A incorporação de resíduos industriais ao concreto, tais como as pozolanas, é uma das soluções para o aproveitamento de subprodutos poluentes estando em acordo com os princípios da sustentabilidade. É objetivo do trabalho discutir e analisar a viabilidade da aplicação de um resíduo das termoelétricas da indústria de beneficiamento do arroz, a cinza da casca de arroz (CCA), como adição mineral em concretos duráveis. Com 88% de sílica em sua composição, a CCA tem grande potencial de utilização em concretos porque possibilita o aumento da resistência à compressão pelas suas características de alta pozolanicidade e grande finura. Misturas de argamassas padrão contendo 0, 5, 10 e 15% de CCA moídas apenas industrialmente e com moagem adicional de 1 hora, foram confeccionadas a fim de se avaliar o comportamento do aglomerante (CPV - ARI PLUS + CCA) em relação à resistência mecânica. Concretos com traços 1:3,5, 1:5 e 1:6,5, relação água-aglomerante igual a 0,45 e 15% de CCA foram ensaiados à compressão. Os ensaios mostraram que a CCA é predominantemente cristalina e tem alta pozolanicidade. Quanto às argamassas padrão e aos concretos, os resultados mostraram que a utilização da CCA em compósitos à base de cimento é viável, além de ser ecologicamente correta. / Industrial residues, such as pozzolan, can be incorporated in concretes as a solution for polluter refuses, according to sustainable principles. The objective of this work it is to discuss and analyze the use of rice thermoeletrical industry residue, the rice rusk ash (RHA), as mineral addition in durable concretes. The RHA can be used to increase the compression strength of concretes once it has high pozzolanicity and thinness, composed by 88% of silica. It was created mixtures of standard mortars containing 0, 5 10 and 15% of industrial grounded RHA and also with one hour of additional grind. The idea of those mixtures was to evaluate the mechanical strength of the agglomerate (pure Portland cement + RHA). Compression tests in poor, normal and rich concretes with water/agglomerate ratio of 0,45 and 15% of RHA were set too. The tests indicated that the RHA is predominant crystalline and it is a high pozzolanicity material. All the analyses showed that the material has suitable and competitive characteristics for application as agglomerate component.

Pour les poutres et les dalles ne comportant pas d'armatures de cisaillement, la résistance à l'effort tranchant ou au poinçonnement est souvent un critère important de dimensionnement. Ce type de rupture est caractérisé par un comportement fragile pouvant conduire à l'effondrement partiel voir total de la structure. Malgré de nombreuse recherche dans ce domaine, la résistance à l'effort tranchant et au poinçonnement des structure en béton armé ou précontraint demeure un phénomène complexe et dont l'approche normative est souvent empirique est simplifiée. La capacité des bétons renforcés de fibres métalliques à réduire voir à remplacer totalement les armatures de cisaillement des structures en béton armé et précontraint a été mis en évidence par plusieurs études expérimentales. Cependant, et malgré ses nombreux atouts, l'application à l'échelle industrielle des bétons de fibres est restée marginal, principalement due au manques d'un cadre normatif cohérent et reconnu. Les processus fixes d'une usine de préfabrication d'éléments en béton offre des possibilités optimales pour utiliser des matériaux cimentaires à hautes performances tel que les bétons autoplaçant, les bétons à hautes résistances, etc. Du point de vue de l'auteur, l'utilisation de bétons à hautes performances renforcés de fibres métalliques est le pas de développement et d'optimisation pour cette industrie. Les Bétons Fibrés à Hautes Performances (BFHP) reprennent une matrice similaire aux Bétons à Hautes Performances (BHP) auxquels est ajouté une certaine quantité de fibres métalliques conférant au matériau un comportement au niveau de la structure exploitable dans le dimensionnement. Les BFHP présentent un ratio résistances/coûts intéressant ainsi qu'une alternative au Béton Fibré Ultra-Performants (BFUP). L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'analyser le comportement au cisaillement et au poinçonnement d'éléments de structures en BFHP et en BFUP sans armatures de cisaillement et proposé des recommandations et des règles de dimensionnement adaptées aux ingénieurs de la pratique (…) / For members and flat slabs without shear reinforcement, the shear and punching shear strength are often the determining design criteria. These failure modes are characterized by a fragile behaviour implying possible partial or total collapse of the structure. Despite extensive research in this field, shear and punching shear in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, remain complex phenomena so much that the current approach is often empirical or simplified. The ability of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) to reduce shear reinforcement in reinforced and prestressed concrete members and slabs,or even eliminate it, is supported by several experimental studies. However its practical application remains marginal mainly due to the lack of standard, procedures and rules adapted to its performance. The stationary processes in precast industry offer optimal possibilities for using high performance cementitious materials such as Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) and High Strength Concrete (HSC). For the author, the combination of High Performance Concrete and steel fibres is the following step in the development and the optimization of this industry. The High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HPFRC) stands between conventional SFRC and Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). The HPFRC exhibiting a good strength/cost ratio is, thus, an alternative of UHPFRC for precast elements. The principal aim of this work was to analyse the shear and punching shear behaviour of HPFRC and UHPFRC structures without transversal reinforcement and to propose recommendations and design models adapted for practitioners. Several experimental studies on structural elements, i.e. beams and slabs, were undertaken for this purpose. Firstly, an original experimental campaign was performed on pre-tensioned members in HPFRC. A total number of six shear-critical beams of a 3.6 m span each, and two full scale beams of a 12 m span each, were tested in order to evaluate the shear and flexural strength. The principal parameter between the specimens was the fibres (…)

