In this dissertation, I explore Wei shu historiography on the early Northern Wei imperial state, which was founded by the Tuoba Xianbei in the late fourth century C.E. In examining the Wei shu narrative of the Northern Wei founding, I illuminate not only the representation of cultural and imperial authority in the reigns of the early Northern Wei emperors, but also investigate historiography on the pre-imperial Tuoba past. I argue that the Wei shu narrative of Tuoba origins and ancestors is constructed from the perspective of the moment of the Northern Wei founding. Or, to view it the other way around, the founding of the Northern Wei imperial state by Tuoba Gui signifies the culmination of the Wei shu narrative on the early Tuoba. This narrative of the early Tuoba past is of course teleological: Essentially everything in this phase of Tuoba historiography leads up to the moment of the Northern Wei imperial founding, including genealogical descent from a son of Huangdi, who is represented as the Xianbei progenitor, in a remote northern wilderness; the continuous succession of Tuoba rulers that followed; and the journeys that brought the Tuoba out of the wilderness and toward the geographical center. In focusing on the account of the inaugural reign of Tuoba Gui, the Northern Wei founder, and the record of his ritual practice as emperor, I have discovered tensions in Wei shu historiography that I believe signal toward some of the actual cultural contestation that attended the founding of the Northern Wei imperial state. The Wei shu historiography on Buddhism in the early Northern Wei then, I argue, presents an alternative source of authority, one that stands outside both an imperial Han inheritance and a culturally Tuoba tradition.

Book Summary: The third edition of this classic and indispensable work, first published in 1940 and last revised in 1976, has been updated completely for a new generation of students and scholars. Recognizing that the ways in which history is understood and interpreted have changed drastically over the past six decades, the editors have revised 448 articles, replaced 1,360 articles, and added 841 new entries. Gender, race, and social-history perspectives have been added to many entries for the first time. In another departure from the earlier editions, the editors have added maps and illustrations throughout the text, providing helpful visual cues to readers. No library should be without these new volumes."--"The Best of the Best Reference Sources," American Libraries, May 2003.Collects articles, illustrations and photographs, and maps pertaining to notable events in American history.

Cette thèse propose une investigation sur la manière dont les sujets se constituent dans la psychanalyse à partir des discours de vérité qu’ils tiennent sur eux-mêmes. Nous basant sur la pensée de Michel Foucault, nous avons défini pour notre recherche deux orientations méthodologiques : (1) le premier axe consiste à étudier comment les discours de vérité d’une époque déterminent des modalités d’être pour des sujets ; (2) un second axe vise à analyser comment le sujet se constitue par les discours de vérité qu’il énonce à son sujet. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que les différentes modalités de rapport entre le sujet et la vérité procèdent d’une formation historique et que pour comprendre comment la pratique du dire vrai sur soi dans la psychanalyse implique un certain mode de constitution du sujet, il est nécessaire de passer par une analyse de cette pratique d’un point de vue généalogique. Dans la première partie du travail, nous considérons comment certains discours et pratiques porteurs de rapports de pouvoir dans la modernité ont formulés des vérités sur le sujet : l’élaboration d’une anthropologie avec la formation des sciences humaines ; la production d’une science du sujet à partir d’une histoire de la sexualité. Dans la deuxième partie, nous orientons notre recherche sur l’histoire des relations entre le sujet et la vérité à partir de la problématique du gouvernement. Cheminant avec Foucault le long de ses lectures successives de la tragédie Œdipe Roi de Sophocle, nous identifions un lien significatif entre des anciennes pratiques de vérité et des formes de subjectivité, au point que l’établissement de la justice exige que la vérité puisse être dite sous la forme d’un « je ». Mais si celui qui dit la vérité en première personne dans Œdipe est différent de celui qui dit la vérité dans les premiers siècles du christianisme, alors il importe de définir au moyen de quelles techniques et pratiques de vérité le christianisme a introduit une rupture dans l’histoire de la subjectivité entre les anciens modes d’être sujet et ceux qui constituent la généalogie du sujet moderne. Suivant l’hypothèse de Foucault, nous identifions dans cette rupture la formation d’une herméneutique de soi. Dans la troisième partie, nous abordons l’exigence de formulation d’un énoncé de vérité dans l'histoire de la psychiatrie et ses conséquences dans la constitution de la psychanalyse. Le dire vrai sur soi de la psychanalyse doit prendre en compte l’élaboration d’une théorie du sujet qui, en contestant la pensée anthropologique, s’insère dans une science de la sexualité. Le dire vrai sur soi de la psychanalyse pose à nouveau le problème des rapports entre le sujet et la vérité au sein d’une herméneutique de soi, dans la mesure où le sujet de la psychanalyse se constitue dans un rapport étroit à la vérité qui passe nécessairement par le langage, par l’expérience de la finitude et par l’autre. Notre recherche se clôt sur la proposition d’une alternative à ce modèle de subjectivité avec une analyse de la pratique de la parrêsia dans l’Antiquité, pratique qui se déploie à travers une esthétique de l’existence selon les dimensions d’une éthique et d’une politique de soi. / This thesis proposes an investigation on the constitution of subjects in psychoanalysis through discourses of truth. Based on the studies developed by Michel Foucault, we define two methodological orientations for our research: (1) the first one consists in analyzing how the discourses of truth of a historical period determine modalities of being for the subjects; (2) and the second aims to examine how the subject is constituted by the discourses of truth that he tells about himself. Our hypothesis is that the different modalities of relationship between subject and truth have a historical formation and that it is necessary to analyze its genealogy in order to understand how the practice of truth-telling about oneself in psychoanalysis implies a certain constitution of the subjects. In the first part, we consider how some discourses and practices involving power relations in modernity have formulated truths about the subject: the development of an anthropology with the formation of the human sciences; the production of a science of the subject from a history of sexuality. In the second part, we orient our research towards a history of the relationship between subject and truth, considering the problematic of the government. Based on Foucault’s studies on the tragedy Oedipus the King by Sophocles, we identify a significant link between practices of truth in Antiquity and forms of subjectivity; for the establishment of justice, the truth needed to be said by an “I”. But if the first person who tells the truth in Oedipus is different from the first person who tells the truth in the first centuries of Christianity, it would be necessary to define from what techniques and practices of truth Christianity has promoted a rupture in the history of subjectivity between the ways of being subject in Antiquity and those that constitute a genealogy of the modern subject. Following Foucault’s hypothesis, we see in this rupture the establishment of a hermeneutics of the self. In the third part, we discuss the requirement to formulate statements of truth in the history of psychiatry and its consequences for the constitution of psychoanalysis. Truth-telling about oneself in psychoanalysis must consider the elaboration of a theory of the subject that, contesting the anthropological thought, participates in a science of sexuality. Truth-telling about oneself in psychoanalysis relocates the problem of the relationship between subject and truth into the hermeneutics of the self, and this insofar as the psychoanalytic subject is constituted by a close relationship with the truth that necessarily passes through language, the experience of finitude and the other. Finally, we present an alternative to this model of subjectivity through the characterization of the practice of parrhêsia in Antiquity, which encompasses an aesthetic of existence related to an ethics and a politics of the self.

