[pt] Após a incidência de inúmeros colapsos ocorridos nos sistemas de transmissão de energia devido ao uso extremo das linhas de transmissão, a estabilidade, ou mais adequadamente, a segurança de tensão tornou-se um assunto importante os últimos anos. A correta representação de cargas e de dispositivos de controle de tensão é cada vez mais importante na análise de segurança de tensão do sistema elétrico, em função da sua complexidade crescente e da necessidade de ações operativas mais precisas. A avaliação das condições de segurança de tensão é realizada com base em um modelo linearizado das equações de fluxo de carga, incluindo toda e qualquer equação de controle, e os índices resultantes são calculados a partir de um determinado ponto de operação. Em estudos off-line, este ponto é usualmente proveniente do resultado de um problema de fluxo de carga. É importante que os modelos matemáticos do sistema e seus componentes, de controles e de limites sejam compatíveis nos dois programas computacionais. Estuda-se neste trabalho a modelagem em regime permanente, e a incorporação à função de avaliação da segurança de tensão, de cargas do tipo motor de indução e do controle de tensão por faixa através de capacitores chaveáveis. Aspectos fundamentais da presença de motores de indução e capacitores chaveáveis na avaliação da segurança de tensão são apresentados e discutidos. São mostrados exemplos numéricos de avaliação dos índices de estabilidade de tensão que ilustram a necessidade de uma modelagem realista. / [en] After the incidence of innumerable collapses occurred in the energy transmission systems due to the extreme use of the transmission lines, the voltage stability, or more adequately, the voltage security became an important issue in the last years. The correct representation of loads and voltage control devices is important in the analysis of voltage security of the electrical system, due to its increasing complexity and to the necessity of more accurate and secure operative actions. The voltage security assessment is based on a linear model of the load flow equations, including all and any control equation, and the resulting indexes are calculated for a specified operating point. In off-line studies the operating point is usually obtained from a load flow algorithm. It is important that the system and its components mathematical models, control devices and limits are compatible in both computational programs. This work is concerned with the steady state modelling and its incorporation into the voltage security assessment function, of induction motor type loads and band voltage control by switchable capacitors. Fundamental aspects of induction motors and switchable capacitors in the assessment of voltage security are presented and discussed. Numerical examples of voltage stability assessment indexes are presented to illustrate the necessity of realistic modelling.

[pt] Os motores elétricos no Brasil são responsáveis pelo consumo de cerca de 25 porcento de toda a energia elétrica no país e, em sua grande parte, estão presentes na indústria. Estes equipamentos são fabricados para uso em bombas hidráulicas, compressores de ar, elevadores etc., podendo ser comercializados se atenderem aos índices de eficiência mínimos definidos pela Portaria INMETRO/MDIC N488 de 2010, garantindo o seu perfeito funcionamento e o consumo energético adequado. Contudo, alguns estabelecimentos estão comercializando produtos usados recondicionados, não atendendo à regulamentação desta Portaria, além de reformarem motores sem condições de uso. O objetivo desta dissertação é dimensionar e caracterizar o mercado de revenda e manutenção de motores elétricos de indução recondicionados no Brasil, estimando a perda de energia decorrente do recondicionamento incorreto. A metodologia do trabalho pode ser dividida em cinco etapas: estudo do estado da arte de recondicionamento de motores; quantificação de empresas e funcionários por meio de consultas às bases de dados governamentais; pesquisa de campo em amostras de empresas que fazem recondicionamento; extrapolação do estudo conduzido nas amostras para a população de empresas pesquisadas durante a pesquisa de campo; comparação dos resultados com estudos anteriores e dimensionamento das perdas elétricas do Brasil. Como resultado foi caracterizado e dimensionado o mercado de motores recondicionados, contendo: 6.503 empresas; 24,4 mil funcionários; 45 porcento das empresas realizando revenda de recondicionados; 6,9 milhões de motores recondicionados por ano, totalizando 7,46 porcento de perda, equivalentes a 2,9 Terawatt-hora. Além disso, dos 20 milhões de motores existentes no Brasil em 2016 há uma perda de 8,4 Terawatt-hora por uso de motores recondicionados e um grande aumento da venda de motores importados de baixa qualidade. Foram, assim, atingidos todos os objetivos propostos nesta pesquisa, sendo identificadas as novas tendências do mercado de motores brasileiro e gerando subsídios para o desenvolvimento de novas políticas de eficiência energética no país. / [en] Electric motors in Brazil are responsible for the consumption of about 25 percent of all electricity in the country and, being mostly presented in the industry. These equipments are manufactured for being used in hydraulic pumps, air compressors, elevators, etc., and can be commercialized in compliance with the energy efficiency levels defined by INMETRO/MDIC Ordinance N488 of 2010, ensuring adequate energy consumption. However, some establishments are commercializing refurbished motors, not complying with the regulation considered by the Ordinance, including reforming motors without a minimum condition of use. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the Brazilian market of refurbished motors, including resale market and maintenance market, estimating the energy losses due to incorrect reconditioning. The methodology of the work can be divided in five steps: state of the art of refurbished motors; quantifying companies and employees by querying the database come from the government; survey on samples of companies that are doing the refurbishing service; extrapolation of the study conducted in the surveyed samples of companies to the population of companies; comparison of results with previous studies and estimating of energy losses in Brazil. As a result, the market for refurbished motors was characterized and dimensioned, containing: 6 503 companies; 24.400 employees; 45 percent of companies performing resale of refurbished motors; 6.9 million motors being refurbished per year, totaling 7.46 percent of energy losses, equivalent to 2.9 TW h. In addition, of the 20 million motors remaining in Brazil in 2016, there is a loss of 8.4 TW h per use of refurbished motors, and a large increase of the sale of low quality imported motors. Thus, all the proposed objectives in this dissertation were achieved, having been identified the new trends in the Brazilian electric motor market and generating subsidies for energy efficiency policies in the country.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται την μελέτη και ανάλυση ενός αιολικού συστήματος με ασύγχρονη μηχανή διπλής τροφοδοσίας. Αρχικά, γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας, με ιδιαίτερη αναφορά στην αιολική ενέργεια. Κατόπιν, περιγράφονται τα κυριότερα ανεμολογικά χαρακτηριστικά οι διάφοροι τρόποι ταξινόμησης των ανεμογεννητριών που υπάρχουν σήμερα, τα δομικά στοιχεία αυτών, καθώς και οι βασικές τεχνικές ελέγχου που εφαρμόζονται σ’ αυτές. Ακολουθεί η γενική παρουσίαση μίας διπλά τροφοδοτούμενης επαγωγικής γεννήτριας. Προκειμένου να γίνει μελέτη των μεταβατικών καταστάσεων, παρουσιάζεται το δυναμικό μοντέλο και ο διανυσματικός έλεγχος μίας διπλά τροφοδοτούμενης επαγωγικής γεννήτριας διπλής τροφοδοσίας. Τέλος, γίνεται η προσομοίωση ενός αιολικού πάρκου, που περιλαμβάνει ανεμογεννήτριες αυτού του τύπου και μελετώνται τα δεδομένα που προκύπτουν για τυχαίες μεταβολές του ανέμου. / The subject of this thesis is the study and analysis of a variable speed wind turbine equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). At first, an introduction is made of the renewable energy sources, with special mention of the wind energy. Then, there is the description of the different types of wind turbines than exist nowadays, their components and their aerodynamic conversion. A general presentation of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is made. After that, the dynamic model and the vector control doubly-fed induction generator are presented in order to study various transition phenomena. Finally, the simulation of a wind farm that includes wind turbines of this type, is made and we study the effects of sudden changes of the wind speed.

This thesis analyzes the power losses in induction machines and how the losses depend on the harmonic content of the applied voltages. Two cases are compared, one case where a machine is fed with a sinusoidial voltage and one case with a modular multilevel converter (M2C). The sine is representing an ideal grid while the M2C represents a case with harmonic content. The usage of converters for electrical drive systems is increasing due to advantages when the rotor speed could be variable by changing the frequency of the voltage. This is usually increasing the efficiency of the overall system, but is also adding harmonics fed to the machine and switching losses in the converter. Low switching losses in the inverter usually create higher harmonic content that instead increases the losses of the machine. The M2C is then proposed as a converter topology that can keep the harmonic content low while keeping the switching losses relatively low. This study focuses on the iron losses, the part of the total losses that is most hard to predict or measure. Today’s methods used to calculate the iron losses are often rough approximations that do not take the impact of the harmonic content of voltage into consideration, even though the iron losses are dependent on the harmonics. Experimental results in the study show that the losses of a M2C-fed case do not differ much from a sine-fed case. The difference could be explained by low increase of iron losses caused by the small harmonic content from the M2C. The increase of iron losses was linked to the harmonic content of the voltage. / Detta examensarbete analyserar effektförluster i induktionsmaskiner och hur förlusterna beror på övertonsinnehållet i den matande spänningen. Två fall kommer att jämföras, ett fall där en maskin är matad från en sinus spänning och ett fall med en modulär multinivå omvandlare (M2C). Sinusen