Optimization problems lie at the core of improving performance in various tasks, ranging from day-to-day work scheduling to coordinating robots in a warehouse fulfillment center. Distributed swarm systems provide a robust and adaptive solution approach to many optimization problems. Instead of using one really sophisticated agent, multiple smaller less sophisticated agents can provide the flexibility to evaluate more options and still provide a "good" answer. This dissertation uses graphs to model, analyze, and simulate swarm behavior, primarily to predict the time-to-converge (TTC) and success probability. First, we use a bipartite model for the distributed best-of-N problem, and show how the model can be represented as a Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC). Second, we analyze useful theoretical properties of DTMCs, and parameters from DTMCs are tuned to mimic behavior in existing agent-based simulations, enabling more precise analysis of these algorithms and verifying the usefulness of the graph-based abstraction. We then use Graph Neural Networks to take these DTMCs as input and learn the structure of the graphs. These structures allow us to see relationships between different states of the swarm, like the success or the failure state. The performance of these graph neural networks is then analyzed for classification tasks, specifically whether the swarm is slow or fast, and how successful the swarm is likely to be. We see that inductive learning on efficiently sampled ABMs can lead to high F1 scores on performance classification.

A labeled embedding of a planar graph G is a pair (G, g) consisting of a planar drawing G of G and a function g assigning labels (colors) to the faces of G. We study the problem of Embedding Restriction Satisfiability (ERS) that investi- gates whether a given graph has a labeled embedding satisfying a provided set of conditions. ERS is a relatively new problem, so not much is known about it. Nevertheless, it has great potential. It generalizes several problems looking for a particular drawing of a planar graph, such as the problem of Partially Embedded Planarity. Therefore, ERS may become a focal point in the area of graph draw- ing. In this thesis, we examine the computational complexity of ERS. We show that ERS is NP-complete. After that, we look at the complexity of some specific classes of its instances. We try to locate the boundary between the NP-complete and the polynomial variants of the problem. 1

