[pt] O gerenciamento de riscos de mercado é um assunto que já assume papel relevante e definitivo no ambiente das instituições financeiras. Mais recentemente o assunto vem ganhando espaço também no âmbito de instituições não financeiras. Dentre os benefícios advindos da implantação de sistemas de medição e gerenciamento de riscos de mercado no âmbito das instituições não financeiras, destacam-se como os mais diretos: o controle dos fluxos de caixa necessários ao cumprimento dos investimentos programados pela empresa, a redução da volatilidade desses fluxos e, conseqüentemente, da probabilidade de a empresa deixar de honrar compromissos futuros. Benefícios adicionais incluem o aumento da transparência aos investidores e a rápida assimilação de novas fontes de riscos de mercado pelos gestores. Considerando a existência deste espaço e a importância do tema para as empresas, este trabalho propõe a construção de um modelo teórico para mensuração do fluxo de caixa em risco e o aplica a uma única empresa pertencente ao setor de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil. Tal modelo deve ser capaz de informar a probabilidade dessa empresa não dispor de recursos para honrar seus compromissos em determinada data de pagamento futura, ou vértices do fluxo. / [en] In the last years, risk management assumed a relevant and definitive role in the environment of financial institutions. More recently however, the subject has also been gaining ground in the environment of non- financial institutions. Among the benefits arising from the introduction of risk management within the environment of non-financial institutions, those that stand out as being the most direct are the control of the cash flow necessary for the investments that have been programmed, reduction in the volatility of this cash flow, and consequently in the probability of the company failing to honor its future commitments. Additional benefits include an increase in transparency as far as investors are concerned, a rapid assimilation of new risk sources by the managers. Considering this gap and the theme`s importance to non-financial institutions, this work proposes a theoretical model, which aims to measure firm cash flow-at-risk. Afterwards, the proposed model is applied and tested in only one Brazilian distribution electric sector company. Such a model may be able to return the probability that a company faces a financial distress, for not being able to make due payments in the set dates.

[pt] O gerenciamento de Risco para empresas não financeiras é de grande importância, e vem recebendo cada vez mais relevância no mercado financeiro no país. O risco de mercado, ou seja, a volatilidade das variáveis as quais as companhias estão submetidas deve ser analisada com extrema atenção, dado que estas variáveis impactam de maneira significativa os fluxos de caixa e o valor destas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a utilização do Fluxo de Caixa em Risco (Cash Flow at Risk – CfaR), um instrumento para controle de risco de mercado que simula o valor em risco do fluxo de caixa futuro de uma companhia dentro de um intervalo de confiança predefinido. Faremos uma apresentação do modelo CfaR em uma empresa não financeira, em particular uma companhia do setor Sucroenergético para se estimar a probabilidade desta empresa não possuir a liquidez necessária para arcar com seus compromissos financeiros de curto prazo. / [en] Risk Management for non financial companies is of great importance and has been gaining even more significance in the country’s financial market. The Market Risk, that is, the volatility of the variables in which companies are exposed has to be analyzed with extreme attention, given that such variations may impact strongly the companies’ cash flows and its values. This paper has the aim to study the use of the Cash Flow at Risk – CfaR, a tool to control market risk and that simulates the Value at Risk of the future cash flow of a company at a predetermined confidence interval. The goal is to make a presentation of the CfaR model to a non financial company, particularly a company in the Sucroenergetic sector to estimate the probability of this specific enterprise not having the liquid assets necessary to honor its short term commitments.