The primary objective of this thesis focuses on the nature of transmission of oral narratives, based on the relationship formed between the recipient and the source. It will be argued that based on the nature of the relationship between these people knowledge is passed on. It will highlight these relationships within a whanau context, especially the koroua and the mokopuna.

Systems of classifications are socially created and historically contingent. New classifications lead to the creation of new categories, new objects and new kinds of people. Over the last thirty years, some of the most successful categories have emerged from the study of seriality. This thesis examines the emergence of three categories of seriality, including serial murder, serial monogamy and serial arson through a genealogical analysis. This thesis argues that seriality is a complex category that involves a host of important attributes, traits, characteristics, social, legal and medical categories, institutions, expertise and knowledge. Combined, these factors shape our understandings and highlight the complexity of seriality by considering important aspects that are too often taken for granted. The focus on three diverse groups of seriality highlights the interdisciplinary nature of seriality and its growing dominance among both public and private discourse.

&quot;Alexander von Humboldt im Netz&quot; ist ein Projekt des Instituts für Romanistik der Universität Potsdam, unter der wissenschaftlichen Leitung von Prof. Dr. Ottmar Ette.<br><br> Die Website verfolgt den Zweck<br><br> - die weltweiten Aktivitäten zu dem großen Forscher und Gelehrten vorzustellen und zu bündeln<br> - mehr Menschen mit dem Denken Alexander von Humboldts vertraut zu machen<br> - einen Überblick über verschiedene Institutionen, Veranstaltungen, Tagungen, Ausstellungen, Projekte, Bibliotheken und vieles mehr zu geben. / &quot;Alexander von Humboldt im Netz&quot; is a project of the Department of Romance Languages and Literature at Potsdam University under the scientific guidance of professor Ottmar Ette.<br><br> is expected to<br><br> - summarize the activities taking place worldwide on Alexander von Humboldt<br> - get a wider public acquainted with Alexander von Humboldts thought<br> - give an overview on different organizations, events, conferences, exhibitions, projects, libraries, and much more related to Alexander von Humboldt