At an average age of 42 years, 10% of the nation’s over 607,000 bridges are posted for load restrictions, with an additional 15% considered structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. While there are major concerns with decks in 75% of structurally deficient bridges, often weight and geometry of the deck further limit the load rating and functionality of the bridge. Traditional deck systems and construction methods usually lead to prolonged periods of traffic delays, limiting options for transportation agencies to replace or widen a bridge, especially in urban areas. The purpose of this study was to develop a new generation of ultra-lightweight super shallow solid deck systems to replace open grid steel decks on movable bridges and as well serve as a viable alternative in bridge deck replacements across the country. The study has led to a lightweight low-profile asymmetric waffle deck made with advanced materials. The asymmetry comes from the arrangement of primary and secondary ribs, respectively perpendicular and parallel to the direction of traffic. The waffle deck is made with ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) reinforced with either high-strength steel (HSS) or carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement. With this combination, the deck weight was limited to below 21 psf and its overall depth to only 4 inch, while still meeting the strength and ductility demands for 4 ft. typical stringer spacing. It was further envisioned that the ultra-high strength of UHPC is best matched with the high strength of HSS or CFRP reinforcement for an efficient system and the ductile behavior of UHPC can help mask the linear elastic response of CFRP reinforcement and result in an overall ductile system. The issues of consideration from the design and constructability perspectives have included strength and stiffness, bond and development length for the reinforcement, punching shear and panel action. A series of experiments were conducted to help address these issues. Additionally full-size panels were made for testing under heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) at the accelerated pavement testing (APT) facility in Gainesville. Detailed finite element analyses were also carried out to help guide the design of this new generation of bridge decks. The research has confirmed the superior performance of the new deck system and its feasibility.

It is important to ensure that vulnerable structures (federal and provincial offices, military structures, embassies, etc) are blast resistant to safeguard life and critical infrastructure. In the wake of recent malicious attacks and accidental explosions, it is becoming increasingly important to ensure that columns in structures are properly detailed to provide the ductility and continuity necessary to prevent progressive collapse. Research has shown that steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) can enhance many of the properties of concrete, including improved post-cracking tensile capacity, enhanced shear resistance, and increased ductility. The enhanced properties of SFRC make it an ideal candidate for use in the blast resistant design of structures. There is limited research on the behaviour of SFRC under high strain rates, including impact and blast loading, and some of this data is conflicting, with some researchers showing that the additional ductility normally evident in SFRC is absent or reduced at high strain loading. On the other hand, other data indicates that SFRC can improve toughness and energy-absorption capacity under extreme loading conditions. This thesis presents the results of experimental research involving tests of scaled reinforced concrete columns exposed to shock wave induced impulsive loads using the University of Ottawa Shock Tube. A total of 13 half-scale steel fibre reinforced concrete columns, 8 with normal strength steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) and 5 with an ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), were constructed and tested under simulated blast pressures. The columns were designed according to CSA A23.3 standards for both seismic and non-seismic regions, using various fibre amounts and types. Each column was exposed to similar shock wave loads in order to provide direct comparisons between seismic and non-seismically detailed columns, amount of steel fibres, type of steel fibres, and type of concrete. The dynamic response of the columns tested in the experimental program is predicted by generating dynamic load-deformation resistance functions for SFRC and UHPFRC columns and using single degree of freedom dynamic analysis software, RCBlast. The analytical results are compared to experimental data, and shown to accurately predict the maximum mid-span displacements of the fibre reinforced concrete columns under shock wave loading.