O risco de mercado pode ser entendido como o risco de perdas em decorrência de oscilações em variáveis econômicas e financeiras, como taxas de juros, taxas de câmbio, preços de ações e de commodities. A adequada evidenciação dos aspectos relacionados ao risco de mercado tem assumido importância crescente no sistema financeiro, por diversos fatores, como as crises financeiras de amplitude global, o desenvolvimento dos derivativos, os colapsos empresariais decorrentes de deficiências na gestão de riscos, e as exigências de capital em função dos riscos incorridos pelas instituições. O objetivo da pesquisa é verificar e analisar o grau de evidenciação, por parte das instituições financeiras com atuação no Brasil, quanto às questões relativas ao risco de mercado. Para a avaliação das informações prestadas, são utilizadas como parâmetro as recomendações de evidenciação do Comitê de Supervisão Bancária da Basiléia, bem como informações sobre as práticas de divulgação de instituições financeiras no mercado internacional, a partir de levantamentos realizados pelo BIS (Bank for International Settlements). Assim, questiona-se se as instituições financeiras com atuação no Brasil têm apresentado aderência aos padrões internacionais de evidenciação na área de risco de mercado. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa empírica, que consistiu na análise de relatórios anuais (de 1997 a 2002) de bancos com atuação no Brasil, permitem concluir que a evidenciação bancária no mercado doméstico, apesar de mostrar indicadores de evolução na área de riscos de mercado, ainda apresenta um nível incipiente de transparência quando comparado com as práticas de divulgação de instituições do sistema financeiro internacional. Identifica-se, assim, a necessidade de melhoria do nível de disclosure bancário brasileiro. Para tanto, mais do que impor regras que tornem compulsórios determinados padrões de evidenciação, requer-se o desenvolvimento de todo o conjunto de precondições legais, institucionais e culturais relevantes para o amadurecimento do mercado de capitais doméstico e de seus sistemas de governança corporativa. / Market risk may be understood as the risk of losses resulting from fluctuation in economic and financial variables, such as interest rates, exchange rates, stock and commodities prices. The adequate disclosure of aspects related to market risk has assumed increasing importance in the financial system, because of several factors, such as global financial crises, development of derivatives, business collapses due to deficiencies in risk management, and regulatory capital requirements related to risks assumed by the institutions. The objective of this work is to verify and analyze the degree of disclosure, presented by financial institutions operating in Brazil, concerning market risk. For the assessment of the information rendered, a benchmark was constituted with the disclosure recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and information about the disclosure practices of financial institutions in the international financial market, based on surveys carried out by BIS (Bank for International Settlements). Thus, the question is whether the financial institutions operating in Brazil have been presenting adherence to international standards of disclosure in market risks area. The results obtained with the research, which consisted in the assessment of annual reports (from 1997 to 2002) of banks operating in Brazil, allow to conclude that banking disclosure in the domestic market, in spite of indicating an evolution in the market risks area, still presents an incipient level of transparency when compared with the disclosure practices of international financial institutions. It is identified a need for improving the disclosure level of Brazilian banks. For this, it is not enough to impose rules that make compulsory certain disclosure standards; it is necessary the development of legal, institutional and cultural preconditions that are required for the maturing of the domestic capital market and its corporate governance systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucimeire Caselato.pdf: 1588642 bytes, checksum: d6bd3b9c1673980b6b7a57fe3a40174d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-22 / Financial institutions are vulnerable to several risks, one of the most important risks is named market risk. The exposure to market risk can be defined as the probability of financial losses, and it can be characterized as the exposure of financial institution to a certain risk factor and the changes that occur in the asset prices because of market volatility. Trying to measure risk exposures, financial insitutions use a methodology named Value-at-Risk (VaR). Among the methodologies developed to measure financial risks there are, basically, three methodologies: parametric, historical simulation and Monte Carlo simulation. The objective of this research is to compare the performance between historical simulation methodology and parametric (or Delta-Normal) methodology, applied to three different portfolios. After mesuring VaR using the two different methodologies, it will be applied the backtest, to verify wich of the mentioned methodologies had the best performance to measure market risks / Uma instituição financeira está exposta à vários tipos de risco, sendo que um dos principais é o risco de mercado. A exposição ao risco de mercado pode ser entendida como a probabilidade de ocorrerem perdas financeiras, dados: a exposição financeira de uma instituição financeira em um determinado fator de risco e mudanças que ocorrem nos preços dos ativos devido às oscilações de mercado. Tentando mensurar a exposição risco de mercado, as instituições financeiras recorrem ao cálculo do VaR (Value at Risk). Existem, basicamente, três métodos de cálculo de VaR: VaR paramétrico (ou delta-normal), VaR por simulação histórica e VaR por Simulação de Monte Carlo. No presente estudo será comparada a eficiência de dois métodos utilizados para o cálculo do VaR: VaR paramétrico e VaR por simulação Histórica, em três carteiras pré-fixadas. Após o cálculo do VaR utilizando estas duas metodologias será aplicado o backtest, para verificar qual das duas metodologias mensurou de forma eficaz valor do risco de mercado

