This thesis describes the design of hot air boilers for burning wood chips for the production of process air at 500 ° C and a given flow rate 2 Nm3 / s. The work deals with general combustion and fuel economy of biomass boilers.

Orientador: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos briquetes durante a queima, considerando a possibilidade de se aprimorar o índice de combustão de briquetes de biomassa (aqui denominado ICOMa) com o uso de um aplicativo de computador, de forma que esta nova proposta fosse mais sensível às variações dos dados que o ICOM (já existente na literatura), bem como determinar sua taxa de perda de massa em função do tempo de queima. Com esta nova proposta, também era esperado que se percebesse uma correlação entre o ICOMa e o poder calorífico superior da biomassa ensaiada, possibilitando estimar esta grandeza, ainda que de forma aproximada, sem o uso de uma bomba calorimétrica. A fabricação do dispositivo para obtenção do ICOMa foi baseada em trabalhos prévios obtidos na literatura, usando uma balança com porta de comunicação em protocolo RS 232, um termopar tipo K para medição da temperatura e um dispositivo para aquisição automática dos dados, feita por um aplicativo computacional também desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os briquetes usados nos ensaios foram de casca de algodão, toco de eucalipto, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e madeira de pinus, e foram produzidos especificamente para a determinação do ICOMa. O aplicativo atendeu às necessidades do ensaio para obtenção das variáveis relacionadas aos índices de combustão. O ICOMa foi mais sensível que o ICOM na observação da relação entre consumo de massa e geração de calor, e permitiu observar diferenças estatisticamente signific... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the behavior of briquettes during burning, considering the possibility of improving the combustion index of biomass briquettes (here called ICOMa) using a software, so that this new proposal to be more sensitive to data variations than ICOM (already existing in the literature), as well as to determine its mass loss rate as a function of burning time. It was also expected with this new proposal, that a correlation between the ICOMa and the higher heating value of the tested biomass could be perceived, making it possible to estimate this magnitude, albeit approximately, without the use of a bomb calorimeter. The manufacture of the device for obtaining the ICOMa was based on previous work obtained in the literature, using a RS 232 communication port scale, a type K thermocouple for temperature measurement, and a device for automatic data acquisition by a computational application, this one developed in this work. The briquettes used in the tests were cotton bark, eucalyptus stump, sugarcane bagasse, and pinewood, and produced specially for the determination of ICOMa. The computational application met the needs of the test to obtain the variables related to the combustion indexes. The ICOMa was more sensitive than the ICOM in observing the relationship between the mass consumption and heat generation, and show a statistical difference between different temperature curves of the materials, unlike the ICOM. The biggest ICOMa found was 0.97 K.h.g-1, and t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21096号 / 工博第4460号 / 新制||工||1693(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高岡 昌輝, 教授 田中 宏明, 准教授 大下 和徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Sewage sludge is the product from wastewater treatment that mostly is considered as a waste material. However, it contains several nutrients, especially phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen which are excellent fertilizers. The downside is the harmful content it also carries with pathogens, heavy metals and a variety of organic pollutants that in many cases have unknown effects on the ecosystem. A possible solution to this problem could be to pyrolyse the sewage sludge and by that decrease the levels of heavy metals and also render both pathogens and organic pollutants harmless. In this thesis project pyrolysis of dried sewage sludge has been evaluated at temperatures 650 750, 850 and 950 °C with addition of chlorine in the form of PVC and straw. An energy balance for pyrolysis and drying of dewatered sewage sludge has also been suggested. The results of the pyrolysis evaluation indicate that cadmium concentration can be reduced significantly with increasing temperature in the product char. But also other heavy metals like lead and zinc are affected at the higher temperatures evaluated. Mercury is completely removed from the char residue. The more latent volatile metals copper, chromium and nickel cannot be reduced to lower concentrations at these temperatures. They are instead enriched under these conditions. Chlorine addition to the sludge enhances the evaporation of all heavy metals but copper, nickel and chromium. The energy balance over the system indicates that the drying process requires more energy than is released from the sludge into the pyrolysis gases. The energy carried by the pyrolysis gases is however larger than what is required to drive the pyrolysis process.