Title: Non­finite Verb Forms as Semipredicates in Russian, Czech and German. A Typological View. Author: Jana Kocková Supervisor: doc. Dr. phil. Markus Giger Abstract: This research paper presents a comprehensive picture of non­finite verb forms in Russian, Czech and German supported by a corpus analysis based on the parallel corpus InterCorp CNC. Equivalents of each of the non­finite verb forms were analysed manually in each of the monitored languages. The data obtained served for typological classification focused on non­finite verb forms as secondary predicates. Different frequencies of the individual forms and mutual competition of various means in language also indirectly result from the analysis. In Czech we may observe generally a strong tendency to express the semiprediaction by means of a finite verb form in a sentence structure. As regards non­ finite verb forms, the actively used forms are participle and verbal nouns, i.e. forms which relate to the existing part­of­speech paradigms. Due to being inflectional they express explicitly syntactic relations. Czech uses the possibility to express the secondary predication by means that are not contrary to morphological regularities of the inflectional type. Russian uses actively all the non­finite verb forms. A high...

v anglickém jazyce The diploma thesis Syntax of the Czech Translation of J. R. R. Tolkien's Work is based on a comparative linguistic study concentrated on the Czech and English nonfinite verb forms and the possibilities of their usage. The thesis is founded on the analysis of selected grammatical features in John Ronald Reuel Tolkien's Silmarillion and The Hobbit, and their translations by Stanislava Pošustová and František Vrba. The examples of non-finite verb forms working as different sentence elements are preceded by a short theoretical introduction which is supposed to provide a background for the comparison of their usage. Similar examples are organized and analysed together. Within a single chapter the samples were sequenced according to the frequency in usage of the type of their translation. Apart from comparing the original with its translation it is also possible to see the differences between concrete realisations of one grammatical feature in English, and to take into account the differences between the work of the two translators. Key words Translation, infinitive, gerund, participle, syntax, Czech, English, Silmarillion, The Hobbit, Tolkien

The aim of the thesis "Non-finite clauses (infinitive, gerund, present participle) and speech" is to describe the occurence and the use of the non-finite clauses in spoken French. The situation of the non-finite clauses in speech is established by means of the analysis of the essay "Usage du gérondif et du participe présent en francais parlé et écrit : étude comparée basée sur corpus" and the inquiry. Another aim is to suggest various expressions that could replace the non-finite clauses. These expressions result from the inquiry that was made with only natives speakers responding. We also try to consider the influence of different aspects such as age, profession, nationality on the usage of the the non-finite clauses. The conclusions that we come to in the thesis should enlighten the situation of the non-finite clauses infinitive, gerund, present participle in spontaneous speech and they could also serve as a tool for French teachers in the form of a review of the present state of the issue in spoken French. KEYWORDS non-finite clause, infinitive, gerund, present participle, speech