Nos últimos anos, o value-at-risk tem se tornado uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada nas principais instituições financeiras, inclusive no Brasil. Dentre suas vantagens, destaca-se a possibilidade de se resumir em um único número os riscos de mercado incorridos e incorporar neste valor tanto a exposição da instituição quanto a volatilidade do mercado. O objetivo principal deste estudo é verificar a eficácia dos modelos mais conhecidos de value-at-risk - RiskMetrics(TM) e Simulação Histórica - na mensuração dos riscos de mercado de carteiras de renda fixa compostas por instrumentos pré-fixados em reais. No âmbito da alocação de capital para atendimento aos órgãos de regulamentação, o estudo estende-se também ao modelo adotado pelo Banco Central do Brasil. No decorrer do estudo, discute-se ainda as vantagens e desvantagens apresentadas, bem como o impacto que as peculiaridades do mercado brasileiro exercem sobre as hipóteses assumidas em cada um dos modelos. / Value-at-Risk (VaR) has become the primary tool for the systematic measuring and monitoring of market risk in most financial institutions. VaR is a statistical measure that comprises not only the exposure but also the market volatility in a single number. The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the performance of the well-known value-at-risk models - RiskMetrics(TM) and Historical Simulation - in the Brazilian fixed-income market. In the scope of capital allocation related to banking regulation, this study also extends briefly to the model adopted by the Brazilian Central Bank. Additionally, the underlying assumptions of these models are analyzed in the Brazilian financial market context. Also, this study discusses the advantages and disadvantages presented by the RiskMetrics and the Historical Simulation models.

ABSTRACT Title The Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Market Premium. Study of Sweden, Germany and Canada Authors Samira Allahyari Westlund Arad Tahmidi Dmytro Sheludchenko Supervisor Christos Papahristodoulou Key words Macroeconomic, market risk premium, GDP, inflation, money supply, primary net lending and net borrowing, regression analysis. Institution Mälardalen University School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology Box 883, SE-721 23 Västerås Sweden Course Bachelor Thesis in Economics (NAA 301), 15 ECTS Problem statement Risk premium value is of great interest to the financial world, since this value represents the extra return that investors receive considering the risk from investing in financial markets. The fluctuations in stock markets are believed to be influenced by changes in macroeconomic variables. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of macroeconomic variables on and their relation to market risk premium in Canada, Sweden and Germany in the years 1992 – 2007. Method Multiple Regression Analysis, Ordinary Least squares (OLS) Result Forecasted Growth in real GDP is the only macroeconomic variable which has significant relation with market risk premium. The effect of money supply was found to be insignificant. Net lending and net borrowing had significant negative effect on market risk premium in Canada, whereas in Germany and Sweden the relationship was not significant.

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Banks represent one of the most important parts of the economy in the world. As a result, decisions of bank management affect not just the direct bank stakeholders but the state of the economy and society as a whole. This became evident during the latest financial crisis in 2007 where the failure of one bank resulted in the domino falling that affected banks globally. The regulators increase their attention to the risks that bank face and their measures and requirements. Therefore, the research within the banking area has important consequences from both theoretical and practical side.   The purpose of this project is to investigate whether there is a relationship between dividends that Nordic banks pay and different types of risks such as market, credit (including default), liquidity and operational. The results of the research will contribute to the knowledge in finance and help different stakeholders to understand possible reasons for different dividends level.   The methodological position works as a foundation for the conduction of the research. The epistemological and ontological views applied in this project are positivism and objectivism. The deductive research approach and quantitative research strategy are used for the research and thus the collection and analysis of the archival data of 19 Nordic banks over five year time horizon. The research can therefore be described as a panel study.   Based on the previous research papers the following proxies for risks have been used in the research: market risk – capital requirement for market risk to total assets, credit risk – loan loss provisions to total assets, default risk – Altman Z-score, liquidity risk –liquidity coverage ratio, operational risk – economic capital (capital requirement) for operational risk to total asset.   Ordinary Least Square regression analysis is performed over the collected data in order to fulfil the purpose of the project. The tests results identify that there are no statistically significant relationship between dividends and market, credit, default and liquidity risks and the statistically significant negative relationship between the dividends and operational risk in Nordic banks. These findings contribute to a new knowledge within the finance and banking area in particular. Additionally, this project might be used as a foundation for the further research within the field. The findings are also useful for stakeholders in understanding banks risk level.

