The Natashquan river is one of several rivers flowing to the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Labrador-Ungava, which have deposited large quantities of sediment at their mouths since the end of the last glacial period. The Natashquan deposit is composed largely of coarse and medium grained sand. Downwarping of the North Shore, resulting from the weight of ice during the Pleistocene, was followed by emergence during and after the deglaciation. Although isostatic recovery is not yet complete, the depositional sand surface has been lifted above sea-level, and has been subjected to a variety of sub-aerial processes which have produced well-defined physiographic features.

The role of Labrador-Ungava as one of the main gathering grounds of the Pleistocene ice caps, and one of the final centres of wastage was recognised as long ago as 1896 by the government geologist A. P. Low. In spite of its obvious importance in the glacial history of North America, Labrador-Ungava has received but scant attention from research workers in the field of glacial geomorphology or geology, due mainly to the inaccessibility and uncertain weather of the peninsula.

As part of the general investigation into the deglaciation of central Labrador-Ungava, a study is made of the glacial drift forms in the Schefferville area. The principal method of examination of the till is by fabric analysis. An elaborate method of field procedure and statistical plotting of the till fabric analyses is described and adopted. The drift forms appear generally to have been deposited sub-glacially from stagnant or slowly-moving ice. The till fabric analyses suggest that in the Schefferville district the last movement of ice was from the north, and lends support to the proposal of an ice divide near Kivivic Lake.

During the summer months of 1961, measurements of the albedo of sub-Arctic surfaces in the Labrador-Ungava peninsula were undertaken. From chartered aircraft the parameter was measured over the major vegetarian cover-types previously studied and classified by a group of McGill workers. Ground measurements of albedo were also undertaken. A description of the instrumentation and its problems is presented in Chapter II. In Chapter III the flight coverage of the peninsula in relation to the vegetation cover-types is discussed. Chapter IV discusses the representative values of albedo together with the phenomenon of different albedo values under direct or diffuse solar radiation.

<p> Many studies of the relationship among neighborhood demographics, school crime, and academic performance rely on broad categories of crime, such as a generalized number of crime incidents or suspensions. This study investigates these relationships by using specific crime categories not explored previously. The primary assumption, often made in studies of school-level phenomena, being challenged is that substance possession should be categorized with other types of school crime. This assumption is not supported by studies of adolescents and substance use. The current study found that most categories of school crime are associated with poor academic performance, single-parent homes, and low economic status while substance use and possession are not. Regression models found that family structure is a more important factor than poverty in driving school crime. Strong within-school associations among reports of robbery, battery, and assault with a deadly weapon were also found. </p>

The purpose of this research was to develop an understanding of the motivating and demotivating factors for teaching geography. The research examined what aspects of policy, preparation, administration, etc. affect a teachers desire to teach geography concepts in the (K)-12 classroom. By understanding these factors, organizations and programs can begin to mitigate them with the intention of encouraging teacher to teach quality geography concepts, and ultimately produce students with increased geographical knowledge and literacy. The research created a set of primary source data that will be utilized for further research and strategic planning. The research will assist the Montana Geographic Alliance with its objectives, as well as provide a foundation for strengthening geography education in Montana. The research is in alignment with the recommendations made by the Road Map Project in 2013. The Road Map project is a multi-organization plan that brought together National Geographic Society, the Association of American Geographers, the National Council for Geographic Education, and the American Geographical Society. The meetings of these groups resulted in a comprehensive plan to understand the needs of geography education in the nation, and suggested methods of encouraging geography by ways of directing instructional materials and professional development, assessment, and geography education research. The research was conducted to gain an understanding of teaching motivations and aligned with the recommendations indicated in the geography education research section. By following those recommendations, the research will assist The University of Montana, particularly the Department of Geography, with understanding the reasons why an individual pursues teaching geography, and how they can better serve those pre-service teachers who may be interested in specializing in geography. The research consisted of a sequential exploratory strategy that included in-depth interviewing and surveying of sixty-five Montana K-12 teachers.

Habitat suitability modeling has become a valuable tool for wildlife managers to identify areas of suitable habitats for management and conservation needs. The Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) has been the focus of many modeling efforts, however, the current models guiding goshawk management on the Lewis and Clark National Forest may not fully capture the unique habitat characteristics that the goshawk is actually selecting for nesting habitat. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to explore the use of Maxent for modeling suitable goshawk nesting habitat on the Lewis and Clark National Forest in central Montana. However, goshawk territoriality and their use of alternate nest locations creates, spatial autocorrelation between the nest locations (nest locations that occur close to one another are not independent) and can complicate the development of a habitat suitability model. Spatial autocorrelation can have drastic effects on model prediction and can lead to false conclusions about ecological relationships, but when accounted for can lead to insights that may have been otherwise overlooked. As a result, this study also explored the use of eigenvector filters as additional explanatory variables to assist in filtering out the effects of spatial autocorrelation from the modeling effort. Furthermore, this study evaluated the difference in model outputs using different resampling methods (bootstrap and cross-validation) and number of variables to determine the differences between models. The results of the study showed that the use of eigenvector filters not only improved model performance and reduced commission error, but created more precise predictions of suitable habitat. Furthermore, this study also found that using bootstrap methods and all biologically relevant environmental variables (with the additional of eigenvector filters) provided the best overall model. However, wildlife managers should closely review the methods and results provided in this study and choose the model that best suits their available data and management needs.

