Ensejou-se obter a caracterização do Querosene via espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo com o objetivo de se instalar um analisador NIR (Near InfraRed) na unidade de processo de destilação industrial, permitindo a otimização do processo de produção. Foi construído um banco de dados espectrais (NIR) e das propriedades: densidade D20/4oC, destilação (PIE, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% e PFE), enxofre total, ponto de fulgor, ponto de congelamento e viscosidade a -20oC e a 40oC durante um período de 8 meses. A partir dos dados experimentais foram construídos modelos de inferência para as propriedades do querosene através dos métodos PLS (Partial Least Squares) e redes neurais. Inferências a partir de dados operacionais foram também elaboradas para comparação. As inferências construídas com os dados espectrais apresentaram resultados melhores que as obtidas com as variáveis operacionais. / This work aimed to obtain the characterization of Kerosene by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) with the intention to install a NIR analyzer at an industrial process of distillation, allowing optimization of the production process. A database of spectral data (NIR) was built and another with the properties: density D20/4oC, distillation (IBP, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and FBP), total sulfur, flash point, freezing point and viscosity at -20oC and 40oC for a period of 8 months. Models of inference to kerosene properties by the PLS (Partial Least Squares) and neural networks methods were built up from experimental data. Inferences from operational data were also compiled for comparison. As a conclusion of this work, inferences from spectroscopy data were better than those from operational data.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-20T18:14:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA FINAL - GRAZIELE NASCIMENTO.pdf: 1640569 bytes, checksum: b37271f18a2ccb0018a4524168b48c7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T18:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA FINAL - GRAZIELE NASCIMENTO.pdf: 1640569 bytes, checksum: b37271f18a2ccb0018a4524168b48c7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-15 / PRH-28 ANP / A presença de ácidos naftênicos no querosene de aviação (QAV) implica em um aumento de sua acidez com efeito corrosivo elevado, diminuição da estabilidade térmica, formação de sais insolúveis e depósitos de carbono. A remoção desses compostos por adsorção é considerada uma alternativa eficiente, uma vez que podem ser recuperados, purificados e comercializados para outros fins. A síntese e caracterização de peneiras moleculares mesoporosas do tipo MCM-41 com potencial aplicação em adsorção e catálise vêm sendo bastante estudada em função de suas características, como elevada área superficial, diâmetro e volume de poros. Neste contexto, este trabalho propôs a síntese de adsorventes do tipo MCM-41 modificados, visando à remoção de ácidos naftênicos em mistura modelo de QAV (ácido n-dodecanóico em n-dodecano). Os adsorventes MCM-41, Sr-MCM-41, La- MCM-41, Ce-MCM-41, Sr-La-MCM-41, Sr-Ce-MCM-41 foram sintetizados pelo método hidrotérmico e caracterizados pelas técnicas de análise termogravimétrica (TG), difração de raios-X (DRX), adsorção/dessorção de N2 através dos métodos Brunauer, Emmett e Teller (BET) e Barrett, Joyner e Halenda (BJH), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva por raios-X (MEV/EDS) e pH do ponto de carga zero (pHpzc). Foi realizado um estudo para seleção do adsorvente a ser utilizado nos estudos de adsorção. Com o adsorvente selecionado, foram realizados estudos cinéticos e equilíbrio de adsorção em sistema de banho finito. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi avaliado o sistema continuo de leito fixo e os ciclos de adsorção/dessorção. O método hidrotérmico foi eficiente, conforme os resultados obtidos pelas análises de caracterização, uma vez que após a incorporação dos metais, os materiais mantiveram a estrutura padrão da MCM-41. A partir do estudo do pHpzc verificou-se que a incorporação do metal alcalino terroso Sr aumentou a basicidade de todos os materiais. O adsorvente Sr-Ce-MCM-41 apresentou maior estabilidade térmica, bem como maiores volume e diâmetro de poros, apresentando também uma maior capacidade adsortiva. O estudo cinético permitiu verificar que o equilíbrio foi atingido após 420 minutos, com capacidade de 0,64 gác.g-1 ads e % de remoção de 82,5%. A isoterma de adsorção apresentou comportamento do tipo IV e a maior capacidade adsortiva quantificada na faixa de concentração estudada foi de 0,8 gác.g-1 ads. O modelo cinético de Langmuir- Freundlich e o modelo de Brunauer, Emmett e Teller (BET) representaram de forma satisfatória os dados experimentais da cinética e equilíbrio de adsorção em sistema de banho finito. No sistema de leito fixo, os tempos de ruptura e saturação da curva foram afetados pela variação da vazão e da concentração de alimentação do leito. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados ao modelo de Langmuir-Freundlich, uma vez que foram desprezados os efeitos de resistência à transferência de massa e de difusão. Os estudos de adsorção/dessorção indicaram a possibilidade de recuperação de ácidos naftênicos visando seu posterior aproveitamento e aplicação. O adsorvente estudado Sr-Ce-MCM-41 apresentou potencial para a remoção de ácidos naftênicos presentes em QAV modelo nas condições estudadas. / The presence of naphthenic acids in the aviation kerosene (jet fuel) implies an increase in its acidity with high corrosive effect, decreased thermal stability, formation of insoluble salts and carbon deposits. The removal of these compounds by adsorption is considered to be an effective alternative, since they can be recovered, purified and sold for other purposes. The synthesis and characterization of mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 type with potential application in adsorption and catalysis have been extensively studied due to their characteristics, such as high surface area, diameter and pore volume. In this context, this paper proposed the adsorbent synthesis of MCM-41 modified type, aimed at removing naphthenic acid mixed model of jet fuel (n-dodecanoic acid in n-dodecane). The MCM-41, Sr-MCM- 41, La-MCM-41, Ce-MCM-41, Sr-La-MCM-41, Sr-Ce-MCM-41 adsorbents were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by techniques thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner and Halenda (BJH) methods, spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray (SEM/EDS) and pH of zero charge point (pHpzc). A study was conducted to check the adsorbent for use in adsorption studies. With the selected adsorbent, kinetic studies were performed and adsorption equilibrium finite bath system. From the data obtained, we evaluated the system continuous fixed bed and the cycles of adsorption/desorption. The hydrothermal method was effective as the results of the characterization analyzes, since after the incorporation of metals, materials maintained the pattern structure of MCM-41. From the PHpzc study it was found that the incorporation of the alkaline earth metal Sr increased basicity of all materials. The Sr-Ce-MCM-41 adsorbent has higher thermal stability and higher pore volume and pore diameter, also having a greater adsorption capacity. The kinetic study showed that equilibrium is reached after 420 minutes, with a capacity of 0.64 gac.g-1 ads and % removal of 82.5%. The adsorption isotherm presented type IV behavior and higher adsorptive capacity quantified in the studied concentration range was 0.8 gac.g-1 ads. The kinetic model of Langmuir-Freundlich and model of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) were satisfactory experimental data of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium in finite bath system. In the fixed bed system, the breakthrough time and saturation curve were affected by varying the flow rate and the bed of the feed concentration. The experimental data were fitted to the model of Langmuir-Freundlich, since the effects of mass transfer resistance and diffusion were discarded. Studies of adsorption/desorption indicated the possibility of naphthenic acid recovery aiming their subsequent use and application. The adsorbent studied Sr-Ce-MCM-41 has potential for the removal of naphthenic acids present in jet fuel model in the conditions studied.

