveal no significant relationship between grandparenting category and either measure of well-being. Taken together, this study builds on previous work by developing a quantitative typology of grandparenting, investigating the social factors that predict membership in the resulting grandparenting types, and examining the association between grandparenting type and subjective well-being. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sociology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2017. / November 13, 2017. / aging, family, gender, grandchildren, grandparenting, grandparents / Includes bibliographical references. / Anne E. Barrett, Professor Directing Dissertation; Marsha Rehm, University Representative; Miles G. Taylor, Committee Member; Koji Ueno, Committee Member.

Ng Chin Pang. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Theories on Sex and the Emergence of Sexual Identity --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Origins and Development on the Concept of Sex in the ""Western"" World" / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Augustine's Notion on Sexual Desire / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Protestant Theology of Sex / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Emergence of ""Western"" Sexual Identity" / Chapter 2.2 --- The Concept of Sexual Desire in China / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Discourse of Sexual Desire in Late Imperial China / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Transformation of Sexual Identity in Modern China: Male Homosexuality as the Verdict / Chapter Chapter3 --- Queer Theory- a Post-colonial Perspective --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Postcolonial Theory as a source of Theology Discourse / Chapter 3.1.1 --- From Colonialism to Post-colonialism / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Building a Hybridized Sexual Ethics / Chapter 3.2 --- Queer Theory as a Source of Theology Discourse / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Queer Theory and Queer Politics / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Queering the Socially Constructed Sexual Identities / Chapter Chapter4 --- A Post-colonial Sexual Theology --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Modes of Discourse / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Transgressive Metaphors / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Hybrid Sexual Theologies / Chapter 4.2 --- A New Framework about Sexual Desire / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Building our Relations in Erotic Desire / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Beyond Sexuality and Spirituality Dichotomy / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion: Building an Inclusive Community / Bibliography --- p.85

"Queer Things" takes the connections between homosexuality and materiality, and those between literary texts and cultural objects, as major repositories of queer history. It scrutinizes the objects that circulate within the works of Oscar Wilde as well as in the output of high fashion designers and the critics and consumers who engaged with them, in order to ask how gay identities and affiliations are formed and expressed through things. Bringing recent critical interest in the subtleties of nineteenth-century "thing culture" into contact with queer theory, I argue that the crowded Victorian object-world was a crucial location not only for the formation of social attitudes about homosexuality, but also for the cultivation of homosexuality's distinctive aesthetics and affective styles. In attending to the queer pleasures activated by material attachments that have otherwise been deployed or disavowed as stereotypes, my project reconsiders some of the most celebrated works of the gay canon, and inserts into it some compelling new ones. Furthermore, in illuminating the Victorian origins of modern gay style and the incipiently modern gayness of Victorian style, it adds nuance and new substance to our understanding of the elaborate material landscapes inhabited by Victorian bodies and represented in Victorian texts. The first part of the dissertation uses extensive archival research to excavate a history of queer men's involvement in women's fashion in the mid-nineteenth century. In the first chapter, juxtaposing accounts of the famous Boulton and Park drag scandal with a simultaneously emerging genre of overwrought fashion criticism, I argue that an (over)investment in fashionable objects and a detailed knowledge of fashionability became important sites for the develop of gay-effeminate social styles. The second chapter positions Charles Worth, founder of the modern system of haute couture, as the progenitor of a queer species of cross-gendered, non-heterosexual relations between male high-fashion designers and female clients. Though they are not based on same-sex eroticism, I argue that these relations deserve consideration as queer. The second part of the dissertation considers the representational functions of objects in several works across the career of Oscar Wilde. The third chapter presents a reading of De Profundis, Wilde's infamously hard-to-read prison letter, which focuses on how the text interweaves anxieties about the transmission of material objects into its complex affective structure. The fourth chapter considers the effects of the risky but irresistible attractions of that letter's addressee, the widely-loathed Bosie Douglas, on Wilde's aesthetic practice. Juxtaposing Bosie's charms with those of Algernon Moncrieff in The Importance of Being Earnest, and then moving to the little-read letters which document the final post-prison years of Wilde's life, I suggest that the frustrating states of intemperance and indolence become sites, for Wilde, of erotic excitement, artistic innovation, and political resistance.