representerar ett idealt nät medan M2C representerar ett fall med övertonsinnehåll. Användning av omvandlare för elekriska drivsystem ökar på grund av fördelarna när rotorhastighet kan varieras genom att ändra frekvensen från den matande växelriktaren. Detta ökar vanligtvis verkningsgraden på det sammanlagda systemet, men detta bidrar även med övertonsinnehåll matat till maskinen och switchförluster i omvandlaren. Låga switchförluster i omvandlaren medför oftast ett högt övertonsinnehåll som istället ökar förlusterna i maskinen. M2C är därför föreslaget som en teknik som håller övertonsinnehållet lågt medan switchförlusterna är relativt låga. Denna studie fokuserar på järnförluster, den del av de totala förlusterna som är som svårast att förutse eller mäta. De metoder som finns för att beräkna järnförlusterna är vanligtvis grova skattningar som inte tar hänsyn till inverkan från spänningens övertoninnehåll, även om järnförluster beror på övertonerna i stor utsträckning. Experimentella resultat i studien visar att förlusterna i ett M2C-matat fall inte avviker i stor utsträkning jämte ett sinusmatat fall. Skillnanen kan förklaras utifrån den lilla ökningen av järnförluster från det låga övertonsinnehållet från M2C:n. Järnförlusterna ses vara kopplade till övertonsinnehållet i spänningen.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las averías inesperadas en las máquinas eléctricas rotativas pueden provocar tiempos de inactividad no programados, que pueden tener como consecuencia grandes pérdidas económicas. Esto aplica a las máquinas eléctricas rotativas en general y en particular a los aerogeneradores eólicos, cuya instalación y necesidades de mantenimiento han experimentado un gran crecimiento en los últimos años. Su mantenimiento predictivo evitaría las averías inesperadas y el aumento de costes que se pueden derivar de un mantenimiento preventivo, mediante la medida continua, on-line, de las variables que indican el estado del aerogenerador. Junto con ello, es necesario el desarrollo de técnicas de diagnóstico fiables que necesitan del testeo en aerogeneradores trabajando bajo diferentes condiciones de fallo. Como los ensayos destructivos para el estudio de defectos o fallos no es económicamente factible, se han desarrollado modelos de máquinas eléctricas rotativas trabajando en condiciones de fallo. Así, estos modelos permiten extraer las características de las corrientes de las máquinas bajo condiciones de fallo reduciendo el número de pruebas destructivas. A partir del compendio de artículos científicos y presentaciones en congreso de esta tesis doctoral se han desarrollado las diferentes etapas de implementación del banco de ensayos. En primer lugar, se exploran las diferentes técnicas de modelado de las máquinas eléctricas rotativas mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura técnica disponible hasta el momento. Por otro lado, se pretenden desarrollar técnicas de modelado para ser implementadas en sistemas de prototipado rápido para realizar el diagnóstico online de la máquina. Sin embargo, los modelos analíticos como el presentado, debido a las simplificaciones que se asumen, no pueden modelar con precisión las no idealidades y las no idealidades propias de las máquinas de inducción defectuosas. Los modelos basados en métodos numéricos son más completos, pero requieren una gran capacidad computacional y largos tiempos de simulación. Además, su implementación en sistemas de prototipado rápido, resulta en una tarea muy compleja hasta el momento. Por esta razón, se opta por desarrollar un método de modelado basado en un enfoque híbrido analítico-numérico, que puede ayudar en el desarrollo de pruebas de técnicas de diagnóstico de fallos para ser implementados en dispositivos embebidos, así como para entrenar a sistemas expertos para evaluar la condición de la máquina. No obstante, este modelo desarrollado todavía requiere de importantes capacidades de memoria y tiempos de cómputo, por lo que se aporta un método para optimizar el cálculo de las inductancias de la máquina eléctrica. El estudio de esta técnica, además de una publicación en revista, ha resultado en dos presentaciones en congreso. Por otro lado, se ha optimizado el modelo analítico, aportando un nuevo método basado en el álgebra tensorial que además permite adaptar el modelo híbrido a diferentes tipos de defectos. Finalmente, como alternativa a las técnicas de diagnóstico tradicionales que se basan en el análisis de corriente a través de la transformada de Fourier (FFT), cuyo uso está limitado al diagnóstico en régimen estacionario, así como a las técnicas tiempo-frecuencia que permiten el diagnóstico de fallos bajo condiciones de régimen transitorio pero a un elevado coste computacional, este trabajo presenta una combinación de técnicas de diagnóstico que proporciona alta resolución espectral en todo el rango de carga de la máquina a bajo coste computacional y requisitos de memoria. Para la validación de las técnicas de modelado y la técnica de diagnóstico presentadas se ha implementado un banco de ensayos versátil con la capacidad de reproducir cualquier condición de funcionamiento. / [CA] Les averies inesperades de les màquines elèctriques rotatives poden provocar temps no programats de inactivitat, que esdevindrien en greus pèrdues