En fonction de la configuration avion, de son altitude du vol, du type de carburant, différents phénomènes physiques modifient les caractéristiques de l'alimentation du moteur en carburant. En effet, il se produit principalement un phénomène de dégazage qui pourrai être couplé à de la cavitation. Les écoulements diphasiques ainsi obtenus contiennent des microbulles, des bulles ou des poches de gaz qui risquent d'induire des dysfonctionnements du moteur. Ces dysfonctionnements se traduisent par des fluctuations de poussée pouvant conduire à une perte de contrôle de l’appareil. De cette problématique industrielle découlent de nombreux verrous scientifiques encore mal connus. Dans le cadre de cette thèse des travaux sur la modélisation numérique et la caractérisation expérimentale du couplage entre la cavitation et le dégazage. Pour cela deux bancs d’essai et un code propre capable d'étudier la problématique scientifique retenue ont été développés et exploités. Trois régimes de cavitation pure et trois autres de cavitation aérée sur une géométrie de venturi 8° symétrique ont été étudiés." / Depending on the configuration of the plane, its flight altitude, the type of fuel, different physical phenomena significantly change the characteristics of the fuel supply to the engine. Indeed, it primarily occurs a fuel degassing phenomenon that could be coupled to the cavitation phenomenon. As a result, the thus obtained multiphase flows contain micro bubbles, larger bubbles or vapor pockets which might induce engines malfunctions. The latter result in thrust fluctuations which can lead to a loss of power. The scientific context of the industrial problem lies in the development of a numerical and experimental representation of the cavitation and degassing phenomena on a smaller scale. As a result, it is of primary importance for one to understand the mechanisms of occurrence of gas and cavitation in the given industrial configuration. In order to deal with those issues, two test benches have been developed, as well as an in-house numerical code capable of simulating aerated cavitation phenomenon. Therefore, three different pure cavitation regimes and three other aerated cavitation are shown, as a result of the experimental work. The multiphase flow observations are based on a statistical post-processing of images taken by a high-speed camera. Moreover, two 2D aerated cavitation numerical simulations, as well as the first 3D pure cavitation simulation have been shown.

Tanzania from the villagers' perspective. It was conducted in cooperation with the Swedish NGO Vi Agroforestry, who supported the field visits. Preparations were made in Sweden during Jan-March 2014, and the field study in Kyerwa, Kagera region was executed in April-May 2014. The study was mainly qualitative and the central data was received from 30 semi-structured interviews with villagers in Kyerwa district. For the design and analysis of the study, the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and a socio- technical perspective were used. The main drivers for SHSs were found to be improved economy, increased study opportunities for children and improved indoor environment from cutting out kerosene use. On the other hand, the main barrier for further spreading was the up-front cost of the SHS. Furthermore, though awareness of SHS is high, the lack of marketing of SHSs acts as another barrier. Most SHSs in the area show good technical performance, but lack of user maintenance might jeopardize this in the future. Lastly, villagers requested SHSs sold on a payment plan, as this would enable the investment for many.

Las Instituciones de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado que proveen del líquido elemento a las diferentes localidades del país, realizan grandes esfuerzos para que este servicio a la comunidad sea cumplida con los requisitos de calidad, oportunidad, cantidad, cobertura y costos. La necesidad de cumplir con estos requisitos hace que las empresas prestadoras de servicios sanitarios (EPSs) inviertan en recursos humanos, materiales, equipos etc., en cantidad y calidad suficiente que les permita proporcionar el agua potable en condiciones inocuas para la salud de la población a la cual se atiende de acuerdo a la normatividad establecida por la Superintendencia Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento (SUNASS). Uno de los principales problemas que afronta EMFAPATUMBES es la de tener altos porcentajes de agua no contabilizada. Esta situación viene siendo analizada desde mucho tiempo atrás, con la finalidad de reducirlas y permitir a las EPSs un ahorro en los costos de producción que conlleve a mejorar el servicio en las zonas mal abastecidas ó bien ampliar la cobertura del servicio a zonas que no la poseen, redundando en una mejora económica – financiera de la misma. El presente proyecto corresponde al Estudio de Control y Reducción de Pérdidas de Agua Potable en el Sistema de Abastecimiento de Tumbes, el cual es un estudio integral que plantea solucionar las pérdidas de agua en la Ciudad de Tumbes (Ciudad Sede: Tumbes y Nuevo Tumbes). / Tesis

The recent spikes in oil prices have spurred an already bullish demand on biofuels as a source of alternative energy. However, the unprecedented price records set simultaneously by staple food have raised high concerns about potential impacts of biofuels on the global agricultural landscape as fuel and food markets are being inextricably coupled. The revival of interest in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process comes into full force since it offers a promising way to produce carbon-neutral liquid fuels which are readily usable with today's existing infrastructure. The FT synthesis offers the possibility of using crop waste as feedstock instead of the crop itself thus avoiding the risk of further straining water and land resources while helping to alleviate the national energy bill and to achieve independence from foreign oil. As the airline industry is the hardest-hit sector with fuel jumping ahead of labor as the primary cost item, this thesis investigates the prospects of the FT process to transform sugar cane waste (namely bagasse, tops and green leaves) and landfill gas in order to produce kerosene (C12H26) as jet fuel for civil aviation. Established chemical correlations and thermodynamics of chemical reactions are used to assess the water footprint inherent to kerosene production using the above feedstocks at optimal conditions of temperature, pressure, catalyst and reactor type. It has been estimated that 9 to 19 gallons of water are needed for every gallon of kerosene produced. In addition, for the case of sugar cane, less land area per unit energy is required compared to ethanol production since all non-food waste of the plant can be used to produce FT fuel as opposed to ethanol which would utilize only the sugar (food) portion of the plant. This translates into a much lower water footprint for irrigation and consequently a lower water footprint overall.