Introdução: Essa pesquisa averiguou a utilização de estruturas estar + a + infinitivo e estar + gerúndio no português brasileiro de cinco regiões e suas relações com a construção da identidade linguística brasileira. As estruturas acima descritas são tomadas como variantes altamente representativas de seus respectivos dialetos do português, o europeu e o brasileiro. Objetivo: Analisar o uso das referidas formas no português brasileiro oitocentista em relação ao discurso linguístico então vigente. Método: Se iniciou o trabalho pela observação do discurso linguístico do período através da leitura de textos sobre história e língua portuguesa publicados no período imperial. Tendo sido essa parte feita, dados foram extraídos de romances de quinze autores nascidos no período imperial, três de cada uma das cinco regiões de interesse (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo). Uma vez extraídos, os dados foram classificados de acordo com critérios linguísticos e sociais e analisados estatisticamente. Resultados: O uso das variantes se mostrou altamente diverso, com taxas de uso significativamente diferentes sendo apresentadas por autores da mesma região ou afiliação política. Aspectos geográficos, por outro lado, apresentaram uma correlação significativa com o uso da variável, ocorrendo um maior emprego de estar + a + infinitivo no sudeste, e particularmente no Rio de Janeiro, do que no nordeste. Fatores linguísticos como a presença de interpolação e a presença de certos tipos de palavras nos arredores do termo também apresentaram uma correlação significativa com o uso da variável. Conclusões: Em termos gerais, o discurso e a prática linguística parecem diferir, sendo o uso da variável mais fortemente ligado a aspectos regionais e linguísticos. / Introduction: This research dove into the variation between estar + gerund and estar + a + infinitive in the 19th century Brazilian Portuguese of five major Imperial Provinces (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and its relations with the Imperial nation building project. The two aforementioned constructions are understood by native speakers to be highly pronounced markers of the Brazilian and European varieties of Portuguese, respectively, a situation which was at least partially mirrored during the Brazilian Empire era. Objectives: To investigate whether the above mentioned constructions where as strongly associated with a \"Brazilian identity\" during Imperial Times as they are now. Methodology: A conceptualization of the XIXth century mindset on nationhood and language was built through the Reading of contemporary discourses on history, culture and language published by key figures of Brazilian intellectuality. From this, fifteen of authors split among the five regions where elected as \"model speakers\" and some of their work taken as material basis for the corpus. The data acquired from this was then categorized according to social and linguistic criteria and the results were then analyzed statistically analyzed. Results: The actual usage of the two variants has shown itself to be highly diversified, its usage rates varyingly significantly even among author of the same region or political affiliation. Regional variation, however, when taken by itself was found out to be significant both when taken in the larger macro regional level (southeast versus northeast) but also among provinces, with a higher rate of usage of estar + a +infinitive in the southeast and especially in the province of Rio de Janeiro. Linguistic factors like the presence of interpolation or certain types of surrounding words have also been be significantly correlated to the variable albeit the reason for that remains inconclusive. Conclusions: In a general sense, linguistic discourse and linguistic praxis strongly differ from each other and the variation between the two constructions appears to be more strongly tied to regional and linguistic factors than social factors.

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The thesis Verbs with infinitive complements in Czech and Russian with respect to tecaching Czech for foregners is focused on comparing verbs with infinitival complements in Czech and Russian. The aim is to establish a list of verbs with different complements in Czech and Russian and use those differences in the proces of teacheing Czech as a foreign language for Russian speakers.

A group of 101 ESL learners ranging in the mid to upper intermediate level was randomly distributed among two groups--experimental and control. They were given three tests prior to the experiment and three tests after treatment. Both groups were given the same contextualized materials. However, the experimental group was taught gerunds and infinitives using the Bolinger principle whereas the control group was taught gerunds and infinitives by list memorization. Two hypotheses were posed: 1. Teaching ESL learners gerunds and infinitives using the Bolinger principle will result in significant improvement in discrete point tests. 2. Teaching ESL learners gerunds and infinitives using the Bolinger principle will result in significant improvement in the use of gerunds and infinitives in writing.

L’infinitif est souvent présenté comme un mode qui ne présente ni les marques de temps, ni de personne, ni de nombre. De ce fait, la grammaire traditionnelle le classe parmi les formes non personnelles du verbe avec le gérondif et le participe. Cependant, l’infinitif sert à exprimer un ordre, un conseil, une interdiction, entre autres actes directifs. On le retrouve dans les modes d’emploi de divers produits, dans les recettes de cuisine, dans le code de la route, dans les libellés de conseil, pour ne citer que quelques exemples. Selon les grammaires, dans cet emploi, l’infinitif serait utilisé à la place de l’impératif, dont il serait l’équivalent. Au vu de ces affirmations, cette thèse se propose d’étudier les caractéristiques de l’infinitif injonctif. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéressons à la catégorisation de l’infinitif et aux propriétés de l’injonction. En effet, l’utilisation de l’infinitif injonctif soulève des questions. Le texte injonctif est associé à un acte d’intimation à l’action ; il s’agit d’un acte directif par lequel un locuteur veut agir sur le comportement de son destinataire. Alors comment expliquer qu’une forme qui serait non personnelle et intemporelle puisse être employée dans un genre qui s’inscrit résolument dans une situation de communication où la présence d’un locuteur ne fait pas de doute, et où le message est destiné à un public déterminé ? Notre recherche a permis de montrer que l’infinitif est une forme verbale à part entière, avec des particularités qui lui sont propres. Notre étude sur corpus vient confirmer cette position au vu de l’organisation des constituants très riche de l’infinitif injonctif / The infinitive is often described as a mood which does not possess time, person or number markers. Hence, traditional grammars classify it as impersonal, along with the gerund and the participial. However, the infinitive can express an order, an advice, and a prohibition, among other directive speech acts. It is used in instruction manuals, in cooking recipes, in traffic regulation texts, in advisory texts, to name a few. According to grammars, in such cases, the infinitive is used instead of the imperative. It would thus be similar to the imperative. On the basis of these statements, this thesis intends to study the characteristics of the injunctive infinitive. To do this, we consider the categorisation of the infinitive as well as the properties of the injunctive discourse. Indeed, the use of the injunctive infinitive raises questions. The injunctive text relates to a directive speech act through which the speaker attempts to get the addressee to perform the action described. How is it, then, that an impersonal and tenseless verb form can be used in a discourse which is clearly linked to a communication situation where there is no doubt as to the existence of a speaker and where the speech is directed towards a particular audience? Our research shows that the infinitive is a verb form in its own right, with its own unique features. Our corpus-based study confirms this fact, as shown by the rich syntactic possibilities with the injunctive infinitive.