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T16:57:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leila Roling Scariot da Silva - 2015.pdf: 821704 bytes, checksum: afe6afd0f3cea67708178512b59c2c09 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-07T12:10:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leila Roling Scariot da Silva - 2015.pdf: 821704 bytes, checksum: afe6afd0f3cea67708178512b59c2c09 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T12:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leila Roling Scariot da Silva - 2015.pdf: 821704 bytes, checksum: afe6afd0f3cea67708178512b59c2c09 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Given a graph G, a defensive alliance of a set of vertices A⊆V(G) satisfying the condition that for each v ∈ A, |N[v] ∩ A| ≤ |N[v] − A|. The set S is an offensive alliance if the inaquality holds for every v ∈ N[S]−S. A alliance A is called global if is also a dominant set. In this paper, we establish lower bounds for Simplicial Graphs and further give closed formulas and upper bounds to decide the global, defensive, offensive, alliance numbers for lexicographic product of paths, cycles, stars and complete graphs. We establish a relationship to global defensive alliance numbers and complementary prism product to graphs. / A aliança é um conceito introduzido por Hedetniemi, Hedetniemi e Kristiansen em 2004, onde foram classificadas em defensiva, ofensiva ou poderosa. Informalmente, podemos entender uma aliança como uma coleção de entidades tal que a união é mais forte do que o indivíduo. Uma aliança, de qualquer entidade, pode tanto servir para proteção contra ataques, quanto para aumentar a capacidade para atacar outras entidades. Toda aliança é global se for um conjunto dominante. A complexidade computacional e aplicações para a defesa nacional, redes de computadores, distribuição computacional e redes sociais são exemplos que motivam os estudos sobre alianças em grafos. Neste trabalho nós lidamos com alguns limites e fórmulas fechadas de algumas famílias de produto lexicográfico para obter o número mínimo da aliança defensiva global e aliança ofensiva global e apresentamos uma relação entre grafos gerais e sua aliança defensiva global para prisma complementar, bem como obtivemos limites para algumas famílias de grafos como grafos simplicias.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A noÃÃo de DecomposiÃÃo em Ãrvore foi introduzida por Robertson e Seymour em sua sÃrie de artigos sobre menores de grafos e pode ser definida, intuitivamente, como uma organizaÃÃo dos vÃrtices e arestas do grafo em uma estrutura de Ãrvore, sendo a largura da decomposiÃÃo igual ao tamanho do maior subconjunto de vÃrtices relacionado a um nà desta estrutura menos um. A largura mÃnima de uma decomposiÃÃo em Ãrvore de um grafo G à chamada de largura em Ãrvore de G. VÃrios problemas difÃceis podem ser resolvidos em tempo polinomial, dada uma decomposiÃÃo em Ãrvore de largura limitada, como, por exemplo, Ciclo Hamiltoniano, Conjunto Independente MÃximo, Isomorfismo, ColoraÃÃo de VÃrtices, etc. A complexidade dos algoritmos que resolvem tais problemas sÃo geralmente exponenciais na largura da decomposiÃÃo fornecida. Logo, à esperado que encontrar uma decomposiÃÃo de largura mÃnima seja um problema difÃcil. De fato, Arnborg, Corneil e Proskurowski [2] mostraram que o problema à NP - difÃcil. O problema de encontrar a largura em Ãrvore de um grafo qualquer à o objeto de estudo da presente dissertaÃÃo de mestrado. Uma restriÃÃo desse problema à o de decidir, para um inteiro k fixo, se a largura em Ãrvore de G à no mÃximo k. Apresentamos a prova de que o problema para k fixo pode ser resolvido polinomialmente. Na Ãltima dÃcada foram propostas vÃrias heurÃsticas que fornecem limites superiores para o problema [3, 10], heurÃsticas para o cÃlculo de limites inferiores [6, 8, 11], alÃm de mÃtodos enumerativos [5] e algoritmos aproximativos [1, 7, 4]. PorÃm, nenhum resultado obtido pode ser considerado bom, uma vez que nÃo existe um benchmark para o qual se conhece a largura em Ãrvore e os limites inferiores e superiores tÃm se mostrado muito distantes. AlÃm disso, o algoritmo enumerativo existente mostrou-se ineficiente mesmo para o problema de decisÃo com k fixo em valores pequenos (por exemplo, k = 4) [12]. à neste quadro que propomos um mÃtodo enumerativo para o problema. Na verdade, abordamos o problema de triangularizaÃÃo, que à equivalente ao problema de decomposiÃÃo em Ãrvore. Isso nos permitiu a proposta de uma nova representaÃÃo para uma soluÃÃo do problema que utiliza o conceito de ordens totais. Uma vez que as soluÃÃes podem assim ser representadas, um algoritmo que enumere as extensÃes totais de uma dada ordem parcial pode ser utilizado para enumerar todas as soluÃÃes do problema, bastando que fornecemos uma ordem que contenha apenas os pares reflexivos vv, onde v à um vÃrtice do grafo de entrada. O mÃtodo enumerativo proposto à uma modificaÃÃo do algoritmo de CorrÃa e Szwarcfiter [9]. Esta modificaÃÃo faz com que apenas as extensÃes totais da ordem fornecida seja enumerada. O algoritmo apresenta duas principais vantagens com relaÃÃo ao mÃtodo enumerativo proposto por Bodlaender e Kloks: pode ser utilizado juntamente com o mÃtodo âbranch and boundâ; e pode enumerar um sub-espaÃo de soluÃÃes, o que pode ser Ãtil caso se conheÃa algumas relaÃÃes existentes na soluÃÃo Ãtima, ou mesmo para investigar determinados sub-espaÃos de soluÃÃes. Implementamos e testamos o algoritmo proposto, aplicando o mÃtodo âbranch and boundâ e restringindo o espaÃo de soluÃÃes. As ordens parciais utilizadas para definir os sub-espaÃos explorados foram obtidas baseando-se nas heurÃsticas de limite superior que utilizam rotulaÃÃo. Infelizmente, nÃo obtivemos bons resultados, pois, mesmo restringindo o espaÃo de busca, a quantidade de nÃs gerados da Ãrvore de âbranch and boundâ foi muito grande, excedendo a quantidade de memÃria disponÃvel da mÃquina utilizada para os testes. No texto da dissertaÃÃo apresentamos tambÃm um estudo da complexidade do problema, um algoritmo para calcular uma decomposiÃÃo em Ãrvore Ãtima de um grafo cordal, alÃm das vÃrias heurÃsticas para o cÃlculo de limites superiores e inferiores existentes. AlÃm disso, implementamos e testamos as heurÃsticas de limite superior que utilizam rotulaÃÃo e uma heurÃstica GRASP, tendo sido o primeiro estudo de uma aplicaÃÃo da meta-heurÃstica GRASP para o problema de decomposiÃÃo em Ãrvore. / The notion of Tree Decomposition was introduced by Robertson and Seymour in their seris of articles about graph minors and can be intuitively seen as an organization of the vertices and edges of the graph in a tree structure, being the treewidth equal to the size of the largest subset of vertices minus one. The minimum treewidth over all tree decompositions of a graph gives us the treewidth of the graph. Many hard problems can be polinomially solved for a graph G if a tree decomposition with bounded treewidth of G is given. For instance, hamiltonian cycle, maximum independent set isomorphism, vertex coloring, etc. The complexity of the algorithm that solves such problems are generally exponential on the width of the given tree decomposition. So, we can expect that finding a tree decomposition of minimum width is hard. In fact, Arnborg, Corneil and Proskurowski [2] showed that the problem os NP-hard. The problem of finding the treewidth of a graph is the subject of this thesis. The decision variation of the problem is, given a graph G and for a fixed integer k, deciding if the treewidth of G is at most k. We discuss a proof that the decision problem can be polynomially solved. In the last decade were proposed many heuristics for computing upper bounds [3, 10], lower bounds [6, 8, 11], enumeration methods [5] and approximative algorithms [1, 7, 4]. However, none of these results can be considered as good ones, since there is no benchmarks for with the treewidth is known, as well as the difference between the lower and upper bounds for the existing benchmarks is very large. Additionally, the enumeration method was showed to be inefficient even for the decision problem with k fixed in small values (e.g., k = 4) [12]. So, we propose another enumeration method for the problem that can be used along with branch and bound techniques. Actually, we work with the triangulation problem that is equivalent to the tree decomposition problem. We propose a new representation of a solution, wich uses the concept of total orders. Once a solution ca be represented like that, an algorithm that enumerates all the total extensions of a given partial order can be used to enumerate all solutions for the tree decomposition problem, as long as we offer the partial order containing only the reflexive pairs vv, where v is a vertex of the input graph. The proposed enumeration method is a modification of the CorrÃa and Szwarcfiter algorithm [9]. This modification allows only the total extensions to be enumerated. The algorithm presents two principal advantages over the Bodlander and Kloks method: it can be used in conjunction with the Branch and Bound method; and it can enumerate a subspace of solutions, what can be useful if we know some existing relations in an optimal solution, or even to investigate such subspaces in order to characterize them. We have implemented and tested the proposed algorithm, applying the branch and bound method and restricting the subspace of solutions. The partial orders used to define the explored subspaces were obtained based on the labeling heuristics for finding upper bounds. Unfortunately, we did not obtain good results because, even when we restricted the subspace of solutions to be searched, the number of nodes generated in the branch and bound tree was too large, exceeding the machineâs memory capacity. In the text, we also present the proof of the NP-hardness of the problem, an algorithm to compute an optimal decompostion of a chordal graph, and also the many existing heuristics to compute lower and upper bounds. In addition, we implemented and tested the labeling heuristics for upper bounds and a GRASP heuristic, being the first application of a GRASP meta-heuristic to the problem.

