William Shakespeare’s influence on the genre of tragedy is both powerful and undeniable, while contemporary notions about tragedy have shifted into a modern light through the influence of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. This study concentrates specifically on Hamlet and A Doll’s House in order to indicate the ways in which ideas of tragedy have evolved. By investigating the effect of religion in Hamlet and the absence of it in A Doll’s House, I will argue that the main shift in tragedy is the loss of God. This thesis examines the transformation of the two heroes throughout the course of their respective plays and, in doing so, identifies the formal features which mark their claims to tragedy. While their processes differ greatly—Hamlet’s transformation is through a super-textual and self-analytic process while Nora’s process is one that emphasizes action over thought—both of their journeys are tied to the crucial and utterly tragic truth that they must face: the breakdown of their family. / Arts, Faculty of / Theatre and Film, Department of / Graduate

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Ecocriticism explores the way in which artists interact with, interpret and represent the natural world. The concept of “nature,” according to ecocriticism, goes beyond simply flora and fauna, extending to human nature as well. In Shakespeare's England, a person's nature was determined by his bodily humors, so the melancholy humor particularly lends itself to an ecocritical approach because it is inextricably linked to the natural world. Transcending genre, melancholy is not limited to the green world of comedy but rather appears in tragedy as well. In As You Like It, the melancholy Jaques offers a foil for the forest teeming with sanguine lovers. In Hamlet, however, melancholy becomes a much more bleak and ambiguous quality, raising questions concerning the nature of acting and suicide. In the study of melancholy within As You Like It and Hamlet, an ecocritical perspective offers a unique insight into the way Shakespeare experiences and interacts with the natural world.

This thesis will set out to examine the process needed in order to deliver the character of Hamlet as a fully dimensional, complex human being who transcends time periods and class distinctions to connect with any audience of any background. This text will include biographical information about the author, William Shakespeare, as well as historical information about the circumstances and atmosphere surrounding the birth of this play. It will also include information about other performances, which will serve as references for comparison in terms of character development. Included in the scored actor’s script are the Sanford Meisner Techniques of moment-to-moment analysis and actioning as it relates to Konstantin Stanislavski’s system, as well as any additional actor’s notes that may have contributed to character development.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Tufts University, 1999. / Adviser: Laurence Senelick. Submitted to the Dept. of Drama. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-263). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Hamlet (1601), de William Shakespeare, é, desde o Fólio de 1623, circundada por um enorme e variado volume de leituras, que abrangem desde textos críticos e teóricos até as mais diversas adaptações teatrais e cinematográficas. Desde o final do século 19, o cinema vem adaptando peças de Shakespeare, fornecendo novos pontos de vista e sugestões para a encenação dessa obra ao levá-la inúmeras vezes para as telas. Dentre uma longa lista de adaptações fílmicas de Hamlet, o Hamlet mainstream de Franco Zeffirelli (1990) e o Hamlet 2000 (2000), filme independente de Michael Almereyda, compõem o corpus eleito para análise nesta dissertação. Dialogando com noções de críticos e teóricos que desenvolveram estudos sobre o conceito de adaptação, tais como André Bazin, Robert Stam e Linda Hutcheon, sugiro uma desierarquização entre a peça shakespeariana e os filmes logo, entre literatura/teatro e cinema. O objetivo final deste trabalho encontra-se na proposta de uma reflexão sobre esses filmes enquanto potenciais materiais críticos elucidativos para o estudo da peça, úteis na discussão de alguns de seus mais importantes temas e/ou questões / Hamlet (1601), by William Shakespeare, has been, since its publication in the First Folio (1623), surrounded by a huge and varied number of readings, ranging from critical and theoretical texts up to several different theatrical and cinematographic adaptations. Since the end of the 19th century, cinema has adapted Shakespearean plays, proposing alternative points of view and interpretations when transposing them to the screen. Among a list of several filmic adaptations of Hamlet, Franco Zeffirellis mainstream Hamlet (1990) and Michael Almereydas independent Hamlet 2000 (2000) make up the corpus under analysis in this dissertation. Establishing a dialogue with ideas developed by important critics and theorians such as André Bazin, Robert Stam and Linda Hutcheon about the notion of adaptation, I suggest a dismissal of the hierarchy between the Shakespearean play and the films; therefore, a dismissal of the notion of literature/theater's superiority to cinema. The main aim of this dissertation consists in proposing that the chosen films be taken as potential critical material providing access to the Shakespearean play in the discussion of its major issues