econòmiques. Aquest raonament és cert per a màquines elèctriques rotatives en general i per als aerogeneradors en particular, la instal·lació dels quals i necessitats de manteniment han experimentat un gran creixement al llarg dels últims anys. El manteniment predictiu evitaria les averies inesperades i el augment de costos derivats de un manteniment preventiu, mitjançant el anàlisi continu i en línia de les magnituds que indiquen l'estat de l'aerogenerador. A més, seria necessari desenvolupar tècniques de diagnosi fiables a través de proves realitzades en aerogeneradors treballant amb distintes condicions de fallada. La realització d'assajos destructius per a l'estudi de defectes o averies no és econòmicament factible. Per tant, s'han desenvolupat models de màquines elèctriques rotatives treballant en condicions de fallada. D'aquesta manera, aquest model permeten extraure les característiques de les corrents absorbides/generades per les màquines en condicions de fallada i permeten reduir el nombre de proves destructives. A partir d'un compendi d'articles científics i presentacions en congrés d'aquesta tesi doctoral s'han desenvolupat les diferents etapes de implementació del banc de proves. En primer lloc s'exploren les diferents tècniques de modelat de màquines elèctriques rotatives mitjançant una revisió exhaustiva de la literatura tècnica disponible fins a la data. D'altra banda, es pretén desenvolupar tècniques de modelat per se implementades en sistemes de prototipat ràpid per realitzar la diagnosi en línia de la màquina. En aquest cas, la primera tècnica de modelat desenvolupada en la tesis es basa en mètodes analítics, obtinguin-se un model molt ràpid que simplifica el procés de càlcul dels paràmetres del model de la màquina elèctrica i és capaç de representar qualsevols tipus i nombre de fallades de simetria del rotor. No obstant això, els models analítics, como el presentat, no poden modelar amb precisió les no idealitats i no linealitats pròpies de les màquines de inducció amb fallada. El models basats en mètodes numèrics son més complets però requereixen una gran capacitat computacional i llargs temps de simulació. A més, la seua implantació en sistemes de prototipat ràpid resulta una tasca complexa i en molts casos inassolible. Per aquesta raó s'ha optat per desenvolupar un mètode de modelat basat en un plantejament híbrid analític-numèric, que pot ajudar al desenvolupament de sistemes per provar tècniques de diagnosi de fallades per se implantats en dispositius embeguts així com per entrenar a sistemes experts per avaluar la condició de la màquina. No obstant això, aquest model encara requereix de importants capacitats de memòria i temps de computació, per tant, en aquesta tesis, s'aporta un mètode per optimitzar el càlcul de les inductàncies de la màquina elèctrica. L'estudi d'aquesta tècnica, a més d'una publicació en revista, ha resultat en dos presentacions en congres. En altra publicació s'ha optimitzat el model analític mitjançant un mètode basat en l'àlgebra tensorial que permet adaptar el model híbrid a altres tipus de fallada. Finalment, com alternativa a les tècniques de diagnòstic tradicionals basades en el anàlisi de la corrent amb la transformada ràpida de Fourier (FFT) limitades al diagnòstic en règim estacionari, així como a les tècniques basades en l'anàlisi temps-freqüència que permeten la diagnosis en règim transitori per a un elevat cost computacional, aquest treball presenta una combinació de tècniques de diagnosi que proporciona alta resolució espectral en totes les zones de treball de la màquina amb un baix cost computacional i de memòria. Per a la validació d'aquestes tècniques de modelat i la tècnica de diagnosi presentada s'ha implementat un banc d'assajos versàtil i amb la capacitat de reproduir qualsevols condició de funcionament. / [EN] Unexpected breakdowns in rotating electrical machines components can lead to unscheduled downtimes and consequently to large economic losses. This relates to electrical machines in general and particularly to wind turbines, whose installation and maintenance needs have raised significantly in recent years. Predictive maintenance would avoid unexpected breakdowns and the associated increased costs from preventive maintenance, by online condition monitoring of the machine. In addition, the development of reliable diagnostic techniques is needed, which requires the testing of wind turbines working under various fault conditions. As destructive testing for fault research purposes is not economically feasible, several rotating electrical machines models running under fault conditions have been developed to investigate the characteristics of faulty machines and have allowed reducing the number of destructive tests. The different stages of the implementation of the test bench have been developed from the compendium of scientific papers and conference presentations of this doctoral thesis. Firstly, the different modeling techniques for rotating electrical machines are explored through an exhaustive review of the technical literature available so far. Moreover, it is aimed at developing modeling techniques valid to be implemented in rapid prototyping systems to perform online diagnosis of the machine. The first modeling technique developed in this thesis is based on analytical