In Sweden, there has been a major change in the role of gambling during the 20th century. Gambling used to be morally and ethically unjustifiable and something to be fought, whereas gambling today is seen as a normal activity, not only accepted by the society, but in some situations something to be en-couraged. The attitude towards gambling is that it stimulates, motivates, encourages creativity, and also brings pleasure and excitement. It generates national incomes, supports organizational activities and has become an im-portant factor in the Swedish regional planning. Today our values concern-ing gambling are governed by the possible immorality that can arise around it, such as risk with illegal activity coupled to gambling and the increasing debate around problem gambling. The ‘normalisation’ of gambling creates new boundaries for what is to be seen as, and what is an acceptable level, of gambling. As a consequence each individual has been given the responsibil-ity to respect this level. New boundaries create series of conflicts associated to what is normal and what is not, and our society has to find an acceptable balance. We have to respect the individual, our individuality, our right to spend our money and leisure time in a way that suits us. On the other hand, the society has a responsibility towards its citizens to make sure gambling will have no negative social consequences. This dissertation studies Swedish parliament documentation on gambling applying Michel Foucault’s method of genealogy. Starting from his theory of power a description of the development of the Swedish debate on gambling is given. It thereby sheds light on the game of truth within a discourse as well as the disciplinary impact discourses have on society.

Clones are a matter of great concern to the software engineering community because of their dual but contradictory impact on software maintenance. While there is strong empirical evidence of the harmful impact of clones on maintenance, a number of studies have also identified positive sides of code cloning during maintenance. Recently, to help determine if clones are beneficial or not during software maintenance, software researchers have been conducting studies that measure source code stability (the likelihood that code will be modified) of cloned code compared to non-cloned code. If the presence of clones in program artifacts (files, classes, methods, variables) causes the artifacts to be more frequently changed (i.e., cloned code is more unstable than non-cloned code), clones are considered harmful. Unfortunately, existing stability studies have resulted in contradictory results and even now there is no concrete answer to the research question "Is cloned or non-cloned code more stable during software maintenance?" The possible reasons behind the contradictory results of the existing studies are that they were conducted on different sets of subject systems with different experimental setups involving different clone detection tools investigating different stability metrics. Also, there are four major types of clones (Type 1: exact; Type 2: syntactically similar; Type 3: with some added, deleted or modified lines; and, Type 4: semantically similar) and none of these studies compared the instability of different types of clones. Focusing on these issues we perform an empirical study implementing seven methodologies that calculate eight stability-related metrics on the same experimental setup to compare the instability of cloned and non-cloned code in the maintenance phase. We investigated the instability of three major types of clones (Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3) from different dimensions. We excluded Type 4 clones from our investigation, because the existing clone detection tools cannot detect Type 4 clones well. According to our in-depth investigation on hundreds of revisions of 16 subject systems covering four different programming languages (Java, C, C#, and Python) using two clone detection tools (NiCad and CCFinder) we found that clones generally exhibit higher instability in the maintenance phase compared to non-cloned code. Specifically, Type 1 and Type 3 clones are more unstable as well as more harmful compared to Type 2 clones. However, although clones are generally more unstable sometimes they exhibit higher stability than non-cloned code. We further investigated the effect of clones on another important aspect of stability: method co-changeability (the degree methods change together). Intuitively, higher method co-changeability is an indication of higher instability of software systems. We found that clones do not have any negative effect on method co-changeability; rather, cloning can be a possible way of minimizing method co-changeability when clones are likely to evolve independently. Thus, clones have both positive and negative effects on software stability. Our empirical studies demonstrate how we can effectively use the positive sides of clones by minimizing their negative impacts.

Since the mid-20th century in the United States, there have been several reform movements within mathematics education; each movement has been subject to its own unique socio-cultural and -political forces. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ (NCTM) Standards documents—Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989), Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (1991), Assessment Standards for School Mathematics (1995), and Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000)—not only represent the most recent of these reform movements but also the most enduring. Collectively, these documents have formed a discourse (cf. Foucault, 1969/1972)—Standards-based mathematics education—that has guided mathematics education through the 1990s and beyond. This study uses Foucaultian archaeological and genealogical methods (cf. Foucault, 1969/1972, 1975/1995) to explore Standards-based mathematics education as a “discursive formation” (Foucault, 1969/1972) and the complex power relations (cf. Foucault, 1976/1990) that made it possible for the formation to become The discourse of school mathematics, making others impossible. Data for the exploration includes the Standards documents, earlier histories of the NCTM Standards moment, scholarly and policy literature surrounding the NCTM documents, and oral history interviews with several of the writers of the NCTM documents. The study presents a historical narrative of mathematics education in the 20th century that both contextualizes Standards-based mathematics education and problematizes NCTM’s efforts; a key focus is the strategy that NCTM deployed to maintain the viability of Standards-based mathematics education as a discourse. Foucault’s (1984) “author function” is used to address the ways that the writers, externalities, and NCTM as an organization “authored” the Standards documents. The study concludes arguing that perpetuating the discursive formation of Standards-based mathematics education is neither good nor bad but only dangerous; therefore, it requires mathematics educators to maintain a sense of pessimistic activism related to present and future reform efforts (cf. Foucault, 1983/1997).

Thesis (M.A.) in English--University of Maine, 2009. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-91).