A presente dissertação toma como propósito compreender de que forma a ideia do peso do conhecimento é apresentada no Fausto de Fernando Pessoa. A expressão peso do conhecimento, cunhada pelo filósofo Stanley Cavell, surge como forma de apresentação da tragédia na modernidade. O Fausto de Fernando Pessoa, mediante a sua queda na mente, relata, no encontro com a Morte, a figuração máxima de todo e qualquer conhecimento; a afetação trágica que o consome. Esse trabalho, portanto, inaugura a perspectiva que visa explorar, como forma de compreensão da obra pessoana, a ideia de que a tragédia moderna é o peso do conhecimento. E, ao mesmo tempo, sustenta a hipótese de que o peso do conhecimento pressupõe o reconhecimento de que toda vida do conhecedor termina num tipo de tragédia shakespeariana. Assim, a obra de Fernando Pessoa se apropria de uma longa tradição que se inicia com Hamlet e, com ela, delineia, a partir do problema do peso do conhecimento, a teatralidade da escrita dos versos de Fausto, cuja apresentação do dilema entre a Vida e o Conhecimento pressupõe a cena imediata de uma figura, Fausto (ou Hamlet / The present thesis proposes to comprehend how the idea of burden of knowledge is presented in Fernando Pessoas Faust. The expression burden of knowledge by philosopher Stanley Cavell arises as a way of presenting tragedy in modernity. Fernando Pessoas Faust, due to the fall inside his mind, narrates, during his encounter with death, the most emblematic figure of all possible knowledge, a tragic affectation that has consumed him. The present work, therefore, launches the perspective that aims to explore, as a mean of understanding Pessoas literary work, the idea that modern tragedy is the burden of knowledge. Also, at the same time, it sustains the hypothesis that the burden of knowledge presumes the recognition that the knowers life ends up in some sort of Shakespeares tragedy. Thus, Fernando Pessoas work borrows a long tradition that has begun with Hamlet and with it, based on the question of the burden of knowledge, he outlines the theatricality found in Fausts verses, which presentation of the dilemma between Life and Knowledge presumes the immediate scene of a figure, Faust (or Hamlet)

Hamlet (1601), de William Shakespeare, é, desde o Fólio de 1623, circundada por um enorme e variado volume de leituras, que abrangem desde textos críticos e teóricos até as mais diversas adaptações teatrais e cinematográficas. Desde o final do século 19, o cinema vem adaptando peças de Shakespeare, fornecendo novos pontos de vista e sugestões para a encenação dessa obra ao levá-la inúmeras vezes para as telas. Dentre uma longa lista de adaptações fílmicas de Hamlet, o Hamlet mainstream de Franco Zeffirelli (1990) e o Hamlet 2000 (2000), filme independente de Michael Almereyda, compõem o corpus eleito para análise nesta dissertação. Dialogando com noções de críticos e teóricos que desenvolveram estudos sobre o conceito de adaptação, tais como André Bazin, Robert Stam e Linda Hutcheon, sugiro uma desierarquização entre a peça shakespeariana e os filmes logo, entre literatura/teatro e cinema. O objetivo final deste trabalho encontra-se na proposta de uma reflexão sobre esses filmes enquanto potenciais materiais críticos elucidativos para o estudo da peça, úteis na discussão de alguns de seus mais importantes temas e/ou questões / Hamlet (1601), by William Shakespeare, has been, since its publication in the First Folio (1623), surrounded by a huge and varied number of readings, ranging from critical and theoretical texts up to several different theatrical and cinematographic adaptations. Since the end of the 19th century, cinema has adapted Shakespearean plays, proposing alternative points of view and interpretations when transposing them to the screen. Among a list of several filmic adaptations of Hamlet, Franco Zeffirellis mainstream Hamlet (1990) and Michael Almereydas independent Hamlet 2000 (2000) make up the corpus under analysis in this dissertation. Establishing a dialogue with ideas developed by important critics and theorians such as André Bazin, Robert Stam and Linda Hutcheon about the notion of adaptation, I suggest a dismissal of the hierarchy between the Shakespearean play and the films; therefore, a dismissal of the notion of literature/theater's superiority to cinema. The main aim of this dissertation consists in proposing that the chosen films be taken as potential critical material providing access to the Shakespearean play in the discussion of its major issues