methods, obtaining a very fast model which greatly simplifies the process of calculating the parameters of the electrical induction machine model. This model can reproduce any kind and number of rotor asymmetry faults. However, analytical models as the presented one, due to the simplifications assumed, cannot accurately model the inherent non-idealities and non-idealities within faulty induction machines. Models based on numerical methods are more complete but require high computational effort and long simulation times. Moreover, their implementation in rapid prototyping systems is challenging so far. For this reason, a modeling method based on a hybrid analytical- numerical approach is developed, which can contribute to the development of testing fault diagnosis techniques to be implemented in embedded devices, as well as to train expert systems to evaluate the state of the machine. However, this model still requires a significant memory capacity and computation time, so it is provided a method to optimize the computation of the coupling para- meters of the machine. The study of this technique has resulted in a journal publication and two conference presentations. Particularly, it is studied the correct implementation of the modelling technique to obtain a reliable fault diagnosis and it is compared with another method of parameter reduction pro- posed in the technical literature. Besides that, the analytical model has been optimized, providing a new method based on tensor algebra, which also allows the hybrid model to be adapted to different types of defects. Finally, this work shows a combination of diagnostic techniques providing high spectral resolution over the entire machine load range at low computational cost and with negligible memory requirements. This provides an alternative to the traditional diagnostic techniques based on current analysis using Fourier transform (FFT), whose implementation is limited to the diagnosis in the steady state, as well as time-frequency techniques, which allow fault diagnosis under transient regime conditions at high computational cost. For the validation of the presented modeling techniques and diagnostic technique, a versatile test bench has been implemented. This test bench allows to reproduce any operating condition of the machine. / Terrón Santiago, C. (2022). Desarrollo e implementación de un banco de ensayos virtual de aerogeneradores para diferentes regímenes de funcionamiento y condiciones de fallo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183782 / TESIS / Compendio

Η διατριβή αυτή επικεντρώθηκε στη διερεύνηση της λειτουργίας των ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων ισχύος τοπολογίας μήτρας (matrix converters) και, ειδικότερα, των άμεσων μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας. Ο άμεσος μετατροπέας τοπολογίας μήτρας με τρία σκέλη αποτελείται από 18 τρανζίστορ ισχύος και 18 διόδους ισχύος και χρησιμοποιείται για τη μετατροπή μίας τριφασικής εναλλασσόμενης τάσης σε τριφασική εναλλασσόμενη τάση στην έξοδό του, με δυνατότητες ρύθμισης του πλάτους και της συχνότητας της τάσης εξόδου, διαμόρφωσης του ρεύματος εισόδου, ρύθμισης του συντελεστή ισχύος στην είσοδο και αμφίδρομης ροής ισχύος. Η μετατροπή αυτή γίνεται σε ένα στάδιο, χωρίς ενδιάμεσο στάδιο συνεχούς τάσης (ή συνεχούς ρεύματος), με αποτέλεσμα την αποφυγή χρήσης πυκνωτών μεγάλης χωρητικότητας και πηνίων μεγάλης επαγωγιμότητας. Οι μετατροπείς τοπολογίας μήτρας χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλούς βαθμούς απόδοσης, υψηλές πυκνότητες ισχύος και πολύ μεγάλους λόγους ισχύος προς μάζα, ενώ το αρμονικό περιεχόμενο της τάσης εξόδου και του ρεύματος εισόδου αυτών είναι μικρό. Η πολυπλοκότητα αυτών των μετατροπέων είναι υψηλή και η δυσκολία υλοποίησής τους σημαντική. Η διερεύνηση των άμεσων μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής εστιάστηκε κυρίως στην ανάπτυξη μεθόδων διάγνωσης σφαλμάτων ανοικτοκυκλώματος που συμβαίνουν στο μετατροπέα, καθώς και στην ανάπτυξη μεθόδων παλμοδότησης αυτών που βασίζονται στη χρήση φορέα για την κανονική και επανορθωτική τους λειτουργία. Η διατριβή αυτή περιλαμβάνει οκτώ κεφάλαια, το περιεχόμενο των οποίων περιγράφεται ακολούθως. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στους στόχους και τη διάρθρωση της παρούσας διατριβής. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στους ηλεκτρονικούς μετατροπείς ισχύος εναλλασσόμενης τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη τάση μεταβλητής συχνότητας και πλάτους. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό περιλαμβάνεται η περιγραφή και η σύγκριση διαφόρων μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας, καθώς και η περιγραφή των συμβατικών μετατροπέων που χρησιμοποιούνται για την ίδια μετατροπή τάσης και η σύγκριση τους με τις δύο βασικότερες παραλλαγές των μετατροπέων τοπολογίας μήτρας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 περιγράφονται οι μέθοδοι που εφαρμόζονται για τον έλεγχο του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας. Συγκεκριμένα, περιγράφονται και συγκρίνονται διάφορες μέθοδοι παλμοδότησης που χρησιμοποιούνται σε αυτούς τους μετατροπείς, καθώς και οι βασικότερες μέθοδοι μετάβασης του ρεύματος. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό περιλαμβάνεται η περιγραφή μίας νέας μεθόδου παλμοδότησης με τη χρήση φορέα που αναπτύχθηκε στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής και οδηγεί σε μειωμένες διακοπτικές απώλειες για χρήση στην περίπτωση που ο επιθυμητός λόγος μεταφοράς τάσης είναι μικρότερος ή ίσος του 50%. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφονται ο άμεσος μετατροπέας τοπολογίας μήτρας που σχεδιάσθηκε και κατασκευάσθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας και τα υπόλοιπα στοιχεία της πειραματικής διάταξης. Επιπρόσθετα, παρατίθενται ορισμένα αποτελέσματα πειραματικών δοκιμών που αφορούν τη λειτουργία επιμέρους τμημάτων του μετατροπέα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5, αρχικώς, γίνεται μία σύντομη περιγραφή του μοντέλου του υπό μελέτη συστήματος στο περιβάλλον του λογισμικού Matlab/Simulink, παρατίθενται οι τιμές διαφόρων παραμέτρων αυτού και παρουσιάζονται και σχολιάζονται αποτελέσματα προσομοιώσεων της κανονικής λειτουργίας του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας. Επιπρόσθετα, περιγράφεται μία μέθοδος διανυσματικού ελέγχου της ταχύτητας περιστροφής μίας ασύγχρονης μηχανής τροφοδοτούμενης από άμεσο μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας και παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα προσομοιώσεων της λειτουργίας ενός τέτοιου συστήματος. Τέλος, στο κεφάλαιο αυτό παρουσιάζονται και σχολιάζονται αποτελέσματα πειραματικών δοκιμών της κανονικής λειτουργίας του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 6 εξετάζονται τα πιθανά σφάλματα στον άμεσο μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας και παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά οι μέθοδοι διάγνωσης σφαλμάτων ανοικτοκυκλώματος και εντοπισμού ανοικτοκυκλωμένων τρανζίστορ σε αυτόν το μετατροπέα που αναπτύχθηκαν στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής. Περιγράφονται, επίσης, ορισμένες τεχνικές επεξεργασίας σήματος και στοιχεία της θεωρίας των ασαφών έμπειρων συστημάτων, τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνται στις μεθόδους διάγνωσης που προτάθηκαν στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής. Στο Κεφάλαιο 7 περιγράφονται τοπολογίες και μέθοδοι παλμοδότησης για την επανορθωτική λειτουργία κινητηρίων συστημάτων με άμεσους μετατροπείς τοπολογίας μήτρας μετά την εμφάνιση σφαλμάτων στο μετατροπέα. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό περιλαμβάνεται η περιγραφή δύο μεθόδων παλμοδότησης με χρήση φορέα για την επανορθωτική λειτουργία του άμεσου μετατροπέα τοπολογίας μήτρας μετά από ένα σφάλμα ανοικτοκυκλώματος, μία για το μετατροπέα με πρόσθετο (τέταρτο) σκέλος και μία για το μετατροπέα χωρίς πρόσθετα στοιχεία, που αναπτύχθηκαν στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής. Τέλος, στο Κεφάλαιο 8 επισημαίνεται η συμβολή της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής στην έρευνα σχετικά με τους Μ.Τ.Μ., ανακεφαλαιώνονται τα αποτελέσματα αυτής και αναφέρονται σημεία που μπορούν να αποτελέσουν αντικείμενο επιστημονικής έρευνας στο μέλλον. / This thesis was focused on the research in the matrix converters domain and, particularly, in direct matrix converters. The 3-leg direct matrix converter consists of 18 power transistors and 18 power diodes and is used for the conversion of a three-phase AC voltage to a three-phase AC voltage of variable amplitude and variable frequency. This topology is also capable of modulating the input current and adjusting the input power factor, whereas bidirectional power flow is allowed. This conversion is achieved in one stage with the direct connection of the input phases with the output phases, without using an intermediate DC link stage, resulting in elimination of the use of large capacitors and large inductors. The use of the matrix topology in power converters results in high efficiency, high power density and very high power-to-mass ratio, whereas the harmonic distortion of the output voltage and the input current is low. The complexity of the matrix converters is high resulting in significant implementation effort. In this thesis, the research in direct matrix converters was focused mainly on the development of diagnosis methods for open-circuit faults that arise in the matrix topology, as well as the development of carrier-based modulation methods for the normal and remedial operation of these converters. This thesis contains eight chapters, the content of which is described below. In Chapter 1 an introduction and a brief description of the aims and the structure of this thesis are provided. In Chapter 2 an introduction to the AC-AC power converters used for the modulation of an output voltage of variable amplitude and variable frequency is provided. A description and a comparison of various matrix converter topologies, a description of the conventional topologies used for the same voltage conversion and a comparison of the latter with the two most popular matrix topologies are included in this chapter. In Chapter 3 the methods required for the control of the direct matrix converter are presented. In detail, various modulation methods are described and compared and the most significant commutation methods are presented. In this chapter a novel carrier-based modulation method that was proposed in this work is also described which results in reduced switching losses for use in cases that the required