No / The development of kerosene–water up-flow in a vertical pipe of 77.8 mm inner diameter and 4500 mm, length downstream of a 90◦bend, hasbeen investigated using a Pitot tube and dual optical probe. The CFD ANSYS Fluent 12.0 is used to model the flow and the results are comparedwith experimental data. The CFD provides detailed information on flow structure which is difficult to obtain in experiments. The experimentalmeasurements of the local parameters demonstrate that the single phase and two-phase flows reached the fully developed axisymmetricalconditions at L/D = 54. These results also show the severe asymmetry distributions of the two-phase flow parameters at the entrance region(L/D = 1). The predictions from Fluent are found to be in close agreement with experimental data for L/D ≥ 16 but there is a significant discrepancyat L/D = 1.

No / The local parameters for kerosene–water upward flow are measured in a vertical pipe of 77.8 mm inner diameter at 4200 mm from the inlet(L/D = 54) using hot-film and dual optical probes. The effect of superficial water velocity and volumetric quality on radial distribution of two-phaseflow parameters is investigated. The results show the following: (i) the profiles of volume fraction and drop frequency are very similar, and increasing superficial water velocity at low volumetric qualities (<18.6%) change the profile from a convex shape with peak at the pipe centreline to uniform then to concave shape with peak near the wall; (ii) the profiles of drop cut chord change from a parabolic shape with peak at centreline for lows uperficial water velocities to a flat shape at higher superficial water velocity, and the area-averaged drop diameter decreases with higher superficial water velocities for all volumetric qualities; (iii) velocity profiles for both phases have shapes similar to single phase flow, flatter at higher values of superficial water velocity and volumetric quality and centreline peaked at low superficial water velocities and volumetric qualities; (iv) the slip velocity decreases with radial distance having a peak at centreline and zero values near the wall; (v) introducing kerosene drops into single phasewater flow results in a sharp increase in turbulent intensity, particularly at low water velocity, and the difference between the single phase and two-phase flow turbulence intensities decreases with higher superficial water velocities and (vi) the results show that interfacial area concentration increased with higher volumetric quality and higher number of bubbles thereby increases the contact area between the two phases.

A high compression type engine operates far more satisfactorily on gasoline than on kerosene. Frequent oil changes are necessary when kerosene is used. When burning gasoline the engine operated on fuel-air mixtures varying from 1 - 17.5 to 1 - 7.48 by weight. The most economical ratio was 1 - 15.2, with the intake air at 135° F. The most powerful mixture was a ratio of 1 - 12.3*, and intake air at 86.2° F. Kerosene mixtures varied. from 1 - 7.41 to 1 - 16.75. Greatest economy was secured on a mixture of 1 - 15.62, air intake at 134° F. The most power was developed from kerosene on a mixture of 1 - 13.3*, and an air temperature of 80° F. The efficiency of the engine on the most powerful mixtures was 19.75% for gasoline at 23.05 H.P.,and 25.7% for kerosene at 22.85 H.P. The engine developed as much power from a pound of kerosene as from a pound of gasoline. Gasoline and kerosene require practically the same external conditions for optimum operation. Kerosene does not deposit a great deal more carbon than gasoline. Heat added to the intake air gives greater engine economy, but at the same time decreases its capacity. 135° F. gave the most economy in both fuels. Hot air and lean mixtures makes the engine knock on gasoline. The engine knocked with kerosene at all heats on practically all mixtures. Speed above 1350 R.P.M.,and low water temperatures *Average of three mixtures used on power curve. minimize the “pinging” The outlet water must be kept above 180° F when burning kerosene. Oil “stands up” better while burning gasoline. Nine gallons of kerosene produce power equivalent to that produced by ten gallons of gasoline. / M.S.