Reproductive controversies are never only about reproduction and health. They serve as proxies for more fundamental questions about citizenship, the state, national identity, class and gender. In a post-colonial context such as the Philippines, where a particular historical relationship between the Church and the state has developed, policymaking on reproduction, sexuality and health answers to both development goals and religious norms. At the same time, women's everyday frameworks of (reproductive) meanings are also inextricably bound with state policies and popular culture. My ethnographic study examines the relationship between state governance, religion, reproductive politics, and competing understandings of embodied sexual morality. My study argues that at the heart of the complex politics involved in policymaking on reproductive health in the Philippines is the entanglement of national and religious identities. Reproductive policy then operates as a frame through which the politics of the nation, religion and the state get filtered and played out. Taking the Philippines as a case study, I focus on women's `lived religion' and practices; the local, national and international institutions and actors that exert influence on reproductive policy and popular sentiment; and how these shape women's reproductive practices in the context of everyday life. Through the women's narratives, I show how class, gender and religion work in tension with one another. Lastly, the study also investigates how the historical entanglement between religion and the state configures practices of governance, such as policymaking, in postcolonial contexts.

My central premise in “Revised Lives” is that four English writers - Margaret Cavendish, Anne Halkett, John Bunyan, and John Milton - use the lineal family as a central trope in the autobiographical writings they write in response to the political and social upheaval caused by the civil wars, interregnum, and Restoration (1637-85). By portraying themselves as dislocated heirs who resolutely uphold their families' political legacies, these writers capitalize on the political power inherent in lineage as a repository of political power comprised both of material objects - people and property - and their symbolic meaning - social status and political influence. After the Restoration, Cavendish, Halkett, Bunyan, and Milton repurpose their prewar and interregnum portrayals of lineage - of which all but Milton's emphasized dislocation and political defeat rather than political triumph - for a new political climate, revising their initial works in new, more fictionalized autobiographical narratives. Autobiography in this period thus reaffirms the impression of the lineal family as a political force from which individual agents emerge. In chapter 1, I show how Margaret Cavendish recasts herself and her parents, as she depicts them in her 1656 memoir “A true Relation” as allegorical characters who model royalist political action in her Restoration fiction “The Blazing World”. Chapter 2 argues that royalist Anne Halkett mitigates her record of ongoing alienation as an exile in Scotland, as recorded in her journal Meditations (1658-99), when she reasserts the power of lineal relationships that she witnessed during the 1650s while a royalist conspirator in her 1678 Autobiography. In chapter 3, I explain why John Bunyan separates the individual journeys of the protagonist Christian and that of his wife and children in his two-part allegory The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678; 1684). By splitting the puritan household into two generations (and two narratives), he portrays a father protecting his family from persecution in order to redress his own involuntary separation from his family, chronicled in the spiritual autobiography Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666). Finally, chapter 4 focuses the relationships between fathers and sons in a selection of John Milton's autobiographical and political poems. In his pre-war and interregnum writings, Milton's sons successfully transform resources they have inherited from their fathers - from education to artistic talent and the legacies of political office - into effective political action. When Milton revisits this model in his Restoration verse tragedy Samson Agonistes (1671), however, he undermines the positive nature of these relationships in Manoa's and Samson's competing interpretations of their family's political legacy. Modern English-language autobiography begins not as a genre solely focused on the story of the self, but, rather, as a genre that uses the lineal family from which the author emerges to construct a political legacy that he or she uses writing to uphold.

Recent research suggests that the female advantage in educational attainment is driven in part by the differential effect of family background characteristics on the noncognitive skills of males relative to females. Building on this research, this study provides new evidence that links family characteristics and gender differences in noncognitive ability and school performance. Data are drawn from the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult Surveys. Multilevel modeling is used to examine how family context relates to gender differences in adolescent externalizing behavior, and how family context relates to gender differences in externalizing behavior and high school grades. Results indicate a strong relationship between externalizing behavior and grades that is not explained by the female advantage in grades. Results also indicate that males are differentially affected by family context and suggest that the pathways through which family structure, noncognitive ability, and school performance operate are different for boys relative to girls. A primary conclusion is that boys’ externalizing behavior is more dependent upon family background characteristics. Findings suggest the need to address both the school and family environments by formulating policies that promote the development of noncognitive skills in school as well as those that remedy family disadvantage in the home.