Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-26T12:44:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Versão Biblioteca - ImprimirOK.pdf: 2780004 bytes, checksum: 26f8b7cae86c9fabc567061fe899162f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T12:44:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Versão Biblioteca - ImprimirOK.pdf: 2780004 bytes, checksum: 26f8b7cae86c9fabc567061fe899162f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-18 / CAPEs / A pesquisa foi realizada no estuário do rio Goiana - PE (7º20’S/34º50’W) e objetivou compreender a influência dos processos naturais e antrópicos na sedimentação atual e biogeoquímica na área. Foram coletadas 23 amostras de sedimentos superficiais em Fevereiro/2012 (região do baixo e médio estuário) e realizadas análises granulométricas, de matéria orgânica total (MOT), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio total (NT), Carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3), razão C/N e razões isotópicas de δ¹³C e δ¹⁵N. Como análises complementares foram realizadas as análises da fração arenosa e o índice BPN (Bio Production Number) para a determinação do estado trófico do ambiente. Foram executadas também análises de correlação (Spearman), componentes principais e agrupamento (Cluster). Os sedimentos foram classificados como heterogêneos com predomínio de areias-sílticas siliciclásticas, pobremente selecionadas com baixos a médios teores orgânicos e de origem mista. As análises de correlação indicaram significância entre os teores de CaCO3 e MOT (rs=0,67; p<0,05), ao contrário dos dados de MOT e COT (rs=0,06; p>0,05). A distribuição destes parâmetros não estabeleceu variações diretas com a granulometria. Concomitantemente a isso, o cálculo BPN evidenciou a condição predominante de hipertrofia, com os maiores índices nas estações de coleta adjacentes às áreas de carcinocultura, indicando que a presente distribuição sedimentar apresenta anomalias diretamente relacionadas ao aporte externo de contaminantes, evidenciando assim, a ocorrência de influências resultantes de atividades agrícolas, agropecuárias e/ou atividades cimenteiras exercidas na região, comportamento já reportado na literatura em outras regiões. / The study site is the Goiana River estuary–PE (7º20’S/34º50’W) and this research aims to understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic processes on modern sedimentation and biogeochemistry in the area. Twenty-three sediment samples were collected in Feb/2012 (in middle and lower estuary) and analyses of grain size, total organic matter (TOM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, CaCO3 and δ¹³C-δ¹⁵N isotopic ratios. Were performed the coarse fraction analisys and the BPN index to determine the environmental trophic state. The collection data were treated by mean of the correlation analysis (Spearman), main components and groups (Cluster). The sediments were classified as heterogeneous, with mainly siliciclastic siltic-sand, poorly sorted varying from low to medium organic contents and presenting mixed origin. There was significant correlation between levels of CaCO3 and TOM (rs=0.67; p<0.05), unlike the data TOM and TOC (rs=0.06; p> 0.05). The distribution of these parameters does not establish direct variations with the grain size. Concurrently, the BPN index showed the predominant hypertrophy condition, with higher values located in sampling stations adjacent to shrimp farming areas. This indicates that this sediment distribution presents anomalies directly related to the allochthonous input of contaminants, thus evidencing the influences from agricultural activities, aquaculture and/or cement activities in the surrounding area. This behavior were already reported in the literature in other regions.

The work presented in this dissertation explores the nature of agro-pastoral strategies developed by Neolithic farmers as a way to understand how early food production was inter-twined with environmental and socio-economic opportunities and constraints. Towards this end, a multi-isotope approach is used to address questions of scale and intensity of crop cultivation and animal management at the archaeological sites of Kouphovouno, southern Greece, Makriyalos, northern Greece, and Çatalhöyük, south-central Turkey. Measurements of stable carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium isotope values of carbonized plant remains, human and animal bone collagen and animal tooth enamel are used to examine the similarities and differences in the types of treatments that individual species of plants and animals received during the agricultural cycle at the distinct locations. The results show that farmers at the three sites developed variable methods for exploiting the arable and pastoral landscape and catering to their economic and culinary needs. The discussion considers the implications of these findings to our understanding of the complexity and adaptability of early farming systems.

