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Thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering to the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2018 / Power electronic converters that convert DC to AC, or vice versa, require an energy buffer between the AC and DC ports of the converter to compensate for the instantaneous power mismatch. Electrolytic capacitors are mostly used for these buffering applications because of the high energy density when compared to other capacitors, but unfortunately this type of capacitor also has low reliability. This dissertation proposes a general solution from a fundamental approach to solve the required capacitor power requirements on the DC-bus of an inverter. From the resulting model, an alternative active filter design technique to reduce the required capacitance of the DC-bus capacitor of a single phase inverter is presented. In this model, the minimum and maximum voltages of the capacitor can be chosen and the corresponding waveforms are calculated. An optimum region for the choice of capacitor voltage is shown to visually illustrate the trade-offs between the capacitor voltage, capacitance and converter losses. In this optimum area the reduction in capacitance is enough to allow the elimination of electrolytic capacitors, while maintaining comparable volume. In this technique, the DC-bus capacitor is decoupled from the DC-bus to allow wide voltage variation and the power processed by the capacitor is directly controlled, instead of the bus voltage. The allowable voltage variation of the capacitor can also be selected to fit the application or traded off in favour of capacitance as chosen by the designer. This general solution is applicable to any bi-directional converter used to decouple the capacitor from the DC-Bus / XL2018

This thesis reviews in general the topic of electromagnetic compatibility, and electromagnetic interference and their origin and effects in modern electronically controlled motor drives. The measurement techniques for EMI noise are reviewed. The sources of noise of a switching power circuit are described. This thesis investigates the establishment of a procedure for measuring conducted emission produced by motor drives, using a virtual instrument. This procedure is based on the traditional methodology of EMI measurement and the use of simulation techniques. A test bench is designed. The thesis covers the detailed design of a virtual instrument for measuring conducted current produced by motor drives. A line impedance stabilisation network LISN is designed and built. A series of measurements were carried out using the developed instrument. The results show very little difference between the conducted emission produced by induction, permanent magnet and reluctance motor drives. Comparing one of the experimental results with published results from a major test laboratory assesses the validity of the designed instrument. The experimental results refer to drive systems under no load conditions. Useful conclusions are drawn and future research studies recommended. / Master of Engineering (Hons)

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Conventional 'hard switching' converters suffer from significant switching loss due to the simultaneous imposition of high values of current and voltage on the devices during commutation. Resonant converters offer a solution to this problem. A review of resonant circuit topologies is presented, which includes a summary of the interference problems which may occur when using power converters in the rail traction environment. Particular attention is given to the Resonant DC Link Inverter (RDCLI) which shows a great deal of pronuse using currently available devices. The frequency domain simulation of RDCLIs is discussed as a means of rapidly evaluating circuit behaviour, especially in relation to modulation strategies. A novel modulation strategy is proposed for Resonant DC Link Inverters, based on a procedure known as Simulated Annealing which allows complex harmonic manipulations such as han-nonic minimisation, to be performed. This is despite the fact that RDCLIs are constrained to use Discrete Pulse Modulation whereby switch commutations are restricted to specific moments in time. The modulation algorithms were verified by use of a low-power test rig and the results obtained are compared against theoretical values. Details of the hardware implementation are also included. A single-phase pulse-converter input stage is described which may be incorporated into the Resonant DC Link Inverter topology. This input stage also benefits from soft-sVVItching and allows four-quadrant operation at any desired power factor. A modulation scheme based on SiMulated Annealing is proposed for the pulse-converter, to achieve hannomc control whilst also synchronising with the supply wavefon-n. Practical results are presented and compared with those obtained by simulation and calculation. Finally the design of Resonant DC Link Converters is discussed and reconunendations made for the choice of resonant components based on the minimisation of overall losses. Comparisons are made between hard-switching and soft-switching converters in terms of loss and harmonic performance, in an attempt to quantify the benefits which may be obtained by the application of soft-switching.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική πραγματεύεται την μελέτη ενός αιολικού συστήματος παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας συνδεδεμένο στο δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Το αιολικό σύστημα συγκροτείται από μία σύγχρονη γεννήτρια μόνιμων μαγνητών και διατάξεις ηλεκτρονικών ισχύος που μετατρέπουν αρχικά την εναλλασσόμενη τάση σε συνεχή και στη συνέχεια τη συνεχή τάση σε εναλλασσόμενη συχνότητας 50Hz για τη σύνδεση με το δίκτυο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, χρησιμοποιούνται κατά σειρά μία μη ελεγχόμενη ανορθωτική γέφυρα με διόδους για την ανόρθωση της τάσης, ένας μετατροπέας για την ανύψωση και σταθεροποίηση της τάσης τύπου Boost και τέλος ένας μονοφασικός αντιστροφέας με MOSFET. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη, η προσομοίωση στον υπολογιστή καθώς και η κατασκευή της τελευταίας βαθμίδας σύνδεσης με το δίκτυο, δηλαδή του μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα. / This project deals with the study of a wind power system of production of electric energy which is connected in the low voltage network. This wind power system is constituted by a synchronous generator of permanent magnets and also by power electronics that convert the alternating voltage (A/C), which is produced by the generator, to continuous voltage (D/C) and back again to alternating voltage of 50Hz frequency in order to establish a connection with the network. In particular, we used a non controlled rectifier with diodes for the rectification of the voltage, a Boost converter for the elevation and the stabilisation of the voltage, a single-phase inverter with MOSFETs and finally a single-phase transformer. The goal of this project is the study, the simulation as well as the manufacture of the last part of the previous wind power system that is the single-phase inverter.

This thesis contributes to improve the photovoltaic Distributed Generation (DG) systems by proposing three novel methods to the system. On DC conversion side, a new integrated magnetic structure for interleaved converter and a new method to calculate the eddy current and hysteresis losses in the magnetic core were proposed. On inversion side, A new synchronisation method for grid tie inverters was suggested. The technique is using the Recursive Discrete Fourier Transform (RDFT) to find fundamental in grid waveform. On the DC converter side, the benefits of the new structure is to produce magnetic flux that alternate in the core across both directions of the BH curve. The advantages of alternating magnetic flux are, to increase the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of produced current with respect to core volume that lead to reduce the core size and reducing losses by using high permeability material. Furthermore, the proposed structure led to reduce the number of magnetic components which helped to improve the efficiency. The converter was tested and evaluated were the results show that the topology is able to produce high gain and it shows that the new interleaved structure is efficient. A new method to calculate the eddy current loss was proposed, where the flux waveform in the core was analysed to its original frequency component. Each of the components were utilized individually to find the loss. The effect of changing the duty cycle of the converter was taken into consideration on the total eddy current loss, as it will effect on the total harmonics content in the flux waveform. On the inverter side, due to recent developments combined with the increasing power demand by single phase non-linear loads where voltage spikes, harmonics and DC component were impacted the electric grid quality. These effects can likewise make the synchronisation process a challenge, where filters or Digital Signal processing (DSP) analysers are required to acquire the fundamental component as a consequence to the waveform deformation. A new linear approximation with RDFT is presented in this thesis for grid tie inverters. The new method provides a computation reduction as well as high accuracy in tracking the fundamental frequency in a distorted grid during synchronisation. The method accuracy was proved mathematically and simulated with different input signals. Error in magnitude and frequency measurement were measured, presented and compared with other research in order to verify the proposed method.

M.Ing. (Electrical & Electronic Engineering) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

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