Grandes transformações sociais, econômicas e políticas ocorriam no Brasil republicano do final do século XIX. Nesse contexto, forças sócio-políticas operavam na proposta de civilização do país que se apoiava na difusão das instituições de ensino como estratégia para se equiparar à modernização e ao progresso dos países europeus. Assim, os Grupos Escolares foram criados em contraposição às escolas isoladas do período monárquico, inovando no cenário brasileiro com a implantação do ensino graduado e com o método intuitivo, servindo de propaganda ao novo governo instaurado. Alguns estudos têm mostrado que, dentro desse panorama da virada do século XIX, uma mudança na colocação pronominal em orações infinitivas preposicionadas se implanta no Português Brasileiro, o qual se distanciava do padrão lusitano e do uso vernacular da época. Considerando o crescimento da próclise do vernáculo brasileiro (OLIVEIRA, 2013) e a ênclise majoritária dos intelectuais republicanos paulistas (SANTOS SILVA, 2012) nesse contexto sintático, este trabalho investigará se os Grupos Escolares Paulistas adotavam um único padrão linguístico quanto à posição do pronome em infinitivas preposicionadas. Para essa análise, serão estudados ofícios e relatórios escritos em 1902 e 1906 por diretores de 34 grupos e inspetores da educação do estado de São Paulo. Para uma boa análise qualitativa dos dados, será adotado o paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (1989), juntamente a um estudo etnográfico dos grupos e de seu conteúdo programático que permitirá identificar o pano de fundo da difusão desse novo tipo de escola e entender a simbólica importância dessa instituição de ensino para a sociedade republicana. Dessa forma, será possível entrelaçar o ponto de vista linguístico com a sócio-história dos Grupos Escolares paulistas na virada do século XIX para o XX. / Significant social, economic and political changes took place in the Brazilian Republic in the end of 19th century. In this context, socio-political forces operated in the civilization proposal of country supported in the dissemination of educational institutions as a strategy to match the modernization and progress of European countries. So School Groups were created in opposition to distant schools of the monarchy period, innovating in the Brazilian scenario with the implementation of graduate education and the intuitive method, serving as an advertisement of the new government. Some studies have shown that a change was implanted in the clitic placement in prepositional infinitive sentences in Brazilian Portuguese in the turn of 19th century, which distanced from both the standard European Portuguese and the Brazilian vernacular use. Considering the increase of proclisis of Brazilian vernacular (OLIVEIRA, 2013) and the majority enclitic of republican intellectuals of São Paulo (SANTOS SILVA, 2012) in this syntactic context, this study will investigate if the School Groups of São Paulo adopted a single linguistic standard about the clitic placement in prepositional infinitive sentences. For this analysis, formal texts written in 1902 and 1906 by directors of 34 School Groups and education inspectors of São Paulo will be studied. For a satisfactory analysis, the evidential paradigm of Ginzburg (1898) will be adopted, along with an ethnographic study of School Groups and their curriculum that will identify the background of the propagation of this new kind of school and understand the symbolic matter of this educational institution for the republican society. So the linguistic point of view can be interlace with the socio-history of School Groups of São Paulo in the turn of 20th century.