[pt] A busca de níveis superiores de qualidade, tempo e competitividade é uma preocupação constante das agências econômicas e no setor agro - alimentar não poderia ser diferente. Um crescente número de pesquisas tem sido publicado detalhando o uso de técnicas analíticas para a determinação do conteúdo mineral, razões isotópicas ou de ambos como descritores geográficos de diferentes produtos agrícolas desde alimentos frescos até produtos processados. A pesquisa de vinhos no Brasil ainda é muito restrita aos pólos produtores de vinhos do país. E, a maior parte dos trabalhos tem como o objetivo a análise de parâmetros clássicos de controle de qualidade, sendo recente em nosso país a pesquisa envolvendo o desenvolvimento e/ou aplicações de metodologias que possam caracterizar o vinho e sua região produtora. Técnicas espectrométricas, como a ICP-OES, ICP-MS, são as mais utilizadas para este propósito e, foram utilizadas neste trabalho. Pela primeira vez o estudo das razões isotópicas de boro e chumbo foi aplicado aos vinhos brasileiros. A análise e classificação dos componentes principais (PCCA) e a análise de agrupamentos (CA), foram utilizadas no processamento dos dados. As regiões Sul e Nordeste puderam ser definidas utilizando tanto os dados da caracterização inorgânica quanto os isotópicos, mas não o suficiente para se definir as regiões produtoras de vinhos do Rio Grande do Sul, em especial o Vale dos Vinhedos. Ficou claro neste trabalho que o emprego da estatística multivariada aos dados obtidos através das determinações inorgânicas e isotópicas é uma poderosa ferramenta analítica. / [en] The search for higher levels of quality, time and competitiveness is a constant concern of economic agencies and agro - food could not be different. A growing body of research has been published detailing the use of analytical techniques for determining the mineral content, isotopic ratios or both as geographical descriptors of different agricultural products from fresh food to processed products. A search of wines in Brazil is still very restricted to the poles wine producers in the country. And, most of the work has as objective the analysis of classical parameters of quality control, and recent research in our country involving the development and / or application of methodologies that characterize the wine and its producing region. Spectrometric techniques such as ICP-OES, ICP-MS, are the most used for this purpose and were used in this study. For the first time the study of the isotopic ratios of lead and boron was applied to the Brazilian wines. The analysis and classification of the major components (PCCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used for data processing. The South and Northeast could be identified using data from both inorganic as the isotopic characterization, but not enough to define the wine producing regions of Rio Grande do Sul, particularly the Valley of the Vineyards. It became clear in this study that the use of multivariate statistical data obtained through the inorganic and isotopic determinations is a powerful analytical tool.

Ce travail porte sur le comportement du Ra au sein d’un écosystème forestier (Montiers, Meuse). Il s’appuie sur la mesure de plusieurs traceurs isotopiques (déséquilibres radioactifs, rapports 228Ra/226Ra et 87Sr/86Sr) dans les différents compartiments du système eau-sol-plante. Les objectifs étaient : 1) d’étudier la mobilité du Ra et ses ascendants radioactifs entre les fractions minérales séparées d’un profil de sol, 2) d’évaluer le transfert du Ra vers les compartiments eau-plante de l’écosystème, 3) de caractériser le transfert du Ra et son temps de résidence dans la végétation, 4) de réaliser le bilan du cycle biogéochimique du Ra. Ce travail montre une forte redistribution de U, Th et Ra en fonction de leurs affinités respectives avec les différentes fractions minérales du sol. Bien que le Ra soit très fortement associé à la fraction fine (< 2µm) du sol, la végétation (hêtres) semble prélever le Ra des oxydes de fer du sol. Le transfert ultérieur de ce nucléide depuis les racines vers les parties aériennes de l’arbre est moins important que celui des autres alcalino-terreux, aboutissant à un temps de résidence dans la végétation de l’ordre de quelques années (2.6 ± 1.6 ans). Enfin, le cycle biogéochimique du Ra est caractérisé par un flux de dégradation de la litière souterraine plus important que celui lié à la litière de surface, par un apport atmosphérique en Ra négligeable et par un flux d'altération très important, ce dernier ne transitant pas par les solutions de sols gravitaires. Le Ra présent dans ces dernières provient presque exclusivement de la dégradation de la litière. / This work investigates the behaviour of Ra within a forest ecosystem (Montiers, Meuse). It is based on the quantification of several isotopic tracers (U- and Th- series disequilibria, isotopic ratios of 228Ra/226Ra and 87Sr/86Sr) in the different compartments of the water-soil-plant system. The research goals were : 1) to study the mobility of Ra and its radioactive ascendants in the separated mineral fractions of a soil profile, 2) to evaluate the transfer of Ra to the water-plant system, 3) to characterise the transfer of Ra and its residence time onto the vegetation, 4) to realise an account of the biogeochemical cycle of Ra. This work shows a strong redistribution of U, Th and Ra depending on their respective affinities with the different mineral fractions of the soil. Despite being predominantly concentrated in the clay fraction (<2 µm) of the soil, our findings indicate that trees (beeches) mostly extract Ra from the soil’s iron oxides. The subsequent transfer of this nuclide from the roots to the foliage is lesser than that of other alkaline-earth metals, leading to a vegetal residence time on the order of a few years (2.6 ± 1.6 years). Finally, the biogeochemical cycle of Ra is characterised by the degradation flux of fine-roots rather than that of leaves, by a negligible atmospheric input and by a strong weathering rate. Ra presents in the latter originates almost uniquely from litter degradation and does not pass through gravitational soil solutions.