voltage transfer ratio is up to 50%. In Chapter 4 the direct matrix converter that was designed and constructed in this work is presented and other parts of the experimental setup are described. Additionally, some experimental results related to the operation of matrix converter parts are provided. In Chapter 5 a brief description of the studied system’s model that was created using the Matlab/Simulink software is provided, the value of various parameters of this model is given and simulation results of the normal (healthy) operation of the matrix converter are presented and commented. Additionally, a vector control method for the speed control of an induction machine fed by a matrix converter is described and simulation results of its operation are demonstrated. Finally, experimental results of the normal operation of the matrix converter are presented and commented. In Chapter 6 the possible faults in direct matrix converters are studied and the methods to detect open-circuit faults and the open-circuited transistors localization method that were developed in this work are presented. Additionally, a description of signal processing methods and the basic theory of fuzzy inference systems, which are used by the proposed diagnosis methods, are included. In Chapter 7 topologies and modulation methods used for the remedial operation of the direct matrix converter after the occurrence of a fault are presented. In this chapter two carrier-based modulation methods for the remedial operation of the direct matrix converter after an open-circuit fault occurrence that were developed in this work are also described, one for the case of using a redundant (fourth) leg and one for the case of not using any redundant switches. In Chapter 8 the contribution of this thesis to the research in the matrix converters domain is highlighted, its additional results are noted and subjects of possible future work are provided.

The organic materials used for stator winding insulation are subject to deterioration from thermal, electrical, and mechanical stresses. Stator winding insulation breakdown due to excessive thermal stress is one of the major causes of electric machine failures; therefore, prevention of such a failure is crucial for increasing machine reliability and minimizing financial loss due to motor failure. This work focuses on the development of an efficient and reliable stator winding temperature estimation scheme for small to medium size mains-fed induction machines. The motivation for the stator winding temperature estimation is to develop a sensorless temperature monitoring scheme and provide an accurate temperature estimate that is capable of responding to the changes in the motors cooling capability. A discussion on the two major types of temperature estimation techniques, thermal model-based and parameter-based temperature techniques, reveals that neither method can protect motors without sacrificing the estimation accuracy or motor performance. Based on the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of these two types of temperature estimation techniques, a new online stator winding temperature estimation scheme for small to medium size mains-fed induction machines is proposed in this work. The new stator winding temperature estimation scheme is based on a hybrid thermal model. By correlating the rotor temperature with the stator temperature, the hybrid thermal model unifies the thermal model-based and the parameter-based temperature estimation techniques. Experimental results validate the proposed scheme for stator winding temperature monitoring. The entire algorithm is fast, efficient and reliable, making it suitable for implementation in real time stator winding temperature monitoring.

Energy usage evaluation and condition monitoring for electric machines are important in industry for overall energy savings. Traditionally these functions are realized only for large motors in wired systems formed by communication cables and various types of sensors. The unique characteristics of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) make them the ideal wireless structure for low-cost energy management in industrial plants. This work focuses on developing nonintrusive motor-efficiency-estimation methods, which are essential in the wireless motor-energy-management systems in a WSN architecture that is capable of improving overall energy savings in U.S. industry. This work starts with an investigation of existing motor-efficiency-evaluation methods. Based on the findings, a general approach of developing nonintrusive efficiency-estimation methods is proposed, incorporating sensorless rotor-speed detection, stator-resistance estimation, and loss estimation techniques. Following this approach, two new methods are proposed for estimating the efficiencies of in-service induction motors, using air-gap torque estimation and a modified induction motor equivalent circuit, respectively. The experimental results show that both methods achieve accurate efficiency estimates within ¡À2-3% errors under normal load conditions, using only a few cycles of input voltages and currents. The analytical results obtained from error analysis agree well with the experimental results. Using the proposed efficiency-estimation methods, a closed-loop