Reproduction de : Thèse de Doctorat en Lettres : Littératures francophones : Cergy-Pontoise : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p.452-479. Index.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ. , 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the challenges related to measuring sustainability within the textile industry. The study concentrates on the industry-specific self-assessment tool Higg Index and strives to point out the challenges of using the tool. In order to find a solution for the measurement problems, the purpose is to investigate how the current, non-financial Higg Index indicators could be translated into financial ones. Method The nature of the research is qualitative and it comprises of two parts: structured interviews and a desk research. Methodological triangulation is used in order to gain data on different levels – both from the users of the Higg Index and from literature. The data collection has been conducted through four structured interviews with the users of the Higg Index. The second part of the thesis is concerned with converting the non-financial indicators of the Higg Index into financial indicators using the balanced scorecard approach. Conclusion Measuring sustainability has been considered difficult due to the qualitative nature of the measured matters. Higg Index has proven to be a comprehensive self-assessment tool for organizations in the textile industry to use. It is considered to enhance communication, increase information sharing, and facilitate benchmarking. However, in order to develop the tool and make it more attractive to non-users, there are opportunities for improvement. These opportunities include adding verification and making the data collection easier. Transforming non-financial indicators of the Higg Index into financial indicators can simplify the data collection and increase the attractiveness of sustainability performance measurement tools.

No description available.

No description available.

The earth surface is monitored periodically by numerous satellite sensors which have different spectral response functions, image acquisition heights, atmosphere correction schemes, overpass times, and sun/view angle geometries. Temporal and spatial variations of land surface properties, such as vegetation index, Leaf Area Index (LAI), land surface temperature, and soil moisture, have been provided by long-term time series of various remote sensing datasets. Inter-sensor translation equations are required to build long-term time series by the combination of multiple sensors from historical to advanced and new satellite datasets. In the first chapter, inter-sensor translation equations of band reflectances and two vegetation indices (e.g. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)) were derived using linear regression equations relative to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) values. The consistency and validation of inter-sensor transforms were investigated through statistical student's t-test and the root mean square error (RMSE).In the second chapter, cross-sensor extension of EVI and a 2-band EVI (without the blue band; EVI2) were investigated based on the continuity of both EVI's. Sensor specific red-blue coherencies were examined for the possibility of the EVI and EVI2 extension from MODIS sensor. The EVI continuity to MODIS was particularly problematic for the Visible Infrared Imager / Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) that have dissimilar blue bands from that of MODIS. The cross-sensor extension and compatibility of EVI2 were improved and provided the possibility to be lengthened to the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) using its translation equation.Finally, we evaluated the use of sensor-specific EVI and NDVI data sets, using a time sequence of Hyperion images over Amazon rainforest in Tapajos National Forest, Brazil for the 2001 and 2002 dry seasons. We computed NDVI, EVI, and EVI2 with the convolution data of different global monitoring and high temporal resolution sensor systems (AVHRR, MODIS, VIIRS, SPOT-VGT, and SeaWiFS) from Hyperion, and evaluated their spectral deviations and continuity in the characterization of tropical forest phenology. Our analyses show that EVI2 maintains the desirable properties of increased sensitivity in high biomass forests across all sensor systems evaluated.