A reforming trend is captured showing that countries are shifting from defined benefit pension systems towards defined contribution systems. The reforms have been justified through predictions that the defined benefit systems will not manage to provide good enough pensions to members in the future. The newer defined contribution pension plans often include individual financial accounts where individuals have the possibility to choose how a part of their pension savings should be invested. Sweden was early to introduce such a system, which at the moment provides more than 800 funds to choose from. The aim of this thesis is to capture the market risk associated with these individual investments and does so by using Monte Carlo simulations for six selected pension funds. The method produces forecasts of replacement ratios, pension as percentage of pre-retirement income, for two hypothetical individuals: one who starts to work right after elementary school and one individual who starts a five year education and after graduation starts to work. The results show a slightly lower replacement ratio for the educated individual, which also is associated with a higher probability of ending up with a low replacement ratio. The market risk also varies between the funds, which implies that the funds should be chosen with great care. The study ends with arguments for an increasing paternalism with a carefully considered fund offering, providing fewer funds to choose from than today.

Banking has a unique role in the well-being of an economy. This role makes banks one of the most heavily regulated and supervised industries. In order to strengthen the soundness and stability of banking systems, regulators require banks to hold adequate capital. While credit risk was the only risk that was covered by the original Basle Accord, with the 1996 amendment, banks have also been required to assign capital for their market risk starting from 1998. In this research, the impact of the market risk capital regulations on bank capital levels and derivative activities is investigated. In addition, this study also evaluates the impact of using different approaches that are allowed to be used while calculating the required market risk capital, as well as the accuracy of VaR models. The implementation of the market risk capital regulations can influence banks either by increasing their capital or by decreasing their trading activities and in particular trading derivative activities. The literature review concerning capital regulations illustrates that in particular the impact of these regulations on bank capital levels and derivative activities is an issue that has not yet been explored. In order to fill this gap, the changes in capital and derivatives usage ratios are modelled by using a partial adjustment framework. The main results of this analysis suggest that the implementation of the market risk capital regulations has a significant and positive impact on the risk-based capital ratios of BHCs. However, the results do not indicate any impact of these regulations on derivative activities. The empirical findings also demonstrate that there is no significant relationship between capital and derivatives. The market risk capital regulations allow the use of either a standardised approach or the VaR methodologies to determine the required capital amounts to cover market risk. In order to evaluate these approaches, firstly differences on bank VaR practices are investigated by employing a documentary analysis. The documentary analysis is conducted to demonstrate the differences in bank VaR practices by comparing the VaR models of 25 international banks. The survey results demonstrate that there, is no industry consensus on the methodology for calculating VaR. This analysis also indicates that the assumptions in estimating VaR models vary considerably among financial institutions. Therefore, it is very difficult for financial market participants to make comparisons across institutions by considering single VaR values. Secondly, the required capital amounts are calculated for two hypothetical foreign exchange portfolios by using both the standardised and three different VaR methodologies, and then these capital amounts are compared. These simulations are conducted to understand to what extent the market risk capital regulations approaches produce different outcomes on the capital levels. The results indicate that the VaR estimates are dependent upon the VaR methodology. Thirdly, three backtesting methodologies are applied to the VaR models. The results indicate that a VaR model that provides accurate estimates for a specific portfolio could fail when the portfolio composition changes. The results of the simulations indicate that the market risk capital regulations do not provide a `level playing field' for banks that are subject to these regulations. In addition, giving an option to banks to determine the VaR methodology could create a moral hazard problem as banks may choose an inaccurate model that provides less required capital amounts.