Second homes as phenomenon in Human Geography has been researched in some detail in developed countries, but considerably little research has been presented on this phenomenon in the developing world. The existing research focuses mainly on economic issues related to second home development â but this research was specifically undertaken better to understand the social perspectives and resultant impacts of this phenomenon on rural communities. Economic issues also came into play, but the main focus was to unravel the social intricacies that second homes bring to a rural environment. Rosendal in the Eastern Free State of South Africa was used as a case study and included the predominantly white town of Rosendal, the black township of Mautse and the surrounding farming community. The area is known as a retreat for city dwellers from the Gauteng region and the capital of the Free State province, namely Bloemfontein. The literature review revealed that social and economic impacts of second home development on host communities, worldwide and locally, play an important role and contribute to the shift of communities from a productivist to post-productivst countryside. Furthermore, social change serves to undermine the social utility of traditional farming â resulting in a differentiated or post-productivist countryside of which second home development is an example. A mixed methods approach within the interpretivist paradigm was utilised for this thesis, where a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research was implemented. Furthermore, a case study approach was used because the study wanted to provide a platform and agenda for future studies on social impacts of second homes. Case studies within the interpretivist paradigm have received relatively little attention from social scientists, especially geographers â therefore it may be argued that this is new territory for second home research in South Africa. The findings revealed that research in South Africa on people with lower incomes as second home owners is almost completely absent. One of the main contributions of this study therefore, is the unraveling of the socio-economic profiles of lower income earners who have second homes, and do not necessarily come from cities. Secondly, research on high amenity rural places often focuses on the potential impacts of rapid growth in tourism and second home ownership on the âhostâ community. Part of this worldwide research is the seasonal and weekend resident attachment to such a landscape, but for the current study farm dwellersâ migration was also researched â dwellers who travel during month-ends to town locations or âinformal dwellingsâ, which may lead to the erosion of (or in constructive terms rather change in) the existing socio-cultural fabric, as rural values are mixed with the urban (and farm) values of incomers. Thirdly it was found that the six indicators of a post-productivist countryside of Wilson and Rigg (2003) can only be partially applied to the current case study. This indicates that developing countries are probably moving partially to a post-productivist state in the rural areas, but that certain factors not known to developed countries are also at work and contribute to permutations of the mentioned indicators. The thesis closes with a suggestion that post-productivist theory may have to be reviewed for developing country environments.

in earth sciences (soil science). Variance of Kriging is often proposed as a statistical technique with superior mathematical properties such as a minimum error variance. However, the robustness and simplicity of IDW motivate its continued use. This research aims to compare the two interpolation techniques (Inverse Distance Weighting and Kriging), as well as to evaluate the effect of sampling density on mapping accuracy of soil properties with diverse spatial structure and diverse variability in a quest to improve interpolation quality for soil chemical property mapping. The comparison of these interpolation methods is achieved using the total error of crossvalidation and validation statistics. Mean Prediction Error and Root Mean Square Error are calculated and combined to determine which interpolator produced the lowest total error. The interpolator that produced the lowest total error portrays the most accurate soil property predictions of the study area. The finding of this study strongly suggests that the accuracy achieved in mapping soil properties strongly depends on the spatial structure of the data. This was clearly visible, in that, when the subset training data set was decreased, the total error increased. The results also confirmed that systematic sampling pattern provides more accurate results than random sampling pattern. The overall results obtained from the comparison of the two applied interpolation methods indicated that Kriging was the most suitable method for prediction and mapping the spatial distribution of soil chemical properties in this study area.

<p> A micro-scale geographical analysis of one community garden in St. Louis was carried out in order to discover what gardeners grew, why they grew those plants, and why they organized their garden plots the way they did. A plant survey was used to discover what the gardeners were growing. Semi-structured field interviews were conducted with ten gardeners to explore why they grew the plants they did. A combination of interviews and garden plot maps were used to explore why the gardeners organized their gardens the way they did. </p><p> The community gardeners were found to make decisions about their gardens by first considering their past gardening experiences and personal preferences. They then made plant choice and garden layout decisions based on aesthetics, the influence of other people, and to try and maximize their garden. These factors led the gardeners to select certain plants at different frequencies than home gardeners. In particular they grew greens at a much higher rate and crops that required a lot of space and time to reach maturity at a lower rate than home gardeners. The results also revealed that the garden had a definite sense of place for the members. It was not just a production landscape, it was an extension of the gardeners' living space where they learned, taught, and shared with each other.</p>