Message Sequence Charts are a visual representation of the system specification which shows how all the participating processes are interacting with each other. Message Sequence Graphs provide modularity by easily allowing combination of more than one Message Sequence Charts to show more complicated system behavior. Requirements modeled as Message Sequence Graphs give a global view of the system as interaction across all the participating processes can be viewed. Thus systems modeled as Message Sequence Graphs are like sequential composition of parallel process. This makes it very attractive during the requirements gathering and review phases as it needs inter-working between different stakeholders with varied domain knowledge and expertise – requirements engineers, system designers, end customers, test professionals etc. In this thesis we give a detailed construction of a finite-state transition system for a com-connected Message Sequence Graph. Though this result is fairly well-known in the literature there has been no precise description of such a transition system. Several analysis and verification problems concerning MSG specifications can be solved using this transition system. The transition system can be used to construct correct tools for problems like model-checking and detecting implied scenarios in MSG specifications. There are several contributions of this thesis. Firstly, we have provided a detailed construction of a transition system exactly implementing the message sequence graph. We have provided the detailed correctness arguments for this construction. Secondly, this construction works for general Message Sequence Graphs and not limited to com-connected graphs alone, although, we show that a finite model can be ensured only if the original graph is com-connected. Also, we show that the construction works for both synchronous and asynchronous messaging systems. Thirdly, we show how to find implied scenarios using the transition model we have generated. We also discuss some of the flaws in the existing approaches. Fourthly we provide a proof of undecidability argument for non com-connected MSG with synchronous messaging.

In the study of list colorings of graphs, we assume each vertex of a graph has a specified list of colors from which it may be colored. For planar graphs, it is known that there is a coloring for any list assignment where each list contains five colors. If we have some vertices that are precolored, can we extend this to a coloring of the entire graph? We explore distance constraints when we allow the lists to contain an extra color. For lists of length five, we fix $W$ as a subset of $V(G)$ such that all vertices in $W$ have been assigned colors from their respective lists. We give a new, simplified proof where there are a small number of precolored vertices on the same face. We also explore cases where $W=\{u,v\}$ and $G$ has a separating $C_3$ or $C_4$ between $u$ and $v$.

