Há décadas os campos magnéticos (CMs) são alvo de investigação científica. Entretanto, o grande corpo de evidências, está relacionado a campos eletromagnéticos e não a campos magnéticos contínuos. Nosso interesse é direcionado para a modulação das respostas comportamentais e motoras, na preservação de neurônios pós-lesão isquêmica e na possibilidade de uma interferência funcional com drogas que modifiquem a neurotransmissão encefálica. Utilizamos 130 Gerbilos, alocados em 13 grupos experimentais. Grupos específicos foram submetidos a isquemia encefálica global bilateral e a implantação de um capacete magnético com potencia de 3200G. Quatro dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos os animais foram avaliados no monitor de atividades e no Rotarod, após receberem uma injeção de Apomorfina (APO) (2,5mg /kg) ou Racloprida (RAC) (0,9ml/kg). Valor de p significativo <0,05. No monitor de atividades, os animais do grupo isquemia atravessaram o maior número de sensores horizontais (F12,117: 9,39) e verticais (F12,117: 10,60) do que todos os outros grupos. Animais isquêmicos injetados com APO e tratados com campo magnético atravessam um número menor de sensores do que os grupos isquêmicos. Os isquêmicos injetados com APO e estimulados com o polo norte dispararam menos sensores do que os isquêmicos injetados com APO. Animais injetados com RAC com ou sem estimulação magnética disparam menos sensores do que os animais isquêmicos e isquêmicos tratados com polo norte e sul. No teste do Rotarod, o grupo isquêmico apresentou o menor tempo de permanência no teste do que os demais grupos. Ainda, animais isquêmicos tratados com APO e RAC e estimulação magnética pelo polo norte apresentam maior tempo de permanência em relação aos grupos isquemia e isquemia injetado com Apo e RAC (F12,117: 11,29). Nossos dados confirmam a possibilidade de interação dos polos magnéticos e os mecanismos de ação das drogas utilizadas no experimento. / For decades, magnetic fields (CMs) have been the subject of scientific research. However, the great body of evidence is related to electromagnetic fields and not to continuous magnetic fields. Our interest is directed to the modulation of behavioral and motor responses, the preservation of neurons after brain ischemic injury and the possibility of functional interference with drugs that modify brain neurotransmission. We used 130 gerbils, allocated in 13 experimental groups. Specific groups were submitted to bilateral global brain ischemia and the implantation of a magnetic helmet with power of 3200G. Four days after the surgical procedures, the animals were evaluated on the activity monitor and Rotarod after receiving an injection of Apomorphine (APO) (2.5 mg / kg) or Raclopride (RAC) (0.9 ml / kg). Significant p value was set as <0.05. In the activity monitor, the animals in the ischemia group crossed fired the largest number of horizontal sensors (F12,117: 9,39) and vertical sensors (F12,117: 10,60) than all the other groups. Ischemic animals injected with APO and magnetic field fired a smaller number of sensors than the ischemic groups and injected with APO. Animals stimulated with the north pole fired fewer sensors than ischemic animals injected with APO. RAC injected animals, with or without magnetic stimulation fired fewer sensors than ischemic animals or ischemic with north and south magnetic stimulation. In the Rotarod test, the ischemic group had the shortest permanence time in the test than the other groups. Still, ischemic animals treated with APO and RAC and North Pole magnetic stimulation present a longer permanence time in comparison to the ischemia group and ischemia with APO and RAC. Ischemic animals injected with APO and magnetic field pass through a smaller number of sensors than the ischemic groups and injected with APO. In the Rotarod test, the ischemic group had the shortest residence time in the test than the other groups. Still, ischemic animals treated with APO and north pole present a longer residence time in relation to the ischemia groups with APO and RAC (F12,117: 11,29). Our data confirm the possibility of interaction of the magnetic poles and the action mechanisms of action of the drugs used in the experiment.

Some low-mass stars appear to have larger radii than predicted by standard 1D structure models; prior work has suggested that inefficient convective heat transport, due to rotation and/or magnetism, may ultimately be responsible. In this thesis, we explore this possibility using a combination of 1D stellar models, 2D and 3D simulations, and analytical theory. First, we examine this issue using 1D stellar models constructed using the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA) code. We begin by considering standard models that do not explicitly include rotational/magnetic effects, with convective inhibition modelled by decreasing a depth-independent mixing length theory (MLT) parameter αMLT. We provide formulae linking changes in αMLT to changes in the interior specific entropy, and hence to the stellar radius. Next, we modify the MLT formulation in MESA to mimic explicitly the influence of rotation and magnetism, using formulations suggested by Stevenson (1979) and MacDonald and Mullan (2014) respectively. We find rapid rotation in these models has a negligible impact on stellar structure, primarily because a star’s adiabat, and hence its radius, is predominantly affected by layers near the surface; convection is rapid and largely uninfluenced by rotation there. Magnetic fields, if they influenced convective transport in the manner described by MacDonald and Mullan (2014), could lead to more noticeable radius inflation. Finally, we show that these non-standard effects on stellar structure can be fabricated using a depth-dependent αMLT: a non-magnetic, non-rotating model can be produced that is virtually indistinguishable from one that explicitly parameterises rotation and/or magnetism using the two formulations above. We provide formulae linking the radially-variable αMLT to these putative MLT reformulations. We make further comparisons between MLT and simulations of convection, to establish how heat transport and stellar structure are influenced by rotation and magnetism, by looking at the entropy content of 2D local and 3D global convective calculations. Using 2D “box in a star” simulations, created using the convection code Dedalus, we investigate changes in bulk properties of the specific entropy for increasingly stratified domains. We observe regions stable against convection near the bottom boundary, resulting in the specific entropy in the bulk of the domain exceeding the bottom boundary value: this could be a result of physical effects, such as increased amounts of viscous dissipation for more supercritical, highly stratified cases, but may also be influenced by the artificial boundary conditions imposed by these local simulations. We then turn to 3D global simulations, created using the convection code Rayleigh, and investigate these same properties as a function of rotation rate. We find the average of the shell-averaged specific entropy gradient in the middle third of the domain to scale with rotation rate in a similar fashion to the scaling law derived via MLT arguments in Barker et al. (2014), i.e., |⟨ds/dr⟩| ∝ Ω^4/5.

A compreensão dos fenômenos de reparo ósseo representa parte fundamental da odontologia e da cirurgia bucomaxilofacial. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da estimulação de campo magnético sepultado sobre o reparo ósseo em calvária de ratos após reconstrução com enxerto ósseo autógeno, implante de hidroxiapatita granulada sintética ou enxerto alógeno de cartilagem, comparados entre si e aos controles sem estimulação magnética. Materiais e métodos: foram utilizados 95 ratos Wistar machos, divididos em grupos constituidos por 5 animais. Foram realizados defeitos ósseos críticos na calvária dos animais, sendo os mesmos imediatamente reconstruídos, isoladamente com, enxerto ósseo autógeno, hidroxiapatita granulada sintética e enxerto alógeno de cartilagem, sob influência ou não de campos magnéticos sepultados. Foram realizadas avaliações aos 15, 30 e 60 dias pós-operatórios. Apenas um grupo não sofreu intervenção cirúrgica (Naive), para fornecer os dados para obtenção da atividade fisiológica das enzimas fosfatase alcalina e fosfatase ácida. Em todos os tempos experimentais foi realizada a quantificação da neoformação óssea por meio da histomorfometria. A avaliação da intensidade de expressão da proteína osteopontina, foi obtida somente aos 60 dias Resultados: a avaliação histomorfométrica evidenciou interação significativa entre grupos e tempos com p=0,008. Aos 60 dias, nos animais que receberam reconstrução com osso autógeno o grupo sob influência do campo magnético apresentou percentual de preenchimento ósseo superior ao grupo sem influência do estímulo magnético. A mensuração da atividade das enzimas fosfatase alcalina e fosfatase ácida evidenciou interação significativa entre grupos e tempos com p=0,02 e p=0,005 respectivamente. Aos 60 dias, todos os grupos apresentaram atividade de ambas enzimas significativamente inferior ao grupo Naive. A análise imunoistoquímica realizada não evidenciou diferença significativa na expressão da enzima osteopontina com a metodologia empregada. Conclusão: o presente trabalho contribuiu para o entendimento da influência do campo magnético sepultado sobre o reparo ósseo em crânio de rato. A partir dos resultados encontrados, novas metodologias podem ser propostas para complementar os resultados obtidos e fortalecer a presente linha de pesquisa. / Objective: the comprehension of the phenomenon of bone repair represents a fundamental part of dentistry and of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The present work has as its objective, to evaluate the influence of a stimulated magnetic field implanted on the calvarial bone of rats after its reconstruction with autogeneous bone graft, synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals or with the insertion of allogeneic cartilage, in comparison to no magnetic stimulation. Materials e methods: 95 Wistar male rats were used, divided into groups with 5 animals in each. The autogeneous bone graft, the synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals and the insertion of allogeneic cartilage were each used separately in the performed interventions of reconstruction with or without the influence of implanted magnetic fields. Evaluations were performed in 15, 30 and 60 days after surgery. Only one group did not suffer surgical intervention (Naïve); this group provided data for the physiological activity of the alkaline and acid phosphatase enzymes. Also, quantification of bone neoformation was obtained through histomorphometry in all experimental time periods, and evaluation of the osteopontin protein expression of intensity in 60 days. Results: the histomorphometry 60-day evaluation, showed evidence of a significant interaction between the groups and the time of p=0,008 on the animals that received reconstruction with autogeneous bone. The group that was influenced by the magnetic field presented a percent of bone reconstruction superior to that of the group which did not receive magnetic stimulation. In 60 days, activity mensuration of the alkaline and acid phosphatase enzymes, showed evidence of significant interaction between the groups and the times of p=0,02 and p=0,005, respectively. In all groups, activity of both enzymes was present and significantly inferior to the Naive group. The immunohistochemistry analysis performed did not show evidence of any significant difference in the oseopontin enzyme expression with the applied methodology. Conclusion: this work contributed to the understanding of the influence that an implanted magnetic field has on bone reconstruction. From the results found, new methodologies can be proposed as a complementary to obtained results and can strengthen the present line of research.

La dynamique du milieu interstellaire (MIS) est au cœur de notre compréhension de la formation des étoiles. La structuration du MIS est régiée par l’interaction entre gravité, mouvements turbulents et champs magnétiques. Si les deux premiers acteurs sont bien caractérisés par les observations, le r ˆ ole du champ magnétique Galactique (CMG), ainsi que son interaction avec la matière interstellaire, sont encore peu connus. La cartographie complète du ciel dans le domaine submillimétrique réalisée par le satellite Planck nous permet d’étudier la structure du CMG, projetée sur le plan du ciel, à partir de la polarisationde l’émission de la poussière interstellaire. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une analyse des cartes en polarisation à 353 GHz, observées par l’instrument à hautes fréquences HFI de Planck. Nous étudions la structure du CMG et son interaction avec la turbulence interstellaire, de l’ensemble du voisinage Solaire aux échelles de la structure en filaments de la matière, dans le milieu diffus et les nuages moléculaires. La première étude statistique de la corrélation entre la géométrie du CMG et la structure de matière interstellaire est réaliséeen utilisant une méthode originale pour identifier les structures et mesurer leur orientation sur l’ensemble du ciel, puis quantifier les effets de projections. Les résultats sont interprétés en référence aux hypothèses théoriques et aux résultats obtenus à partir de simulationsnumériques magnétohydrodynamiques. Nous concluons que la turbulence tend à former des structures parallèles au champ magnétique dans le milieu diffus, et la gravité des structures perpendiculaires au champ dans les nuages moléculaires. Enfin, nous présentons et discutons deux perspectives liées à notre travail: la modélisation du ciel en polarisation aux hautes latitudes Galactiques comme avant-plan du fond cosmologique, et la relation entre cinématique du gaz et champ magnétique dans les structures en filaments du MIS. / The study of the dynamics of the interstellar medium (ISM) is essential to understand star formation. The ISM is a turbulent and magnetized medium governed by the interplay of self-gravity, turbulent motions and magnetic fields. While the former two are well characterized byexisting models and observations, today, the role of the Galactic magnetic field (GMF), and its interaction with interstellar matter, represent the most difficult aspects to probe. Thanks to its high sensitivity and resolution, full-sky coverage, and imaging at sub-mm wavelengths,the Planck satellite represents an enormous step forward in the characterization of the statistical properties of the GMF, as traced by dust polarization. In this thesis we present an analysis of the 353 GHz Stokes parameters maps (I, Q, U) observed with the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) of Planck. we aim at studying the structure of the GMF, and its interplay with interstellar turbulence, from the largest scales in the Solar neighborhood to those of the filamentary structures in the diffuse ISM and molecular clouds. We also develop a dedicated methodology to produce the first statistical study on the correlation betweenthe geometry of the GMF, projected on the plane of the sky, and the structure of interstellar matter. We interpret the results of the data analysis in light of theoretical models and Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulations, and conclude that my findings supporta scenario of formation of structures in the ISM where turbulence organizes matter parallel to the magnetic field in the diffuse medium, and the gas self-gravity produces perpendicular structures in the densest and magnetically dominated regions. We propose and discuss several perspectives of research related to our results, from the modeling of the high-latitude sky in polarization, for the investigation of dust properties and cosmological foregrounds, to the comparison of magnetic fields with the kinematics of the filamentary structures in the SM.

Magnetoreception is the ability of some animals to use the weak magnetic field of the Earth for navigation over long-distance migrations. It is a well-known phenomenon, but its underlying biophysical mechanisms remain poorly understood. One proposal involves light-induced, magnetically sensitive chemical reactions occurring within cryptochrome proteins, rationalised via the radical pair mechanism (Chapter 1). The absence of evidence in support of this hypothesis is in part due to the lack of sufficiently sensitive techniques to measure magnetic field effects (MFEs) in biological samples. Cavity-enhanced detection, most commonly in the form of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) or cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), is widely used in the gas phase to provide significant sensitivity gains over traditional single-pass measurements (Chapter 2). However, successful studies in the condensed phase are less prevalent due to the additional background losses inherent to the sample. This thesis reports on the application of broadband (i.e. monitoring > 100nm) variants of CRDS and CEAS to the study of MFEs on the radical recombination reactions of flavin-based systems in solution. The broadband CRDS (BBCRDS) instrument employed in Chapter 4 is able to monitor the spectral changes induced by magnetic fields with submicrosecond time resolution. However, the need to scan both the probe wavelength and time delay to construct time-resolved spectra leads to prohibitively long acquisition times, and hence exposure of sensitive samples to high numbers of photons. The broadband CEAS (BBCEAS) studies reported in Chapter 5 combine the high irradiance and spectral coverage of a supercontinuum radiation (SCR) source with a CCD detector to simultaneously acquire absorption spectra across the visible region (480–700nm). The CW nature of this technique precludes the possibility of following radical pair kinetics in real time. In an effort to combine the respective advantages of these two instruments, which individually have represented powerful advances in capability, a new cavity-enhanced technique is reported for the first time (Chapter 6). The result, optical cavity-enhanced transient absorption spectroscopy (OCTAS), is able to simultaneously monitor spectral evolution and associated MFEs on the microsecond timescale, with comparable sensitivity to the existing techniques. Magnetic responses in animal cryptochrome proteins have successfully been recorded using all three techniques, lending considerable weight to the hypothesis that these molecules are at the heart of the magnetic sense in animals.

Estudamos o comportamento de modelos para sistemas modulados magnéticos e estruturais. A primeira parte deste trabalho e dedicada ao modelo de Ising com interações competitivas numa rede de Bethe, no limite de coordenação infinita, num campo magnético. Focalizamos nossa atenção no comportamento das fases comensuráveis na presença de campo. Obtivemos vários diagramas T H utilizando algoritmos numéricos muito mais eficientes do que a simples iteração do mapeamento associado ao modelo. Na segunda parte estudamos o modelo de FrenkelKontorova com primeiro e segundo harmônicos no potencial externo. Encontramos e investigamos transições de segunda ordem no interior das fases comensuráveis de período ímpar. Essas transições, denominadas simétricaassimétricas, estão associadas à quebra da simetria por reflexão que ocorre para potenciais suficientemente fortes. / We studied the behavior of models for magnetically and structurally modulated systems. The first part of this work is dedicated to the study of the Ising model with competing interactions on a Bethe lattice, in the infinite coordination limit, in a magnetic field. We focused our attention on the behavior of the commensurate phases in the presence of a field. We obtained various T H phase diagrams using numerical methods far more efficient than simple iteration of the mapping associated to the model. In the second part we studied the FrenkelKontorova model with first and second harmonics in the external potential. We found and investigated the second order transitions within the commensurate phases of odd periodicity. These transitions, called symmetricasymmetric transitions, are related to the breaking of reflection symmetry which occurs at high potentials.

Há décadas os campos magnéticos (CMs) são alvo de investigação científica. Entretanto, o grande corpo de evidências, está relacionado a campos eletromagnéticos e não a campos magnéticos contínuos. Nosso interesse é direcionado para a modulação das respostas comportamentais e motoras, na preservação de neurônios pós-lesão isquêmica e na possibilidade de uma interferência funcional com drogas que modifiquem a neurotransmissão encefálica. Utilizamos 130 Gerbilos, alocados em 13 grupos experimentais. Grupos específicos foram submetidos a isquemia encefálica global bilateral e a implantação de um capacete magnético com potencia de 3200G. Quatro dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos os animais foram avaliados no monitor de atividades e no Rotarod, após receberem uma injeção de Apomorfina (APO) (2,5mg /kg) ou Racloprida (RAC) (0,9ml/kg). Valor de p significativo <0,05. No monitor de atividades, os animais do grupo isquemia atravessaram o maior número de sensores horizontais (F12,117: 9,39) e verticais (F12,117: 10,60) do que todos os outros grupos. Animais isquêmicos injetados com APO e tratados com campo magnético atravessam um número menor de sensores do que os grupos isquêmicos. Os isquêmicos injetados com APO e estimulados com o polo norte dispararam menos sensores do que os isquêmicos injetados com APO. Animais injetados com RAC com ou sem estimulação magnética disparam menos sensores do que os animais isquêmicos e isquêmicos tratados com polo norte e sul. No teste do Rotarod, o grupo isquêmico apresentou o menor tempo de permanência no teste do que os demais grupos. Ainda, animais isquêmicos tratados com APO e RAC e estimulação magnética pelo polo norte apresentam maior tempo de permanência em relação aos grupos isquemia e isquemia injetado com Apo e RAC (F12,117: 11,29). Nossos dados confirmam a possibilidade de interação dos polos magnéticos e os mecanismos de ação das drogas utilizadas no experimento. / For decades, magnetic fields (CMs) have been the subject of scientific research. However, the great body of evidence is related to electromagnetic fields and not to continuous magnetic fields. Our interest is directed to the modulation of behavioral and motor responses, the preservation of neurons after brain ischemic injury and the possibility of functional interference with drugs that modify brain neurotransmission. We used 130 gerbils, allocated in 13 experimental groups. Specific groups were submitted to bilateral global brain ischemia and the implantation of a magnetic helmet with power of 3200G. Four days after the surgical procedures, the animals were evaluated on the activity monitor and Rotarod after receiving an injection of Apomorphine (APO) (2.5 mg / kg) or Raclopride (RAC) (0.9 ml / kg). Significant p value was set as <0.05. In the activity monitor, the animals in the ischemia group crossed fired the largest number of horizontal sensors (F12,117: 9,39) and vertical sensors (F12,117: 10,60) than all the other groups. Ischemic animals injected with APO and magnetic field fired a smaller number of sensors than the ischemic groups and injected with APO. Animals stimulated with the north pole fired fewer sensors than ischemic animals injected with APO. RAC injected animals, with or without magnetic stimulation fired fewer sensors than ischemic animals or ischemic with north and south magnetic stimulation. In the Rotarod test, the ischemic group had the shortest permanence time in the test than the other groups. Still, ischemic animals treated with APO and RAC and North Pole magnetic stimulation present a longer permanence time in comparison to the ischemia group and ischemia with APO and RAC. Ischemic animals injected with APO and magnetic field pass through a smaller number of sensors than the ischemic groups and injected with APO. In the Rotarod test, the ischemic group had the shortest residence time in the test than the other groups. Still, ischemic animals treated with APO and north pole present a longer residence time in relation to the ischemia groups with APO and RAC (F12,117: 11,29). Our data confirm the possibility of interaction of the magnetic poles and the action mechanisms of action of the drugs used in the experiment.

Foi proposta uma experiência na qual seria possível produzir um emaranhamento quântico de feixes de fótons com diferentes frequências, movendo-se em uma mesma direção, controlado por meio de um campo magnético externo. Nessa experiência, a interação entre o campo magnético e fótons é realizada por intermédio de elétrons, que interagem tanto com os fótons quanto com o campo magnético externo. Foi desenvolvida uma teoria que descreve processos físicos. Derivamos medidas de emaranhamento de informação e de Schmidt para um sistema geral de dois qubits e a medida residual para um sistema geral de três qubits. Usando a informação obtida da análise dos sistemas de dois e de três quase-fótons, calculamos medidas de emaranhamento. Criamos um programa para cálculo numérico, nesses casos, através do qual construímos gráficos de dependência das medidas de emaranhamentos em feixes de dois e de três fótons. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem ver como a medida de emaranhamento depende dos parâmetros, que caracterizam o sistema em questão. Por exemplo, se ambas as polarizações dos fótons coincidem, então, nenhum emaranhamento ocorre. O emaranhamento acontece apenas se as polarizações do fóton forem opostas. / An experiment is proposed which can produce a quantum entanglement of photon beams having different frequencies and moving in the same direction. The experiment is controlled by an external magnetic field. In this experiment, the interaction between the photons and magnetic field is carried out by means of electrons interacting both with the photons and the external magnetic field. A theory is developed which describes physical processes in this experiment. The meausre of entanglement of information and the measure of Schmidt are calculated for the general system of two qubits, as well as the residual measure for general system of three qubits. Using the information obtained from the analysis of the systems of two and three quasi-photons, we have calculated the entanglement measures in such cases. A computer program is created for numerical calculations in such cases which enables one to construct the graphs of dependence for entanglements of measures in bundles of two and three photons. The results allow us to see how the entanglement measure depends on the parameters that characterize the system in question. For example, if both polarizations of the photons coincide, then no entanglement takes place. The entanglement occurs only if the polarization of the photon are opposite.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma breve revisão introdutória de alguns aspectos importantes de astrofísica nuclear e da fenomenologia do plasma de quarks e glúons a baixas temperaturas. Acredita-se que tal estado da matéria existe no núcleo de estrelas de nêutron e possivelmente de outros objetos compactos em astrofísica. Uma equação de estado para tal sistema é derivada incluindo as influências dos condensados de glúon e do campo magnético que também é uma característica importante das estrelas de nêutron. Finalmente, essa equação de estado é aplicada para o estudo de estrutura estelar de estrelas compactas e alguns resultados importantes são discutidos. / This dissertation presents a brief introductory overview of some key aspects of nuclear astrophysics and of the phenomenology of the quark gluon plasma at cold temperatures which is believed to exist inside the core of neutron stars and possible other compact astrophysical objects. An equation of state for this state of matter is derived incluing the influence of gluon condensates and the magnetic field which is also an important characteristic of neutron stars. And finally this equation of state is applied to the study of compact stellar structure and some important results are discussed.

The MiMeS (Magnetism in Massive Stars) project is a large-scale, high-resolution, sensitive spectropolarimetric investigation of the magnetic properties of O- and early B-type stars. Initiated in 2008 and completed in 2013, the project was supported by three Large Program allocations, as well as various programmes initiated by independent principal investigators, and archival resources. Ultimately, over 4800 circularly polarized spectra of 560 O and B stars were collected with the instruments ESPaDOnS (Echelle SpectroPolarimetric Device for the Observation of Stars) at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, Narval at the Télescope Bernard Lyot and HARPSpol at the European Southern Observatory La Silla 3.6 m telescope, making MiMeS by far the largest systematic investigation of massive star magnetism ever undertaken. In this paper, the first in a series reporting the general results of the survey, we introduce the scientific motivation and goals, describe the sample of targets, review the instrumentation and observational techniques used, explain the exposure time calculation designed to provide sensitivity to surface dipole fields above approximately 100 G, discuss the polarimetric performance, stability and uncertainty of the instrumentation, and summarize the previous and forthcoming publications.