The Diploma thesis concerns with an issue of school attendance postponement. The theoretical part focuses on the issue of school maturity and readiness and analyses the period of child transition from a kindergarten to a primary school and the relatively high percentage of school attendance postponement. The practical part was carried out in form of a survey with three groups of respondents - parents, kindergarten teachers and primary school teachers. The aim of this part was to assess the position of parental public toward the school attendance postponement and possible children's preparation for future entry into the compulsory education. In case of the pedagogical public the central theme was a comparison of the kindergarten and primary school teachers' positions on the identical topic associated with a comparison of the most common reasons given in connection with school attendance postponement. This part was completed with a child case report of two preschool children for who the issue of granting the school attendance postponement was very current. The research carried out suggests that all groups of respondents agree with the compulsory school attendance postponement but only under the assumption that this postponement is justified. Otherwise, their positions were not as unambiguous. The...

The thesis deals with the musical activities of two-year and three-year-old children in kindergarten. The theoretical part describes the characteristics of two-year and three-year-old children, the inclusion of two-year-old children in kindergarten, the importance of music and the child's musical development. It also deals with musical activities focusing on two-year and three-year-old children. The practical part of the work was focused on the research of particular musical activities in the kindergarten of the above mentioned age group from the point of view of the teachers and also on the musical environment in family. The research was conducted in the form of an interview with kindergarten teachers, a questionnaire survey among the parents of these children, and an analysis of songs and songbooks for the youngest children. The main objective was to find out how teachers perform musical activities with children, and what they see as the biggest differences between two- and three-year-old children. Next goal was to find out if parents work with children in this area and how. Whether the selected sample of songbooks contains songs of the appropriate range and pitch and whether they contain examples of possible instrumental and musical involvement of the children. Research has shown that most...

Le mémoire vise à proposer une épistémologie pragmatique de la science scolaire à l’école primaire. Un défaut de compréhension de la nature de la science pourrait en effet justifier en partie les difficultés de l'enseignement des sciences par démarche d'investigation. Une étude des représentations de la science chez les enseignants et futurs enseignants confirme qu’ils n‘en ont pour la plupart qu‘une vision assez floue, relevant majoritairement d'une forme d'empirisme naïf. Un jeu opératoire de critères de scientificité adapté au contexte de l’école est développé dans une approche "bottom-up" partant des pratiques de classe effectives. Sa capacité à discriminer pratiques scientifiques et non scientifiques est discutée, de même que les implications didactiques et épistémologiques de son utilisation. Il est en particulier possible d‘en déduire des définitions évolutives d‘une science scolaire normative mais subsidiaire par rapport à la “science des scientifiques”. Cet outil épistémologique s’avère bien reçu par les enseignants auxquels il a été présenté. Le test en situation de différentes stratégies pédagogiques fait apparaître que les plus efficaces pour l'appropriation de critères de scientificité ajoutent à la démarche d’investigation une composante épistémologique explicite. Certains éléments de méthode scientifique peuvent être travaillés dès la Grande Section de maternelle (5-6 ans) : des élèves ayant vécu des démarches d’investigation s’avèrent capables de revendiquer la primauté de l’expérience, mais aussi de mettre en œuvre des tests relatifs à plusieurs critères de scientificité et de s‘approprier les rudiments de la modélisation scientifique. / The purpose of this thesis is to propose a pragmatic epistemology of school science in primary school. Indeed, some of the difficulties encountered by inquiry-based science education may be attributed to a lack of understanding of the very nature of science. A survey on the perception of science by incumbent teachers and teachers in training confirms that most of them have a relatively vague vision grounded in a form of naive empiricism. A practical set of criteria of scientificity adapted to the school context is developed through a “bottom-up” approach based on actual classroom practices. Its efficiency at discriminating scientific and non-scientific practices is discussed, as well as the didactical and epistemological implications of its use. It is thus possible to deduce evolutive definitions of a school science that is normative yet subordinated to the “science of scientists”. Teachers responded positively to this epistemological tool when it was presented to them. Among the different teaching strategies tested in a classroom, the most efficient for the acquisition of criteria of scientificity were those which supplemented the inquiry process with an explicit epistemological component. Some elements of scientific method can be introduced as early as kindergarten (5-6 y.o) : after experimenting with inquiry processes, pupils have proved able not only to claim the primacy of experiment but also to run tests related to different criteria of scientificity and acquire the basics of scientific modeling.

Notre thèse étudie les conditions favorables à l’autonomisation scolaire des élèves. L’étude empirique est menée en grande section de maternelle. Dans la plupart des situations de formation, les temps « d'autonomie » sont structurellement inévitables puisque le formateur ne peut être présent pour tous à chaque instant. Nous nous intéressons aux temps de classe au cours desquels l’enseignant n’intervient pas directement, soit parce qu’il n’est pas disponible, soit parce qu’il se retire volontairement de la situation. Nous les appelons temps faibles en raison de cette faible présence de l’enseignant : l’élève doit agir en fonction de ses propres forces, sans l’intervention directe du maître pour réguler l’apprentissage et les comportements. Il appert que les élèves n’y sont pas naturellement autonomes : laissées au hasard de capacités acquises hors l’école, les activités dites « en autonomie » contribuent à creuser les écarts entre les élèves face aux savoirs qui leurs sont proposés. L’autonomie ferait partie de ces comportements implicitement attendus et « davantage supposés ou requis par les enseignants que construits dans, avec et par l’école ». Comment penser le processus d’autonomisation scolaire et comment l’opérationnaliser en contexte ordinaire de classe ? Nous cherchons les outils, les leviers, les interactions et les dispositifs qui permettraient aux élèves, – à tous les élèves – de profiter des temps faibles au bénéfice de leurs apprentissages. Les données sont recueillies dans 14 classes sur 117 demi-journées d’observation directe, puis traitées à l’aide de l’analyse par les catégories conceptualisantes (Paillé, 2012). Dans la perspective (socio)constructiviste de l’apprentissage, pour construire un savoir nouveau, l’élève doit rencontrer un obstacle dans la réalisation de la tâche, l’apprentissage résultant du dépassement de celui-ci. Nous relevons des comportements différenciés face à l’obstacle dans les ateliers en autonomie : certains élèves entrent dans des conduites d’évitement, refusant d’affronter cet obstacle, s’en trouvant détournés en amont ou bien le contournant. D’autres, au contraire, entrent dans des conduites de ressources pour le dépasser et construire de nouvelles connaissances. En cours d’étude apparaissent des dynamiques remarquables : certains élèves, d’habitude « évitants », rejoignent ou se maintiennent parfois dans des conduites de ressources. L’étude de ces « exceptions notables » fait émerger les conditions favorables ayant permis leur dynamique particulière en termes d’outils, d’activités, d’interactions et de dispositifs. Ce qui aura pu fonctionner au bénéfice des exceptions notables pourrait être exploité comme levier pédagogique durable au bénéfice de tous. Ces conditions deviennent alors supposées favorables et sont réinvesties dans des dispositifs expérimentaux afin d’observer si elles produisent les effets attendus, dans quelle mesure et selon quelles limites (analyse des dispositifs expérimentaux par une adaptation du modèle systémique d’Engeström, 1987). Il apparait clairement que le processus d’autonomisation, en contexte scolaire de classe hétérogène et nombreuse, s’observe et se construit de façon privilégiée dans les temps faibles de la structuration pédagogique et leur articulation avec les temps forts, notamment les retours collectifs sur ateliers. Une pédagogie des temps faibles supposerait que soit accordé à ceux-ci un véritable statut pédagogique, en tant qu’étape et instrument essentiels au processus d’autonomisation scolaire. Une telle pédagogie supposerait également d’organiser avec soin les interventions de l’enseignant en mode opératoire indirect, au travers d’un dispositif de classe qui le relaie et dont les différentes dispositions (outils, règles, activités, interactions) peuvent « être appropriées » par l’élève comme instruments psychologiques pour agir sur lui-même, en première personne. ..... / This dissertation studies favorable conditions to empowerment of pupils. The empirical study was carried out in the final year of kindergarten. In most learning/teaching situations, "autonomy moments" are structurally inevitable since the teacher cannot be systematically available to everyone all the time. Interest is focused on moments during which the teacher does not directly intervene, either because he/she is not available or because he/she voluntarily withdraws from the learning situation. We call these moments "low times" because of the teacher's low presence: during these specific moments, each student responds according to his own strengths without the teacher's direct intervention to regulate both learning and behavior. It appears that students are not naturally autonomous: when left unattended, the so-called "autonomous" learning activities contribute to widening the knowledge gap between students in learning situations. Autonomy would be part of this implicitly expected behavior and is "all the more expected and required from teachers rather than being constructed in, with and by school". How can student empowerment be perceived and operationalized in an ordinary class context? Our goal is to identify tools, levers, interactions and devices which enable students to benefit from "low times" for their own learning. The data are collected in 14 classes in 117 half-days of direct observation. Socio-constructivist approach to learning suggests that in order to construct new knowledge, the student must encounter an obstacle in the course of accomplishing his task. Learning results from overcoming this obstacle. We highlight differentiated behaviors of students when facing obstacles in autonomy classroom workshops: some resort to avoidance strategies and refuse to deal with this obstacle by bypassing or circumventing it. Conversely, others draw on (their own) resources in order to overcome it and construct new knowledge. During the study period, remarkable dynamics appear: some students, with usually an "avoidant" attitude, join or maintain a "drawing on resource conduct". The study of the "notable exceptions" leads to the emergence of the favorable conditions which fostered this particular dynamic in terms of tools, activities, interactions and devices. What would have worked to the benefit of the notable exceptions could be further used as a sustainable and pedagogical lever to the benefit of all students. These conditions become then supposedly favorable and are reinvested in experimental devices in order to see if they produce the expected effects, to which extent and within what limits? Il clearly appears that the empowerment process, in classroom context of a large and heterogeneous class, is developed in a special way in "low times" of pedagogical structuration and their articulation with "strong times", notably collective feedbacks on workshops. A pedagogy of "low times" entails providing the teacher with substantial pedagogical status, which would be a crucial step as well as an instrument in the school empowerment process. Such pedagogy would also entail carefully organizing teacher's intervention in an indirect mode, through a class device which would relay it through its various dispositions (tools, rules, activities, interactions). The student would then internalize these dispositions as psychological instruments in referring to oneself in the first person. This pedagogy would finally entail a redefinition of teacher's role: his/her apparent "absence" from the situation which would paradoxically become, a teaching-learning tool to the benefit of school empowerment.

The purpose of this project is to create a guide for planning effective use of visuals. Recent studies demonstrate the effectiveness of using visuals in classroom instruction, including the fact that English language learners benefit from using this tool.

The Diploma thesis "Kindergarten Dandelion" was made as a project documentation for a building construction. It is a detached building with a rugged design on a large and gently sloping land. Kindergarten is divided into three parts, two one-storey parts and one middle two-storey part. There are two operating units for children, technical and administrative part and separate language classroom. Kindergarten is planed as a masonry building based on strip foundations.

The aim of my diploma thesis is to elaborate project documentation for the execution of a new building of kindergarten. The intention is to construct a new kindergarten which access preschool-age children has visual contact with nature and space of outside. This is purpose why all main windows face south. In the second floor is situated schoolroom for minor activity. The building is designed as brick, using clay blocks which are put on concrete foundation strips. Basement walls are from formwork brick fill concrete and steel armature. Thermal insulation is from contact thermal insulation system and ventilated facade with wood clapboard from pine (Thermowood). The roofing is designed partly as single-shell vegetative (extensive) roof and partly as a float double-shell roof with timber truss girder. Ceiling construction in the basement and the first floor is from concrete load-bearing structure.

The diploma thesis deals with project documentation of new kindergartens in the cadastral area Rohatec. The building is self-standing, two-storey with a partial basement. It is a building designed for the upbringing and education of pre-school children. The capacity of kindergarten is 48 children divided into two classes. Part of the operation is a food preparation zone. The building is designed as a brick made of porous concrete blocks with mineral insulation, based on basic concrete passages. The roofing of the kindergarten is using warm flat roofs.

This final thesis "Kindergarten" was made as a project documentation for a building construction. The kindergarten is designed for maximal 28 children. Kindergarden is designed as a detached building consists of two above-ground floors. Behind the building, there is a large garden, which is a part of the property. Building is situated on a sloping terrain in a walking distance from a residential area of Hajany. There are two operating units: technical part (managemant part) and activity unit. Kindergarten is planed as a masonry building, based on strip foundations.

The subject of this diploma thesis is design and project documentation of a kindergarten in Velké Pavlovice. It is a separately standing structure with two floors and partial basement located in slightly sloping terrain. The building is constructed of sand-lime blocks with contact thermal insulation, supported by strip foundations. Ceiling construction is made of prestressed hollow-core slabs. This object is roofed by a simple, flat, extensive roof. This kindergarten is designed for 40 children divided into two sections which are located right in the 1st floor together with food delivery. The technical room is in the basement. The common room, multipurpose classroom and headquarters are situated on the 2nd floor. Disposition is proposed in accordance with operation of kindergarten.