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T12:48:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T12:48:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-09T12:48:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T12:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NAKASHIMA_Gabriela_2016.pdf: 18948386 bytes, checksum: c4adf2165784091a5371108a8c2bd529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In the sugarcane plantation it was common to use fire to facilitate the cutting and harvesting of sugarcane. However, Law 11,241 / 02 in São Paulo State provides the gradual elimination of this straw burning of sugarcane. The largest producer of sugarcane in Brazil is the São Paulo State, which has about 4.7 million hectares of planted area. It is estimated that one hectare produces about 14 tons of trash. Therefore, the mills have been trying to incorporate this trash in burning with the bagasse for power generation. However, high concentrations of mineral impurities are impossible its use for energy purposes. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of storage time and particle size in the physicochemical characterization of the sugarcane trash. It was used the sugarcane trash inside and outside of the bale collected at different storage time (0, 1 and 2 years). The collected material was separated into four different particle sizes (> 0.420mm, 0.250-0.420mm, < 0.250mm and mix). The analyzes involved particle size distribution, proximate analysis, the high heating value (HHV), the chemical analysis of the components of the ashes, the images in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the Klason lignin content, the holocellulose content and extractives. There were variations in the results of the ash content with different particle sizes. It was observed a higher concentration of mineral impurities in smaller particles (< 0.250mm). The HHV varied from 15.9 to 18.3 MJ.kg-1 and showed no statistical difference for the treatments. The results indicate that the sugarcane trash presents problems related to mineral impurities which constrain its use as a solid fuel in the industry. The particle size interferes in their physicochemical characteristics. The trash can be stored in field and the time storage did not affect the quality for use as solid biofuel. / No manejo da cana-de-açúcar era comum a utilização do fogo para facilitar o corte e colheita da cana. No entanto, a Lei 11.241/02 do estado de São Paulo prevê a eliminação gradual da queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar. O maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil é o estado de São Paulo, que possui aproximadamente 4,7 milhões de hectares de área plantada. É estimado que 1 hectare produza cerca de 14 toneladas de palha. Logo, as usinas vêm tentando incorporar esta palha na queima para geração de energia, juntamente com o bagaço. Porém, as altas concentrações de impurezas minerais estão impossibilitando seu uso para fins energéticos. O trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da influência do tempo de estocagem e da granulometria na caracterização físico-química do palhiço da cana-de-açúcar. Foi utilizado o palhiço de canade-açúcar da superfície e do interior do fardo coletados em diferentes períodos de estocagem, 0, 1 e 2 anos. O material coletado foi separado em 4 granulometrias diferentes (> 0,420mm, 0,250-0,420mm, < 0,250mm e mix). As análises realizadas foram a distribuição granulométrica, a análise imediata, o poder calorífico superior (PCS), a análise química dos componentes das cinzas, as imagens no Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV), o teor de lignina Klason, a holocelulose e os extrativos. Houve variações nos resultados do teor de cinzas com as diferentes granulometrias. Observou-se maior concentração de impurezas minerais nas partículas mais finas (< 0,250mm). O PCS variou entre 15,9 a 18,3 MJ.kg-1 e não apresentou diferença estatística para os tratamentos. Os resultados indicam que a palha de cana-de-açúcar apresenta problemas relacionados às impurezas minerais, que dificultam e restringem seu uso como combustível sólido na indústria. A granulometria da palha interferiu nas suas características físico-químicas. O palhiço pode ser estocado no campo e o tempo de estocagem não interferiu na qualidade para o uso como combustível sólido.