Spatial graphs with 4–valent rigid vertices and two single valent endpoints, called assembly graphs, model DNA recombination processes that appear in certain species of ciliates. Recombined genes are modeled by certain types of paths in an assembly graph that make a ”oper pendicular ” turn at each 4–valent vertex of the graph called polygonal paths. The assembly number of an assembly graph is the minimum number of polygonal paths that visit each vertex exactly once. In particular, an assembly graph is called realizable if the graph has a Hamiltonian polygonal path. An assembly graph ɣ^ obtained from a given assembly graph γ by substituting every edge of γ by a loop is called a loop-saturated graph. We show that a loop- saturated graph ɣ^ has an assembly number a unit larger than the size of ɣ. For a positive integer n, the minimum realization number for n is defined by Rmin(n) = min{|ɣ| : An(ɣ) = n}, where |γ| is the number of 4-valent vertices in γ. A graph γ that gives the minimum for Rmin(n) is called a realization of assembly number n. We denote by Rmin(n) the set of realization graphs for n. We prove that loop-saturated graphs with assembly number nachieve the upper bound of Rmin(n). If a simple assembly graph γ has no loops then γ is not in Rmin(n). With the introduction of left –additive, right–additive and middle additive operations, we study the properties of assembly graphs when composing increases their assembly number. We also introduce the notion of height sequence, a non-increasing sequence of positive integers, that counts the number of 4-valent vertices which the polygonal paths contain. We show properties of a height sequence for loop–saturated graphs. Assembly graphs are represented by double-occurrence words called assembly words. An assembly word is strongly-irreducible if it does not contain a proper subword that is also a double-occurrence word. We prove that, for every positive integer n there is a strongly-irreducible assembly graph with assembly number n, and if a simple assembly graph is strongly-irreducible, then γ ̸∈ Rmin(n).

This thesis considers spectral approaches to finding maximum cocliques in graphs. We focus on the relation between the eigenspaces of a graph and the size and location of its maximum cocliques. Our main result concerns the computational problem of finding the size of a maximum coclique in a graph. This problem is known to be NP-Hard for general graphs. Recently, Codenotti et al. showed that computing the size of a maximum coclique is still NP-Hard if we restrict to the class of circulant graphs. We take an alternative approach to this result using quotient graphs and coding theory. We apply our method to show that computing the size of a maximum coclique is NP-Hard for the class of Cayley graphs for the groups $\mathbb{Z}_p^n$ where $p$ is any fixed prime. Cocliques are closely related to equitable partitions of a graph, and to parallel faces of the eigenpolytopes of a graph. We develop this connection and give a relation between the existence of quadratic polynomials that vanish on the vertices of an eigenpolytope of a graph, and the existence of elements in the null space of the Veronese matrix. This gives a us a tool for finding equitable partitions of a graph, and proving the non-existence of equitable partitions. For distance-regular graphs we exploit the algebraic structure of association schemes to derive an explicit formula for the rank of the Veronese matrix. We apply this machinery to show that there are strongly regular graphs whose $\tau$-eigenpolytopes are not prismoids. We also present several partial results on cocliques and graph spectra. We develop a linear programming approach to the problem of finding weightings of the adjacency matrix of a graph that meets the inertia bound with equality, and apply our technique to various families of Cayley graphs. Towards characterizing the maximum cocliques of the folded-cube graphs, we find a class of large facets of the least eigenpolytope of a folded cube, and show how they correspond to the structure of the graph. Finally, we consider equitable partitions with additional structural constraints, namely that both parts are convex subgraphs. We show that Latin square graphs cannot be partitioned into a coclique and a convex subgraph.

This thesis studies a problem that has been proposed as a novel way to disrupt communication networks: the load maximization problem. The load on a member of a network represents the amount of communication that the member is forced to be involved in. By maximizing the load on an important member of the network, we hope to increase that member's visibility and susceptibility to capture. In this thesis we characterize load as a combinatorial property of graphs and expose possible connections between load and spectral graph theory. We specifically describe the load and how it changes in several canonical classes of graphs and determine the range of values that the load can take on. We also consider a connection between load and liquid paint flow and use this connection to build a heuristic solver for the load maximization problem. We conclude with a detailed discussion of open questions for future work.

在這篇論文中，我們針對2-連通的最大外平面圖而且是二分圖的圖形，討論 其容忍表示法，並找到它的所有禁止子圖H1、H2、H3、H4。 / In this thesis, we prove a 2-connected graph G which is maximal outerplanar and bipartite is a tolerance graph if and only if there is no induced subgraphs H1; H2; H3 and H4 of G.