Habilitationsschrift--Bonn. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

No description available.

A study has been conducted on the aeration of reduced ilmenite with emphasis on increasing the aeration speed and understanding the mechanism of the aeration based on laboratory scale experiments. These issues were highlighted by comparing the currently operating Becher process which incorporates the use of an ammonium chloride catalyst in the aeration process.The speed of production of synthetic rutile from the Becher process is currently dictated by the time the reduced ilmenite remains in the aeration tank. As these times can vary greatly for no obvious reason, experiments were conducted to find which parameters could be changed to increase the speed of leaching. It was found that by increasing the oxygen content to 100 per cent the aeration time was reduced by at least half.By replacing ammonium chloride with various other amine compounds as the catalyst it was found there was a relationship between pK[subscript]a and aeration time. It was also found that the more sterically hindered the amine group, the slower the leaching. The use of ethylenediammonium chloride has shown that, when used at two thirds of the ammonium chloride concentration, aeration can be completed an hour (17%) faster than with the ammonium chloride catalyst. Furthermore, when ethylenediammonium chloride was used with a 100 per cent oxygen gas flow the aeration time was reduced by two thirds.Other compounds that did not contain amine groups were also investigated as catalysts in reduced ilmenite aerations. Of those tested only a citric acid / trisodium citrate mixture managed to aerate the reduced ilmenite substantially faster than the standard ammonium chloride catalyst. Other compounds with similar structure to the citrate ion failed to aid the aeration at all.

Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions between microbial growth, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Measurements of microbial colonization, and its impact on hydrology, were facilitated by using the luxCDABE-containing reporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 and digital CCD imaging. Experiments were conducted in glass-walled two-dimensional flow cells (45 x 50 x 1 cm) packed with silica sand. Several bioengineering problems associated with chamber design and function required solution before microbial experiments were successful. These included: choice of materials for chamber components; development of sterilization, packing, and inoculation protocols; and development of procedures for data collection and chamber maintenance during experiments lasting several days. Bacterial growth was mapped daily by quantifying development of salicylate-induced bioluminescence. A model relating the rate of increase in light emission after induction successfully predicted microbial densities over four orders of magnitude (R��=0.95) provided that sufficient oxygen for the bioluminescence reaction was available. Total model-predicted growth during a one-week experiment agreed with potential growth calculated from the mass-balance of the system and previously established kinetic parameters (predicted, 1.2x10���� cells; calculated, 1.7x10���� cells). Although the rate of expansion of the colonized zone (and predicted populations in newly colonized regions) remained relatively constant, the proportion of the daily potential growth remaining within the chamber declined over time. Monitoring of bioluminescence revealed the development of an (hypothesized) anaerobic zone associated with microbial growth in the unsaturated porous media. Water content and flow streams were measured using light transmission. Accumulation of microbial growth modified the hydrologic properties of the sand causing up to 50% decrease in saturation within the colonized zone, diversion of flow around the colonized zone, and lowering (5 cm) of the capillary fringe height. Apparent solute velocity through the colonized region was reduced from 0.39 cm min����� (R��=0.99) to 0.25 cm min����� (R��=0.99). These experiments provide proof-of-concept for combining light transmission and bioluminescence technologies to study interactions between microbial growth and hydrology in unsaturated porous media. / Graduation date: 2002

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-120). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Declining phosphate reserves and stricter regulations regarding wastewater discharge have increased the need for phosphorus removal and recovery. Crystallization is a promising option since P would not only be removed from the waste stream, but could also be recovered as struvite, a potential fertilizer. The purpose of this research was to achieve effective P removal and recovery through struvite precipitation from agricultural wastewater with minimal chemical input. It was found that raw swine manure had the potential for P removal and recovery through struvite precipitation by raising the pH through aeration without any Mg2+ amendment. This led to the development of a side-stream continuous 12 L reactor design with a novel combination of fluidized seedbed and aeration for pH increase. Synthetic feed was used to optimize the operational parameters of the reactor system. It was found that for a 100 ml/min influent rate, an aeration and recycle rate combination of 4.5 – 7 LPM and 700 ml/min was sufficient for increasing and maintaining the reactor pH from 6.7 to between 7.6 and 8.0. Significant P removal was achieved in six h runs without a seedbed (91 – 92%), while neither the struvite nor sand seedbeds improved P removal (91 – 96%). Struvite was recovered in all runs, with additional Ca2+ precipitation in the seedbed runs. Long-term runs showed that operation of the reactor was possible for an extended period of time, up to 46 h without any major adjustment. The average P removal was 85 – 88%, and precipitate collected after 24 h was found to be mainly struvite, while the final precipitate also contained calcite. This study has demonstrated the technical feasibility of an aerated crystallization reactor system for struvite removal and recovery from synthetic swine wastewater. By avoiding chemical amendments this reactor system has eliminated a significant portion of the operational costs found in comparable systems. The major obstacle for achieving system stability and consistency was scaling.

No description available.

Declining phosphate reserves and stricter regulations regarding wastewater discharge have increased the need for phosphorus removal and recovery. Crystallization is a promising option since P would not only be removed from the waste stream, but could also be recovered as struvite, a potential fertilizer. The purpose of this research was to achieve effective P removal and recovery through struvite precipitation from agricultural wastewater with minimal chemical input. It was found that raw swine manure had the potential for P removal and recovery through struvite precipitation by raising the pH through aeration without any Mg2+ amendment. This led to the development of a side-stream continuous 12 L reactor design with a novel combination of fluidized seedbed and aeration for pH increase. Synthetic feed was used to optimize the operational parameters of the reactor system. It was found that for a 100 ml/min influent rate, an aeration and recycle rate combination of 4.5 – 7 LPM and 700 ml/min was sufficient for increasing and maintaining the reactor pH from 6.7 to between 7.6 and 8.0. Significant P removal was achieved in six h runs without a seedbed (91 – 92%), while neither the struvite nor sand seedbeds improved P removal (91 – 96%). Struvite was recovered in all runs, with additional Ca2+ precipitation in the seedbed runs. Long-term runs showed that operation of the reactor was possible for an extended period of time, up to 46 h without any major adjustment. The average P removal was 85 – 88%, and precipitate collected after 24 h was found to be mainly struvite, while the final precipitate also contained calcite. This study has demonstrated the technical feasibility of an aerated crystallization reactor system for struvite removal and recovery from synthetic swine wastewater. By avoiding chemical amendments this reactor system has eliminated a significant portion of the operational costs found in comparable systems. The major obstacle for achieving system stability and consistency was scaling.