This thesis deals with combustion of lignocelluloses biomass with comparison to cellulose-lignin biomass and with appropriateness of different combustion technologies in the context of the impact on the environment. Furthermore, the thesis deals with content of the heating value in the individual fuels. The heating value capacity was measured experimentally in different kinds of biomass by method of dry distillation and these results were statistically evaluated and and discussed with the findings taken from literature. On the basis of literature data, differences have been discovered in lignocelluloses fuels in terms of calorific value and heating value, calorific values were in average from 15,3 MJ/kg to 16,8 MJ/kg and heating values were 17,5 18,1 MJ/kg. While in cellulose-lignin fuels these differences are not that big and are within values of 19,5 MJ/kg for heating value and an average calorific value is around 18,4 MJ/kg. Measuring of the content of tar and other residual fluid fractions in five the most commonly used bio-fuels from agricultural production (wheat straw, rape straw, hay, energy crops, digestate from biogas station). After statistical evaluation of data, it revealed the difference in content of tar between the wheat straw and digestate (P 0,05; on average 40,48 % for wheat straw and 29,58 % for digestate).

Submitted by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-24T11:28:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HANSTED_Ana_Larissa_2017.pdf: 1877023 bytes, checksum: c3a1a7b3f4c03cc2997fbd0cfcc7e536 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-24T11:28:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HANSTED_Ana_Larissa_2017.pdf: 1877023 bytes, checksum: c3a1a7b3f4c03cc2997fbd0cfcc7e536 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-24T11:28:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HANSTED_Ana_Larissa_2017.pdf: 1877023 bytes, checksum: c3a1a7b3f4c03cc2997fbd0cfcc7e536 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-24T11:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HANSTED_Ana_Larissa_2017.pdf: 1877023 bytes, checksum: c3a1a7b3f4c03cc2997fbd0cfcc7e536 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The bark is a residue that can be used as fuel by industry. One of the problems of the use is the contamination. The purpose of this paper was the physico-chemical characterization of eucalyptus bark used as a fuel in a wood panel industry, relating the high heating value (HHV) with the ash content. Six treatments were provided according to the particle size: T1 (850µm to 425 µm / unwashed), T2 (250 µm / unwashed), T 3 (<150 µm / unwashed), T4 (850µm to 425 µm / washed), T5 (250 µm / washed), T6 (<150 µm / washed). The material was assessed regarding moisture content. The treatments were subjected to HHV and proximate analysis. The ashes were analyzed under SEM - EDS in order to identify the components/contaminants. The data obtained in this study were statistically analyzed using the software R. The material presented moisture content of 70% on a dry basis, which is considered high for use in bioenergy. Contaminants comp onents such as calcium and silica were identified in the ash material. The proximate analysis showed a significant difference among treatments, the ash content presented values from 2.63% (T1) to 13.86% (T3). The process of washing the bark was efficient f or the reduction in ash content only in the particle size <150 µm. The separation in particle size extracts of the bark presented a good technique to reduce the contaminants. / A casca de eucalipto é um resíduo que pode ser usado como combustível pela indústria. Um dos problemas da utilização deste resíduo é a contaminação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização físico - química da casca do eucalipto utilizada como combustível em uma indústria de painéis de madeira reconstituída. Para diminuir os contaminantes, foi feita uma lavagem da casca em água corrente. Foram realizados seis tratamentos de acordo com o tamanho de partícula e processo de lavagem: T1 (850µm a 425µm / não lavado), T2 (250µm / não lavado), T3 (<150µm / não lavado), T4 (850µm a 425µm / lavado), T5 (250µm / lavada), T6 (<150µm / lavada). O material foi avaliado quanto ao teor de umidade no momento da coleta. Os tratamentos foram submetidos a análise química imediata e determinado o poder calorífico superior (PCS). As cinzas foram analisadas em MEV - EDS, a fim de identificar os componentes/contaminantes. Os dados obtidos neste estudo foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando o software R. O material apresentou teor de umidade de 70% em base seca, o que é considerado elevado para utilização na bioenergia. Componentes contaminantes, tais como o cálcio e sílica foram identificados nas cinzas do material. A análise química imediata mostrou uma diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, o teor de cinzas apresentou valores de 2,63% (T1) a 13,86% (T3). O processo de lavagem da casca foi eficiente para a redução do teor de cinzas apenas no tamanho de partícula <150µm. A separação da casca em diferentes tamanhos de partículas forneceu resultados satisfatórios para redução dos contaminantes.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to experimentally measure the Golem 1.1 fireplace insert for heating with and without a deflector in the Steko s.r.o. company’s test room. Following this measurement, the emissions of CO, CO2, oxygen content in the flue gases and the temperature in the flue duct are listed here and the efficiency is calculated for different modes of primary air sucked in the insert and for different numbers of fuel pieces.

The goal of this work is compilation of computational model of thermal stage and heat recovery block of modern unit for thermal processing of municipal solid waste. The model is based on mass and enthalpy balances and it makes possible to estimate the value of energy transferred to water in secondary combustion chamber, outside the heat recovery blok. The model is verified by implementation of real operational data of an up-to-date unit with annual capacity of 100 kt for thermal processing of municipal solid waste and then it is used for analysis of changing input parameters, i. e. change in lower heating value of incinerated waste.

This thesis contains evaluation of crucial operational indicators of a waste-to-energy plant. Above all, it is lower heating value of municipal solid waste and boiler efficiency. An approach for evaluation improvement by mathematical methods is proposed. The approach is implemented in a computational tool developed in Microsoft Excel. The approach is tested and subsequently used for operational data from a real waste-to-energy plant.