The application of advanced materials in infrastructure has grown rapidly in recent years mainly because of their potential to ease the construction, extend the service life, and improve the performance of structures. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is one such material considered as a novel alternative to conventional concrete. The material microstructure in UHPC is optimized to significantly improve its material properties including compressive and tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, durability, and damage tolerance. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is another novel construction material with excellent properties such as high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios and good corrosion resistance. Considering the exceptional properties of UHPC and FRP, many advantages can result from the combined application of these two advanced materials, which is the subject of this research. The confinement behavior of UHPC was studied for the first time in this research. The stress-strain behavior of a series of UHPC-filled fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes with different fiber types and thicknesses were tested under uniaxial compression. The FRP confinement was shown to significantly enhance both the ultimate strength and strain of UHPC. It was also shown that existing confinement models are incapable of predicting the behavior of FRP-confined UHPC. Therefore, new stress-strain models for FRP-confined UHPC were developed through an analytical study. In the other part of this research, a novel steel-free UHPC-filled FRP tube (UHPCFFT) column system was developed and its cyclic behavior was studied. The proposed steel-free UHPCFFT column showed much higher strength and stiffness, with a reasonable ductility, as compared to its conventional reinforced concrete (RC) counterpart. Using the results of the first phase of column tests, a second series of UHPCFFT columns were made and studied under pseudo-static loading to study the effect of column parameters on the cyclic behavior of UHPCFFT columns. Strong correlations were noted between the initial stiffness and the stiffness index, and between the moment capacity and the reinforcement index. Finally, a thorough analytical study was carried out to investigate the seismic response of the proposed steel-free UHPCFFT columns, which showed their superior earthquake resistance, as compared to their RC counterparts.

Atualmente, um dos principais problemas ligados às estruturas de concreto armado é a corrosão da armadura, especialmente devido à ação dos íons cloreto. Sua incidência no contexto das principais manifestações patológicas encontradas nas construções é bastante significativa, chegando a atingir índices de 50% em algumas regiões brasileiras. Além disso, o custo do reparo ou da reabilitação das estruturas deterioradas, em alguns casos, pode ser superior ao de uma estrutura nova. Com o objetivo de aumentar a vida útil das estruturas de concreto e diminuir o índice de ocorrência da corrosão de armaduras, esta pesquisa verifica o comportamento de concretos com adições minerais quanto à eficiência na proteção do aço contra a corrosão induzida por íons cloreto, em relação ao concreto sem adição. Para a produção dos concretos de alto desempenho (CAD), foram utilizados dois tipos de adições: a sílica de Fe-Si ou silício metálico (SFS), já comercialmente disponível, e a sílica extraída da casca de arroz (SCA), produzida em laboratório. Assim, além de proporcionar uma barreira física à entrada de agentes agressivos na camada de cobrimento, a utilização desses concretos contribui para a diminuição da poluição ambiental, uma vez que as adições estudadas são resíduos. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos e relacionados à durabilidade, tais como: absorção de água, resistência à penetração de cloretos, frente de penetração, teor total de cloretos e resistividade elétrica dos concretos. Na análise do processo de corrosão, duas técnicas foram empregadas: potencial de corrosão e espectroscopia por impedância eletroquímica. Em relação à microestrutura, foram realizados ensaios de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio, difratometria de raios X, termogravimetria e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados obtidos no controle da corrosão pelo ataque de íons cloreto foram favoráveis ao uso das adições em substituição ao cimento Portland, uma vez que os concretos com adições superam os resultados obtidos nos concretos sem sílica (ainda que a SFS tenha proporcionado melhor desempenho em algumas propriedades), indicando alta capacidade dos CAD em proteger o aço frente à ação de íons cloreto. Dentre os tipos de cimento utilizados, o CP V ARI RS mostrou-se mais eficiente que o CP V ARI Plus, bem como apresentou melhor sinergia com a SCA. A técnica de espectroscopia eletroquímica pode ser utilizada em CAD, porém deve-se minimizar os efeitos da alta resistividade do material, especialmente quando se utiliza a SFS. / Nowadays, one of the main problems in reinforced concrete structures is steel corrosion, especially due to the action of chloride ions. Its incidence among the main pathologies is quite significant, reaching indexes of 50% in some Brazilian areas. Besides, the cost of repair or rehabilitation of deteriorated structures, in some cases, can be higher than a new structure. To increase the service life of concrete structures and reduce the occurrence of steel corrosion, this work verifies the behavior of concretes with mineral additions in protecting the steel against the corrosion induced by chloride ions, in comparison to concretes without addition. For the production of high performance concretes (HPC), two addition types were used: silica fume (SF), already commercially available, and silica extracted from rice husk (SRH), produced in laboratory. Thus, besides providing a physical barrier to the aggressive agents in the concrete cover, the use of such concretes contribute to decrease the environmental pollution, since the additions studied are residues. Mechanical and durability tests were accomplished, such as water absorption, chloride penetration resistance, chloride penetration depth and concentration and electric resistivity of concretes. In the analysis of corrosion process, two techniques were used: open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Regarding the microstructure, tests of mercury intrusion porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, termogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy were conducted. The results obtained in the control of steel corrosion by chloride ions were favorable to the use of the additions in substitution to the portland cement. Both concretes with additions showed better performances than the concretes without silica, indicating high capacity of HPC to protect against the steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Concerning the types of cement used, CP V ARI RS showed to be more efficient than CP V ARI Plus and presented better synergy with SRH. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique can be used in HPC, however the effects of the high resistivity of the material should be minimized, especially when silica fume is used.

This diploma thesis deals with the concept of use of nanotechnology for cement composites and UHPC. In the theoretical part of this diploma thesis there are theoretical principles described for successful design of high performance concrete and characteristics of main feedstock and its production. Furthermore, there is a focus on nanoparticles, especially the ones with carbon base in the form of carbon nanotubes CNT, in addition to that, graphenes GN that are new on the market, moreover, graphene oxide GO and its application in cement composites to mechanical characteristics and its durability. The first part of the practical part devotes in trying to find out an optimal parameter for ultrasonic mix with a suitable surface active substance of three graphenes. The other two parts of the practical part are about influence of graphenes on mechanical characteristics, cement paste microstructure, and application in the mix of concrete C 35/45 and UHPC

Thesis describes properties of HPC compared to concretes of normal and high strength. It further describes the input materials and the procedure for designing the composition of the mixture. It gives examples of already completed structures made of HPC. The experimental part describes the optimization of concrete mix and production of specimens. In the end results of testing the properties of the developed mixes from tests of dynamic and static modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and tensile strength by bending are described.

The goal of this work was to create a method for improving the dispersion of silica fumes for use in high performance concrete. Traditional methods used to design and manufacture high performance concrete emphasize the removal of coarse aggregates. Use of specially sorted fine aggregates at relatively low doses, the use of super-plasticizers and siliceous excrement. The low water content was achieved by using superplasticizer on a polycarboxylate basis. The standard ultrasound technology found in each laboratory was selected for the dispersion of silica fume. For experiments were we used dry silica fume powder and aqueous stabilized suspension. For comparison, were prepared different mixtures which showed the effects of the treatment prior to the use of silica fume.

Användandet av betong som ersättare för stål vid produktionen av vindkraftverkstorn har ökat den senaste tiden. Betongtorn är betydligt billigare än ståltorn men problem som sprickbildningar, frostsprängningar och följaktligen armeringskorrosion har uppstått bl a på grund av vibrationer från rotorn. I fundamentet i vindkraftverk kan ovan nämnda problem också uppstå och det uppfyller således inte alltid funktionskraven. Det här examensarbetet undersöker möjligheten att eliminera dessa problem genom att använda en sorts högpresterande betong kallad UHPC 2.2 med syntetfiberarmeringen, STRUX. Jämförelser mellan tidigare empiri om högpresterande betong och laborativa tester på UHPC 2.2 visar att den senare är beständigare och ger möjligheter till en större sprickfrihet. Sammanfattningsvis har den högpresterande betongen med fiberarmeringen STRUX visat sig vara en konkurrenskraftig möjlighet på marknaden. / The use of concrete has recently increased as a replacement to steel for the construction of towers for wind power plants. However there are problems such as cracking or frost scaling and finally corrosion of reinforcement, partly due to vibrations caused by the power plants' blades. In the foundation of power plants, the above problems also occur and do not always fulfill the functional requirements. This thesis investigates the possibility to eliminate these problems by using a special kind of high-performance concrete called UHPC 2.2 with synthetic fiber reinforcement, STRUX. When comparing previous empirics about regular concrete with laboratory tests on this high-performance concrete, we find that the later is more durable. In summary, the high-performance concrete with fiber reinforcement STRUX is shown to be a competitive market opportunity.