Two strategies to reduce impact of heat stress on high producing dairy cows were examined. The first was to recalculate the temperature-humidity index (THI) using high producing dairy cows under diurnal summer conditions. This re-evaluation confirmed that current THI values underestimate the severity of heat stress levels. Therefore, cooling of dairy cattle during warm summer months should begin at a THI of 68. Previously, a THI equal to or greater than 72 has been used to define onset of heat stress. This study demonstrated that a THI greater than or equal to 68 is sufficient to increase body heat storage, respiration rate, skin evaporative heat loss, declines in feed intake and milk yield. A second objective involved three studies carried out to evaluate use of niacin in dairy cow rations to improve evaporative heat loss and resistance to heat stress. Niacin is known to cause intense vasodilation in human and lab species. We hypothesized that increasing vasodilation would improve evaporative heat loss in dairy cows. In the first niacin study, supplementation of lactating dairy cows with an encapsulated rumen by-pass form of niacin (NIASHURE™; Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY) at a dose of 12 g/d proved effective in alleviating some affects of heat stress during mild thermal stress. We hypothesized that encapsulated niacin would induce vasodilation effects documented in humans and lab animals increasing evaporative heat loss. Past research demonstrated that the possible mechanism for vasodilation affects seen by niacin were most likely due to prostaglandin D secretions. Niacin may act through increased prostaglandin D and E production and secretion by Langerhans cells which then act upon vascular endothelial prostaglandin D receptors to increase vasodilation. No studies have evaluated impact of encapsulated niacin on milk yield and composition during periods of thermal stress under commercial dairy conditions. The objective of the last study was to examine the effects of encapsulated niacin during heat stress on milk production and composition as well as core body temperatures under commercial conditions.

In this thesis we study the number of periodic points of congruential monomial dynamical system. By concept of index calculus we are able to calculate the number of solutions for congruential equations. We give formula for the number of r-periodic points over prime power. Then we discuss about calculating the total number of periodic points and cycles of length r for prime power.

A comprehensive understanding of urban development is critical for moving towards the goal of sustainability. Despite a collection of urban sustainability indicator (USI) conceptual frameworks proposed and explored in practical urban sustainability assessment, establishing an integrated, well-quantified, spatially characterized USI model is still a challenging task. Therefore, based on a manuscript-style format this thesis develops a subjectively weighted integrated USI model and then applies it to the city of Saskatoon, SK, Canada, as a case study, based on quantifying a hierarchical index system. In addition, urban environmental sustainability is spatiotemporally investigated for an improved understanding of Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Results show that the proposed integrated USI model improved urban sustainability measurement by overcoming the shortages in existing USI models. Geospatial statistics demonstrated disparity in urban sustainability across residential neighbourhoods for Saskatoon in 2006 based on the significant clusters and outliers. It also found that population increases can possibly improve intellectual and economic well-being and promote urbanization, but may cause environmental degradation and lead to a decline in overall urban sustainability. This research also demonstrates that satellite imagery can be used to study environmental sustainability at different spatiotemporal scales. This research reveals that both urban water and green spaces had significant cooling effects on the surrounding urban LST within specific ranges. Urban surface temperature can be estimated based on a multiple linear regression model with sustainable traveling mode index and land use information as input variables. The overall significance of this research has three folds. First, it lays a preliminary theoretical foundation for a comprehensive understanding of urban sustainability based on a well-quantified integrated USI model. Second, it is relatively original with respect to improving urban sustainability measurements through the incorporation of subjective information into objective data. Third, this research has explored spatiotemporal analysis to detect urban sustainability patterns based on compiling multiple data sources using geospatial techniques. The proposed USI model is highly suitable for comparison analysis at different spatial scales as well as continuously tracking the dynamic changes. Therefore, this research can be a good practice of applying the spatiotemporal philosophy to urban geographical problems.

As part of a project to see whether potatoes with a low glycemic-index (GI) could be developed through plant breeding, the GI values of 4 new potato varieties differing in starch structure was determined in 3 studies over 2 years in human subjects. Since cooking and cooling affects starch structure the potatoes were studied both freshly cooked (boiled) and cooled. The first study showed that cooling reduced the GI of two varieties by 40-50% but had no effect in the others (treatment × variety interaction, p=0.024), an effect which was confirmed in study 2. Differences in GI were readily explained by differences in starch structure or in-vitro digestion rate. Carbohydrate malabsorption increased from 3 to 5% upon cooling, not enough to account for the reduced GI. It is concluded that the effect on GI of cooling cooked potatoes varies in different varieties. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism.