The main goal of this project was the development of carbon nanotubes as a candidate for dual-functioning magnetic hyperthermia structure and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. This was achieved by filling carbon nanotubes with continuous ferromagnetic α-Fe nanowires and surface functionalized with paramagnetic Gd(III). Also, length control of both nanotube and nanowire was investigated. Firstly, a low vapour flow-rate and constant evaporation temperature chemical vapour deposition method based on the thermal decomposition of ferrocene was employed which achieved continuous α-Fe nanowires on the same scale as the nanotube for lengths >10 m without the necessity of post-synthesis heat-treatment or introduction of other precursor elements. The low vapour flow-rate regime has the advantage of sustaining the intrinsic temperature gradient at the tip of the forming structure which drives the vapour feedstock to the growth front to guarantee continuous nanowire formation. For initially mixed-phase nanowires of length less than 10 μm, the continuous α-Fe nanowires were achieved by postsynthesis heat treatment. Secondly, a simple wet chemical method involving only sonication in aqueous GdCl3 solution was used for surface functionalization of iron-filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes with gadolinium. Functional groups on the sidewalls produced by the sonication provide active nucleation sites for the loading of Gd3+ ions. Characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of Gd3+ ions on the sidewall surface. The ferromagnetic properties of the encapsulated iron nanowire maintained after surface functionalization. At room temperature a saturation magnetization of 40 emu/g and a coercivity of 600 Oe were observed. Heating functionality in an alternating applied magnetic field was quantified through the measurement of specific absorption rate: 50 W/gFe and the intrinsic loss power: 1.12 nHm²kg⁻¹ at magnetic field strength 8 kA/m and frequency of 696 kHz. These structures exhibited an extremely high relaxivity r₁ ~ 200 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹ at high magnetic field (9.4 T).

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T11:37:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Marcus Carrião dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 18819776 bytes, checksum: c30d69dcb666acd99ab25efc73f7a96e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T12:06:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Marcus Carrião dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 18819776 bytes, checksum: c30d69dcb666acd99ab25efc73f7a96e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T12:06:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Marcus Carrião dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 18819776 bytes, checksum: c30d69dcb666acd99ab25efc73f7a96e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-04 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The phenomenon of heat dissipation by magnetic materials interacting with an alternating magnetic field, known as magnetic hyperthermia, is an emergent and promising therapy for many diseases, mainly cancer. The scientific community has endeavored to identify the properties that lead to maximum efficiency dissipation of magnetic nanoparticles. However, the diameter in which this efficiency reaches maximum is sometimes bigger than 10 nm, presenting several incompatibilities with biomedical aplications. On the other hand, small nanoparticles (< 8 nm}) do not suffer from the same disadvantages. On the contrary, they benefit from a biodistribution convenient for cancer treatment, affinity for the lymphatic system, further penetration of tumor tissue and renal clearance. However, the use of small nanostructures as heat centers never received much attention, in part because the model most used to describe the magnetic hyperthermia phenomenon, the linear response theory (LRT), provides a very small dissipation in these systems. Recently, experimental results have questioned this inefficiency and evidences that it is possible to produce a biological response (including cell death) without necessarily measuring a temperature variation opened up new possibilities for small nanostructures. This research, therefore, proposes a change in magnetic nanostructure tailoring strategy for biomedical applications of hyperthermia: to make more efficient dissipation in small nanoparticles. Therefore, it is necessary to rebuild the theoretical framework of hyperthermia, making the description of these small systems more accurate. This thesis deals with the development of modeling tools to enable a distinction between the most superficial and internal region of the nanoparticle, recognizing that many of the properties at the nanoscale has its origin in surface effects and the surface-to-volume ratio. A model for the description of core-shell system magnetization was developed, based on the Heisenberg Hamiltonian and a mean field theory in which different parameters may be assigned to each region. The combination of this model with the LRT has given rise to a new description of hyperthermia phenomenon in which the importance of surface effects and can be explicitly considered, making also possible the description of heterogeneous systems. The model was compared with original (homogeneous nanoparticles) and literature (heterogeneous nanoparticles) experimental data, with good qualitative agreement with the results. In an attempt to verify the influence of effects of nonlinearity in these systems, a non-linear response theory was developed from the generalization of the LRT, and applied to core-shell systems. The fundamental role of these theoretical tools is to point the direction in which the nanomaterials tailoring should advance to make viable the proposed hyperthermia with small nanostructures. The models proposed here suggest that a higher dissipation efficiency in small systems is obtained with a combination of materials which lead to the reduction ratio of shell-to-core damping factors, increasing of the exchange constant in the interface and maximizing the shell-to-core anisotropy constants, indicating that better results should be found in Soft@Hard systems. / O fenômeno de dissipação de calor por materiais magnéticos que interagem com um campo magnético alternado, conhecido como hipertermia magnética, é uma emergente e promissora terapia para muitas doenças, principalmente o câncer. A comunidade científica tem se esforçado para identificar as propriedades que levam à eficiência máxima de dissipação em nanopartículas magnéticas. Entretanto, muitas vezes, o diâmetro para o qual essa eficiência é máxima supera 10 nm, apresentando diversas incompatibilidades com as aplicações biomédicas. Por outro lado, nanopartículas pequenas (< 8 nm) não sofrem das mesmas desvantagens, pelo contrário, se beneficiam de uma biodistribuição conveniente para o tratamento oncológico, afinidade com o sistema linfático, maior penetração no tecido tumoral e excreção via depuração renal. Entretanto, o uso de nanoestruturas pequenas como centros de calor nunca recebeu muita atenção, em parte, porque o modelo mais utilizado para descrever o fenômeno de hipertermia magnética, a teoria de resposta linear (LRT), prevê uma dissipação muito pequena nesses sistemas. Recentemente, resultados experimentais colocaram em dúvida essa ineficiência e evidências de que é possível produzir uma resposta biológica (inclusive morte celular) sem necessariamente elevar a temperatura de forma mensurável abriram novas possibilidades para as nanoestruturas pequenas. Esse trabalho propõe, então, uma mudança na estratégia de engenharia de nanoestruturas magnéticas para aplicações biomédicas de hipertermia: que se busque tornar mais eficiente a dissipação em nanopartículas pequenas. Para tanto, é necessário reconstruir o arcabouço teórico de hipertermia, para tornar a descrição desses sistemas pequenos mais precisa. Esta tese ocupa-se do desenvolvimento de ferramentas de modelagem que permitam uma diferenciação entre a região mais superficial e interna da nanopartícula, reconhecendo que grande parte das propriedades em escala nanométrica tem sua origem nos efeitos de superfície e na relação superfície-volume. Um modelo de descrição da magnetização de sistemas core-shell foi desenvolvido, com base na hamiltoniana de Heisenberg e em uma teoria de campo médio, no qual podem ser atribuídos diferentes parâmetros para cada uma dessas regiões. A combinação desse modelo com a LRT deu origem a uma nova descrição do fenômeno de hipertermia no qual a importância de efeitos de superfície podem ser explicitamente considerados, tornando possível também a descrição de sistemas heterogêneos. O modelo foi comparado com dados experimentais originais (nanopartículas homogêneas) e da literatura (nanopartículas heterogêneas), apresentando boa concordância qualitativa com os resultados. Na tentativa de verificar a influência de efeitos de não-linearidade nesses sistemas, desenvolveu-se uma teoria de resposta não-linear a partir da generalização da LRT, aplicando-a a sistemas core-shell. O papel fundamental dessas ferramentas teóricas é apontar a direção para qual a engenharia de nanomateriais deve avançar para tornar a proposta de hipertermia com nanoestruturas pequenas viável. Os modelos propostos aqui sugerem que a maior eficiência de dissipação em sistemas pequenos será obtida com a combinação de materiais que levem à redução da razão entre os fatores de damping da shell com relação ao core, o aumento da constante de exchange na interface e a maximização da razão entre as constantes de anisotropia da shell com relação ao core, indicando melhores resultados para sistemas Soft@Hard.

In this dissertation, I present the results of a systematic study on novel multifunctional nanostructure systems for magnetic hyperthermia applications. All the samples have been synthesized, structurally/magnetically characterized, and tested for magnetic hyperthermia treatment at the Functional Materials Laboratory of the University South Florida. This work includes studies on four different systems: (i) Core/shell Fe/γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles; (ii) Spherical and cubic exchange coupled FeO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles; (iii) Fe3O4 nano-octopods with different sizes; (iv) High aspect ratio FeCo nanowires and Fe3O4 nanorods. In particular, we demonstrated the enhancement of the heating efficiency of these nanostructures by creating monodisperse and highly crystalline nanoparticles, and tuning their magnetic properties, mainly their saturation magnetization (MS) and effective anisotropy, in controlled ways. In addition, we studied the influence of other parameters, such as the size and concentration of the nanoparticles, the magnitude of the applied AC magnetic field, or different media (agar vs. water), on the final heating efficiency of these nanoparticles. For the core/shell Fe/γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, a modest heating efficiency has been obtained, resulting mainly from the strong reduction in MS caused by the shrinkage of the core with time. However, for sizes above 14 nm, the shrinkage process is much slower and the obtained heating efficiency is better than the one exhibited by conventional solid nanoparticles of the same size. In the case of the exchange-coupled FeO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, we successfully created two sets of comparable particles: spheres with 1.5 times larger MS than the cubes, and cubes with 1.5 times larger effective anisotropy than the spheres, while keeping the other parameters the same. Our results show that increasing the effective anisotropy of the nanoparticles gives rise to a greater heating efficiency than increasing their MS. The Fe3O4 nano-octopods, with enhanced surface anisotropy, present better heating efficiency than their spherical and cubic nanoparticles, especially in the high field region, and we have shown that by tuning their size and the effective anisotropy, we can optimize their heating response to the applied AC magnetic field. For magnetic fields, smaller than 300−400 Oe we found that the smallest nano-octopods give the best heating efficiency. Yet if we increase the AC field value, the bigger octopods show an increased heating efficiency and become more effective. Finally, the FeCo nanowires and Fe3O4 nanorods exhibit enhanced heating efficiency with increasing aspect ratio when aligned in the direction of the applied AC magnetic field, due to the combined effect of shape anisotropy and dipolar interactions. Of all the studied systems, these 1D high aspect ratio nanostructures have displayed the highest heating rates. All of these findings point toward an important fact that tuning the structural and magnetic parameters in general, and the effective anisotropy in particular, of the nanoparticles is a very promising approach for improving the heating efficiency of magnetic nanostructures for enhanced hyperthermia.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / Deryl L. Troyer / Many cell types were known to have migratory properties towards tumors and different research groups have shown reliable results regarding cells as delivery vehicles of therapeutics for targeted cancer treatment. Present report discusses proof of concept for 1. Cell mediated delivery of Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and targeted Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) as a cancer treatment by using in vivo mouse cancer models, 2. Cells surface engineering with chimeric proteins for targeted cancer treatment by using in vitro models. 1. Tumor homing cells can carry MNPs specifically to the tumor site and tumor burden will decrease after alternating magnetic field (AMF) exposure. To test this hypothesis, first we loaded Fe/Fe3O4 bi-magnetic NPs into neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which were previously shown to migrate towards melanoma tumors. We observed that NPCs loaded with MNPs travel to subcutaneous melanoma tumors. After alternating magnetic field (AMF) exposure, the targeted delivery of MNPs by the NPCs resulted in a mild decrease in tumor size (Chapter-2). Monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Ma) are known to infiltrate tumor sites, and also have phagocytic activity which can increase their uptake of MNPs. To test Mo/Ma-mediated MHT we transplanted Mo/Ma loaded with MNPs into a mouse model of pancreatic peritoneal carcinomatosis. We observed that MNP-loaded Mo/Ma infiltrated pancreatic tumors and, after AMF treatment, significantly prolonged the lives of mice bearing disseminated intraperitoneal pancreatic tumors (Chapter-3). 2. Targeted cancer treatment could be achieved by engineering tumor homing cell surfaces with tumor proteases cleavable, cancer cell specific recombinant therapeutic proteins. To test this, Urokinase and Calpain (tumor specific proteases) cleavable; prostate cancer cell (CaP) specific (CaP1 targeting peptide); apoptosis inducible (Caspase3 V266ED3)- rCasp3V266ED3 chimeric protein was designed in silico. Hypothesized membrane anchored chimeric protein (rCasp3V266ED3, rMcherry red) plasmids were constructed. Membrane anchoring and activity of designed proteins were analyzed in RAW264.7 Mo/Ma and HEK293 cells in vitro. Further, Urokinase (uPA) mediated cleavage and release of rCasp3V266ED3 from engineered cells was tested (Chapter-4). Animal models for cancer therapy are invaluable for preclinical testing of potential cancer treatments. Final chapter of present report shows evidence for immune-deficient line of pigs as a model for human cancers (Chapter-5)

O tema deste trabalho é a modelização computacional das propriedades magnéticas de sistemas nanoparticulados a temperatura finita. Estes materiais, que são de grande interesse acadêmico e aplicado, possuem uma sensibilidade atípica às flutuações térmicas, um fenômeno conhecido como superparamagnetismo. Por essa e outras peculiaridades, eles apresentam um comportamento extremamente rico e complexo que se estende por uma gama ampla de situações experimentais, indo desde eras geológicas em aplicações na área de geomagnetismo, a fenômenos ultra-rápidos em dispositivos eletrônicos e tratamentos clínicos. O modelo empregado, conhecido como teoria de Néel-Brown, introduz na equação dinâmica magnética um termo estocástico para lidar com as flutuações térmicas. Sua validade é bastante geral, podendo ser aplicado para simular uma quantidade enorme de experimentos. Implementamos uma biblioteca numérica extremamente eficiente, que permite tratar sobre um mesmo escopo estas diferentes situações. Neste trabalho, focamos no problema de histerese dinâmica que vêm recebendo considerável atenção nos últimos anos motivado, principalmente, pela aplicação de nanopartículas magnéticas em tratamentos de tumores por uma técnica conhecida como magneto-hipertermia. / This thesis concerns the use of computer models to study the magnetic properties of nanoparticles at a finite temperature. These materials, which are of great academic and applied interest, are known to have an enhanced sensitivity to thermal fluctuations -- a phenomenon known as superparamagnetism. Such a peculiar nature is responsible for a large number of interesting physical phenomena, which are known to extend over a wide range of experimental situations. These include, among others, geomagnetism, ultra-fast devices and oncological treatments. The model employed, known as the Néel-Brown theory, introduces in the dynamical equation an stochastic term representing the thermal fluctuations. It\'s range of validity is quite broad, thus being applicable to all of the aforementioned situations. We implemented a highly efficient numerical library, whose scope extends over a large range of experiments. In this thesis we focused on the problem of dynamic hysteresis, which has receive considerable attention in recent years. This was motivated, among other things, by the potential use of nanoparticles in magneto-hyperthermia treatments.

This dissertation presents enabling technologies to fabricate thermo-responsive polymer composite based Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices. LOC devices, also known as micro-total-analytical systems (microTAS) or microfluidic devices can amalgamate miniaturized laboratory functions on a single chip. This significant size reduction decreases the amount of required fluid volumes down to nano or pico-liters. The main commercial application of LOC devices is the biomedical fields. However, these devices are anticipated to make a technological revolution similar to the way miniaturization changed computers. In fact, medical and chemical analyses are predicted to shift from room-sized laboratories to hand-held portable devices. This dissertation is divided into three technologies. First, a series of terpolymer systems were synthesized and characterized to fabricate crosslinked coatings for phototunable swelling and create chemically patterned regions in order to conjugate cationic markers, proteins, or nanoparticles to the terpolymer coating. Second, antifouling surfaces were fabricated using magnetic thermo-responsive hydrogel structures via soft lithography. The structures were remote control activated with the use of AC magnetic fields. Finally, in order for LOC devices to fulfill its promise of bringing a laboratory to a hand-held device, they will have to be integrated with CMOS technology. Packaging will play a crucial role in this process. The last section will focus on the importance of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch in multi-chip modules. For the first technology, multi-functionalized terpolymer systems have been developed comprising of three units: N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), a stimuli responsive monomer that swells and collapses in response to temperature; methacryloxybenzophenone (MaBP), a photo-crosslinkable monomer that is activated at λ = 365 nm; and phenacyl methacrylate (PHEm), a photolabile protected functional group that generates localized free carboxyl groups in response to deprotection at λ = 254 nm. The multifunctional terpolymers can be spin-casted to form thin films of well-defined thickness, photo-crosslinked by a long UV wavelength light (λ = 365 nm) to form distinct structural patterns, and subsequently photo-chemically modified by a short UV wavelength light (λ = 254 nm). The photocleavage reaction by UV irradiation allows the production of free carboxylic groups that can be used to conjugate cationic markers, proteins, or nanoparticles to the terpolymer coating. Furthermore, the free carboxyl groups can be used to locally tune the swelling characteristics and transition temperature of the coatings. For the second technology, when Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles are integrated into PNIPAAm based composite systems, their resultant hyperthermia behavior becomes an ideal mechanism for remote controlled actuation. In this work, nano Fe3O4 octopods were seeded in fabricated PNIPAAm hydrogel micro-actuators. When the magnetic hydrogel structures were exposed to a magnetic field strength of 63 kA/m at a frequency of 300 kHz, the hydrogel micro-beams underwent a buckling effect when the field was absent and an unbuckling effect when the field was present. The hydrogel micro-beams were fabricated at an approximate distance from one another developing micromanipulating surfaces that were remote control activated. The response time, heating efficiency, and magnetic behavior were thoroughly studied. Lastly, micron sized polystyrene beads were exposed to the antifouling surfaces and movement of the beads was observed as the magnetic hydrogel micro-beams underwent their physical changes. For the third technology, a major reason of device failure in multi-chip module assemblies is a CTE mismatch between the underfill encapsulant material and the integrated circuit chip. Some of the failure mechanisms of microelectronic packaging due to CTE mismatch include fractures, delamination, or cracks through the device. In this section, the CTE of a commercially available underfill material is greatly reduced by loading the polymer resin material with hollow glass beads, to realize an overall effective CTE of 6.6 ppm/°C. Furthermore, the newly developed composite material exhibited outstanding thermomechanical stability at high temperatures beyond 150°C by holding a 3X lower CTE and a higher glass transition temperature.

O tema deste trabalho é a modelização computacional das propriedades magnéticas de sistemas nanoparticulados a temperatura finita. Estes materiais, que são de grande interesse acadêmico e aplicado, possuem uma sensibilidade atípica às flutuações térmicas, um fenômeno conhecido como superparamagnetismo. Por essa e outras peculiaridades, eles apresentam um comportamento extremamente rico e complexo que se estende por uma gama ampla de situações experimentais, indo desde eras geológicas em aplicações na área de geomagnetismo, a fenômenos ultra-rápidos em dispositivos eletrônicos e tratamentos clínicos. O modelo empregado, conhecido como teoria de Néel-Brown, introduz na equação dinâmica magnética um termo estocástico para lidar com as flutuações térmicas. Sua validade é bastante geral, podendo ser aplicado para simular uma quantidade enorme de experimentos. Implementamos uma biblioteca numérica extremamente eficiente, que permite tratar sobre um mesmo escopo estas diferentes situações. Neste trabalho, focamos no problema de histerese dinâmica que vêm recebendo considerável atenção nos últimos anos motivado, principalmente, pela aplicação de nanopartículas magnéticas em tratamentos de tumores por uma técnica conhecida como magneto-hipertermia. / This thesis concerns the use of computer models to study the magnetic properties of nanoparticles at a finite temperature. These materials, which are of great academic and applied interest, are known to have an enhanced sensitivity to thermal fluctuations -- a phenomenon known as superparamagnetism. Such a peculiar nature is responsible for a large number of interesting physical phenomena, which are known to extend over a wide range of experimental situations. These include, among others, geomagnetism, ultra-fast devices and oncological treatments. The model employed, known as the Néel-Brown theory, introduces in the dynamical equation an stochastic term representing the thermal fluctuations. It\'s range of validity is quite broad, thus being applicable to all of the aforementioned situations. We implemented a highly efficient numerical library, whose scope extends over a large range of experiments. In this thesis we focused on the problem of dynamic hysteresis, which has receive considerable attention in recent years. This was motivated, among other things, by the potential use of nanoparticles in magneto-hyperthermia treatments.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / In this work we have performed a study of the structural and magnetic properties in Fe3o4@Agx nanostructures (x=0,1,5 and 10%), synthesized by thermal decomposition (DT) and co-precipitation (CP). The samples were characterized by measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns indicate the presence of the Fe3o4 and Ag phase. The mean crystallites size corresponding to the Fe3o4 estimated by using the Scherrer’s equation shows that the nanostructures present not change considerable in the size after insertion of Ag for both growth methods. The TEM images obtained for DT samples reveal that the nanostructures are a like-spherical shape and average sizes of 3 nm which are in good according with size estimated by XRD. The mass loss observed in TG analysis was used to estimate the amount of organic matter present in the samples and consenquently normalize the magnetic measurements. The magnetic characterization was carried out by magnetization measurements as a function of magnetic field (MvsH) and temperature in Zero Field Cooling – Field Cooling (ZFC/FC) modes. These results indicate that the samples present superparamagnetic behavior to start 220 K. Fits of the ZFC / FC curves allowed verify that the magnetic anisotropy constant decreasing as a function of Ag-concentration. Magnetic hyperthermia measurements were performed in the samples synthesized via CP and the specific absorption rate (SAR) was estimated between 8 and 40 W / g. / Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo das propriedades estruturais e magnéticas em nanoestruturas Fe3o4@Agx (x=0,1,5 and 10%), sintetizadas pelos métodos de decomposição térmica (DT) e de co-precipitação (CP). As amostras foram caracterizadas estruturalmente através de medidas de difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os padrões de DRX indicam a presença da fase cristalina de Fe3o4 para todas as amostras, mas nas amostras aonde foi inserida a Ag há presença de uma outra fase cristalina, ou seja, a fase da Ag. O tamanho médio dos cristalitos estimados utilizando a largura à meia altura dos picos de DRX e a equação de Scherrer, mostra que as nanoestruturas não sofreram alterações consideráveis de tamanho após o acréscimo da Ag, mesmo com o aumento da concentração de Ag para ambos os métodos. As imagens de MET obtidas para as amostras sintetizadas via DT revelam que as nanoestruturas apresentam formatos praticamente esféricos e com tamanhos médios de 3 nm, que estão de acordo com os tamanhos estimados por DRX. Análises termogravimétricas foram utilizadas para estimar as perdas de massa de orgânicos presente nas amostras e assim realizar a normalização das medidas de magnetização. A caracterização magnética foi feita através de medidas de magnetização em função do campo magnético (MvsH) e da temperatura no modo Zero Field Cooling – Field Cooling (ZFC/FC). Estas medidas indicam que as amostras apresentam um comportamento superparamagnético a partir de 220 K. A realização de ajustes nas curvas ZFC/FC permitiu verificar que a constante de anisotropia magnética diminui com a concentração de Ag. Também foram realizadas medidas de hipertermia magnética nas amostras sintetizadas via CP e através das análises foi estimada a taxa de absorção específica (SAR), com valores entre 8 e 40 W/g. / São Cristóvão, SE

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcus Vinícius Araújo - 2017.pdf: 21442655 bytes, checksum: 3698012eda944b8f418aebe11accbd00 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Nanoparticles based on Mn-ferrite, Mn1−xAxFe2O4, doped with copper, magnesium and cobalt (A = Cu, Mg ou Co) were synthesized by hydrothermal method under pressure, with X varying from 0 to 0, 5. Magnetic fluids stable in physiological conditions were obtained surface-coating the nanoparticle with citric acid. X-ray diffraction confirmed the spinel structure. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the success of the synthesis of the mixed ferrite, where the element composition agreed with the value expected within an error of 10%. Transmission electron microscopy showed sphericalshaped nanoparticles, while magnetization data at room temperature allowed the analysis of the coercivity field (Hc) and the saturation magnetization (Ms). Ms decreased with the increase of X for the Cu and Mg doped samples, while the opposite effect was observed for Co doped nanoparticles. Hc increased the higher the X value for all the samples. The effect on the Cu and Mg-doped ferrites are explained by the increase in particle size. However, the Co-doped samples, showed a diameter increasing the higher X, but Hc also increased. In this case the Hc behavior is explained by the increase concentration of Co and its effect on the magnetic anisotropy which increases for higher Co content. The magnetic hyperthermia efficiency of the magnetic fluids, for all samples, were investigated in a field amplitude ranging from 50 Oe to 170 Oe and frequencies from 110 kHz up to 990 kHz. The hyperthermia efficiency decreased with X increasing, considering the case of 130Oe and 333 kHz, which indicates that at this experimental condition undoped Mnferrite nanoparticles are better for hyperthermia. In most of the samples it was observed that the efficiency scaled with the square of the field amplitude, which is in accordance with Linear Response Theory (LRT). In addition, the hyperthermia frequency dependence study showed a saturation effect, for some samples, at a frequency higher than 600 kHz. The experimental data as function of frequency were susccessfully curve fitted with the LRT model using 2 free parameters related to the effective relaxation time ( ef ) and the equilibrium susceptibility ( 0). In particular, for theMn-ferrite sample for a field of 130Oe it is found ef = 5, 2 · 10−7s and 0 = 0, 028. The value of ef can be explained using an effective magnetic anisotropy value of 2·105 erg/cm3. The value is one order of magnitude higher than the bulk value, and allowed one to estimate the surface anisotropy contribution to in the order of 0, 04 erg/cm2. On the other hand, a linear chain formation model, for this sample consisted of a trimer (3 nanoparticles), can also explain the increase of the effective anisotropy. Moreover, we found a 0 value lower than the estimated Langevin susceptibility. In order to explain this, a new model, valid in the linear regime, was developed considering the contribution from blocked nanoparticles. Indeed, the analysis of hyperthermia data using this model indicates that the contribution to heat generation spans from 34.7% of the nanoparticles for a field of 110 Oe up to 52.5% at 170 Oe. / Nanopartículas à base de ferrita de Mn, Mn1−xAxFe2O4, dopadas com cobre, magnésio ou cobalto (A = Cu, Mg ou Co) foram sintetizadas pelo método hidrotermal sob pressão, com X variando de 0 até 0, 5. Posteriormente, fluidos magnéticos estáveis em pH fisiológico foram obtidos recobrindo a superfície das nanopartículas com ácidocítrico. A caracterização estrutural por raios-X confirmou a fase cristalina do tipo espinélio. A técnica de espectroscopia de energia dispersiva confirmou o sucesso da síntese de ferrita mista, quanto a sua composição, com um erro de até 10%. Microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou formação de nanopartículas esféricas, enquanto medidas de magnetização a temperatura ambiente permitiram uma análise do campo coercitivo (Hc) e da magnetização de saturação (Ms). Ms caiu com aumento de X para amostras dopadas com Cu e Mg, enquanto o oposto foi observado para Co. O Hc cresceu com o aumento de X para todas as amostras. Para as amostras dopadas com Cu e Mg tal efeito é explicado pelo aumento do diâmetro das nanopartículas. No caso das amostras dopadas com Co, o diâmetro caiu com X crescendo, mas Hc aumentou. Neste caso o comportamento do Hc é explicado pela maior contribuição a anisotropia magnética aumentando a proporção de Co na ferrita. A eficiência da hipertermia magnética (EHM) dos fluidos magnéticos, de todas as amostras, foi avaliada numa faixa de amplitude de campo de 50 Oe à 170 Oe para frequências variando entre 110 kHz à 990 kHz. A EHM caiu com X aumentando para H0 = 130 Oe e f = 333 kHz, o que indica, nesta condição experimental, que a ferrita de Mn é a amostra mais eficiente para hipertermia. A maior parte das amostras apresentou um EHM escalando com o quadrado da amplitude de campo magnético, em concordância com o esperado pela Teoria do Regime Linear (TRL). O estudo da EHM em função da frequência (f) revelou que algumas amostras apresentam saturação para f > 600 kHz. Os dados experimentais de hipertermia em função da frequência foram ajustados com sucesso, para todas as amostras, usando apenas 2 parâmetros livres relacionados ao tempo de relaxação efetivo ( ef ) e a susceptibilidade de equilíbrio ( 0). Em particular, para a amostra de ferrita de Mn e H0 = 130 Oe encontramos ef = 5, 2 · 10−7 s e 0 = 0, 028. O valor obtido para ef pode ser explicado para uma anisotropia magnética efetiva com 2 · 105 erg/cm3. Este valor é uma ordem de grandeza maior que o do bulk, e permite estimar uma anisotropia de superfície da ordem de 0, 037 erg/cm2. Por outro lado, a formação de cadeias lineares, contendo 3 partículas, também é capaz de explicar o aumento da anisotropia. O valor encontrado para 0 é menor que aquele estimado para a susceptibilidade de Langevin. Para explicar tal resultado, um novo modelo, válido no regime linear, foi desenvolvido considerando a contribuição de partículas bloqueadas. Neste caso, foi possível estimar, pela análise da EHM em função da frequência, que a fração de partículas contribuindo para a geração de calor sobe de 34, 7% em H0 = 110 Oe para 52, 5% em 170 Oe.