motor-energy-management scheme for industrial plants with a WSN architecture is proposed. Besides the energy-usage-evaluation algorithms, this scheme also incorporates various sensorless current-based motor-condition-monitoring algorithms. A uniform data interface is defined to seamlessly integrate these energy-evaluation and condition-monitoring algorithms. Prototype wireless sensor devices are designed and implemented to satisfy the specific needs of motor energy management. A WSN test bed is implemented. The applicability of the proposed scheme is validated from the experimental results using multiple motors with different physical configurations under various load conditions. To demonstrate the validity of the measured and estimated motor efficiencies in the experiments presented in this work, an in-depth error analysis on motor efficiency measurement and estimation is conducted, using maximum error estimation, worst-case error estimation, and realistic error estimation techniques. The conclusions, contributions, and recommendations are summarized at the end.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται την μελέτη και ανάλυση ενός υψηλής τάξης μοντέλου διπλά τροφοδοτούμενης επαγωγικής μηχανής, κατάλληλο για μελέτες μεταβατικής κατάστασης αιολικών συστημάτων. Αρχικά, γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας, με ιδιαίτερη αναφορά στην αιολική ενέργεια. Κατόπιν, περιγράφονται οι διάφοροι τρόποι ταξινόμησης των ανεμογεννητριών που υπάρχουν σήμερα, τα δομικά στοιχεία αυτών, καθώς και η αεροδυναμική τους μετατροπή. Ακολουθεί η γενική παρουσίαση μίας διπλά τροφοδοτούμενης επαγωγικής γεννήτριας. Προκειμένου να γίνει μελέτη των μεταβατικών καταστάσεων, παρουσιάζεται το δυναμικό μοντέλο και ο διανυσματικός έλεγχος μίας διπλά τροφοδοτούμενης επαγωγικής γεννήτριας υψηλής τάξης. Εν συνεχεία, αναλύεται -βάσει εξισώσεων- η συμπεριφορά της εν λόγω γεννήτριας σε τριφασικές και ασύμμετρες βυθίσεις τάσεων, που είναι αποτέλεσμα διαφόρων μεταβατικών καταστάσεων. Τέλος, γίνεται η προσομοίωση ενός αιολικού πάρκου, που περιλαμβάνει ανεμογεννήτριες αυτού του τύπου και μελετώνται διάφορες διαταραχές στο σύστημα, όπως: συμμετρικά και ασύμμετρα βραχυκυκλώματα, απότομες μεταβολές της ταχύτητας του ανέμου, απώλεια και μεταβολή φορτίου. Η προσομοίωση πραγματοποιείται με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού MATLAB/Simulink, έκδοση 7.6. / The subject of this thesis is the study and analysis of a high-order model of a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM), suitable for unbalanced condition studies on a wind farm. At first, an introduction is made of the renewable energy sources, with special mention of the wind energy. Then, there is the description of the different types of wind turbines than exist nowadays, their components and their aerodynamic conversion. A general presentation of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is made and after that, for the study of disturbances, the dynamic model and the vector control of a high-order model of a doubly-fed induction generator are presented. Through mathematical equations, the performance of this generator under voltage dips is then described, result of various transition phenomena. Finally, the simulation of a wind farm that includes wind turbines of this type, is made and several disturbances on the grid, such as: symmetrical and asymmetrical faults, sudden changes of the wind speed, loss and change of the load. Simulation is made with the use of the software MATLAB/Simulink, version 7.6.

<p>Тема докторске дисертације је развој и верификација новог динамичког<br />модела трофазне кавезне асинхроне машине, који је заснован на<br />методи коначних елемената. Применом линеарних магнетостатичких<br />симулација и time-harmonic нелинеарних симулација се реконструишу<br />индуктивности динамичког модела машине заснованог на вишеструко<br />спрегнутим електричним колима. Модел се затим користи у<br />истраживању феномена везаних за појаву жљебних хармоника,<br />сатурацијом индукованих хармоника, као и у развоју нове методе<br />детекције сломљних шипки у роторском кавезу.</p> / <p>Tema doktorske disertacije je razvoj i verifikacija novog dinamičkog<br />modela trofazne kavezne asinhrone mašine, koji je zasnovan na<br />metodi konačnih elemenata. Primenom linearnih magnetostatičkih<br />simulacija i time-harmonic nelinearnih simulacija se rekonstruišu<br />induktivnosti dinamičkog modela mašine zasnovanog na višestruko<br />spregnutim električnim kolima. Model se zatim koristi u<br />istraživanju fenomena vezanih za pojavu žljebnih harmonika,<br />saturacijom indukovanih harmonika, kao i u razvoju nove metode<br />detekcije slomljnih šipki u rotorskom kavezu.</p> / <p>Topic of this thesis is development and verification of the novel dynamical<br />model of the three phase squirrel-cage induction machine, which is based on<br />the finite elements method. Linear magnetostatic simulations and nonlinear<br />time-harmonic simulations are used for calculation of the inductances of the<br />dynamic model of the machine based on the moultiple coupled circuit<br />approach. Model is then used for investigation of the rotor slot harmonics,<br />saturation induced harmonics and in the development of the novel method<br />for broken rotor bars detection.</p>