Les carburants liquides actuels sont principalement issus du raffinage du pétrole. Cependant, leur remplacement par des carburants de nouvelle génération, renouvelables, dérivant de la biomasse et plus propre apparait comme une nécessité économique et environnementale. Les buts sont de réduire la dépendance au pétrole dont le prix augmente et les réserves diminuent, et limiter les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (gaz à effet de serre). L'adaptation des motorisations actuelles à ces nouveaux carburants nécessite une connaissance approfondie de leur cinétique de combustion et de la nature et des concentrations des polluants formés lors de leur utilisation. Les activités de recherche sur les carburants alternatifs destinés au secteur aéronautique ont ainsi considérablement augmenté ces dernières années. Dans le cadre de cette étude nous nous sommes intéressés à la solution « carburants de synthèse » qui offrent des perspectives encourageantes pour le futur. Des études cinétiques d’oxydation ont été menées en réacteur auto-agité par jets gazeux (JSR) sur une large gamme de conditions expérimentales à l’Institut de Combustion Aérothermique Réactivité et Environnement sur le campus du CNRS d’Orléans. Ces études ont été menées dans un premier temps sur des hydrocarbures purs qui pourraient être de bons candidats comme molécules-modèles pour représenter la part des iso-paraffines dans un kérosène de synthèse. Ces molécules sont des isomères de l’iso-octane utilisé comme tel jusqu’à maintenant. Dans un second temps, des études ont été menées sur trois kérosènes de synthèse dont un SPK fournit par l’IFP, un CtL (Sasol) et un GtL (Shell). Les analyses par spectrométrie d’absorption infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IRTF) et par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG-FID-TCD-MS) nous ont permis de mesurer les profils de concentration des réactifs, des produits finals et des intermédiaires stables en fonction de la température. Des mécanismes cinétiques détaillés adaptés aux composés étudiés ont été développés et validés par confrontation avec les résultats expérimentaux. / Current liquid fuels are mainly from petroleum refining. However, replacing them with new-generation alternatives fuels, renewable, from biomass and cleaner appear to be an economic and environmental necessity. Goals are to reduce petroleum dependency whose price increases and supplies decreases, and limit emissions of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas emissions). The adaptation of existing engines to these new fuels requires a thorough knowledge of their kinetic of combustion and the nature and concentrations of pollutants formed during their use. Research activities on alternative fuels for the aviation industry have considerably increased in recent years. In this study we are interested in the "synthetic fuels" solution that offers encouraging prospects for the future. Studies on the kinetic of oxidation were carried out in a Jet Stirred Reactor (JSR) over a wide range of experimental conditions at the Institute of Combustion Aerothermal Reactivity and Environment on the campus of the CNRS of Orléans. These studies were initially conducted on pure hydrocarbons which could be good candidates as models molecules to represent the isoparaffins cut in a synthetic kerosene. These molecules are isomers of iso-octane used as such until now. In a second step, studies were conducted on three synthetic kerosene, a SPK provided by IFP, a CtL (Sasol) and GTL (Shell). Analyses by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and by gas chromatography (GC-FID-TCD-MS) allowed us to measure the concentration profiles of reactants, stable intermediates and finals products as a function of temperature. Detailed kinetic mechanisms adapted to the studied compounds have been developed and validated by comparison with experimental results.