A presente dissertação toma como propósito compreender de que forma a ideia do peso do conhecimento é apresentada no Fausto de Fernando Pessoa. A expressão peso do conhecimento, cunhada pelo filósofo Stanley Cavell, surge como forma de apresentação da tragédia na modernidade. O Fausto de Fernando Pessoa, mediante a sua queda na mente, relata, no encontro com a Morte, a figuração máxima de todo e qualquer conhecimento; a afetação trágica que o consome. Esse trabalho, portanto, inaugura a perspectiva que visa explorar, como forma de compreensão da obra pessoana, a ideia de que a tragédia moderna é o peso do conhecimento. E, ao mesmo tempo, sustenta a hipótese de que o peso do conhecimento pressupõe o reconhecimento de que toda vida do conhecedor termina num tipo de tragédia shakespeariana. Assim, a obra de Fernando Pessoa se apropria de uma longa tradição que se inicia com Hamlet e, com ela, delineia, a partir do problema do peso do conhecimento, a teatralidade da escrita dos versos de Fausto, cuja apresentação do dilema entre a Vida e o Conhecimento pressupõe a cena imediata de uma figura, Fausto (ou Hamlet / The present thesis proposes to comprehend how the idea of burden of knowledge is presented in Fernando Pessoas Faust. The expression burden of knowledge by philosopher Stanley Cavell arises as a way of presenting tragedy in modernity. Fernando Pessoas Faust, due to the fall inside his mind, narrates, during his encounter with death, the most emblematic figure of all possible knowledge, a tragic affectation that has consumed him. The present work, therefore, launches the perspective that aims to explore, as a mean of understanding Pessoas literary work, the idea that modern tragedy is the burden of knowledge. Also, at the same time, it sustains the hypothesis that the burden of knowledge presumes the recognition that the knowers life ends up in some sort of Shakespeares tragedy. Thus, Fernando Pessoas work borrows a long tradition that has begun with Hamlet and with it, based on the question of the burden of knowledge, he outlines the theatricality found in Fausts verses, which presentation of the dilemma between Life and Knowledge presumes the immediate scene of a figure, Faust (or Hamlet)

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-27T13:29:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ezequiel Martins Ferreira - 2015.pdf: 1697686 bytes, checksum: 3c8570b7105b662793fd6faaeda93635 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-27T13:31:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ezequiel Martins Ferreira - 2015.pdf: 1697686 bytes, checksum: 3c8570b7105b662793fd6faaeda93635 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-27T13:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ezequiel Martins Ferreira - 2015.pdf: 1697686 bytes, checksum: 3c8570b7105b662793fd6faaeda93635 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / The relationship between art and psychoanalysis is established since the emergence of the latter, throwing the concept of the unconscious world. On the way done in this dissertation is possible to question this relationship, following it from the following points: taking art as the biographical and autobiographical scheme, taking it as connected to sublimate and finally looking set it as the outline of the empty. In the latter sense has the art as a testimony of how the unconscious operates. To explain the unconscious manifestation in the art were used two tragedies that occupy a privileged place in very theoretical construction of psychoanalysis: Oedipus and Hamlet. For this, the authors were consulted from inside and outside the psychoanalytic field as Freud, Lacan, Rancière and Brecht. Note that the concept of pathos emerges as a nodal point, able to see through the plays, the unconscious operation. In addition to the parts, appear at the end of this dissertation, in order to continue the discussion of a "beyond the Oedipus complex," the four fundamental discourses as a third example of the unconscious functioning. / A relação entre a arte e a psicanálise se estabelece desde o surgimento desta última com o lançamento ao mundo do conceito de inconsciente. No percurso realizado nesta dissertação é possível problematizar essa relação, acompanhando-a a partir dos seguintes pontos: tomando a arte como o esquema biográfico e autobiográfico, tomando-a como vinculada ao sublimatório e, por fim, buscando defini-la como o contorno do vazio. Nesta última acepção, não desvinculada das anteriores, tem-se a arte como testemunha do modo como opera o inconsciente. A fim de explicitar a manifestação inconsciente na arte foram utilizadas duas tragédias, que ocupam lugar privilegiado na própria construção teórica da psicanálise: Édipo e Hamlet. Para isso foram consultados autores de dentro e de fora do campo psicanalítico como Freud, Lacan, Rancière e Brecht. Vale destacar que no meio das leituras o conceito de pathos surge como um achado e se coloca como ponto nodal, capaz de fazer ver, por meio das obras do teatro, a operação inconsciente. Além das peças, aparecem no final desta dissertação, a fim de continuar a discussão de um ―para além do complexo de Édipo‖, os quatro discursos fundamentais como um terceiro exemplo do modo de operar do inconsciente.