Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5340.pdf: 5522610 bytes, checksum: 3e81291c16e96817f4a95ed87273242d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-07 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The search for clean and renewable fuels has aroused great interest in the industry and scientific community with the growing demand for energy. The transesterification reaction of triglycerides is one way of achieving a sustainable fuel and less harmful to the environment. This has encouraged researchers to develop new routes of synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. The CTA-MCM-41 silica has basic catalytic sites called siloxy (≡SiO-) and may be used in transesterification reactions. Its use in base catalysis has shown promising results, but the reuse reveals extensive loss of activity due to the removal of CTA cations from the channels. The catalyst modification may improve the catalytic stability, in which the insertion of polymeric species together the micelles within the silica is one method studied by our group. Given this perspective, this study aimed at evaluating the modification of the basic catalyst CTA-MCM-41. The polymers encapsulation and ultraviolet irradiation on silicas containing monomer were performed in this study. It was possible to prove by means of small angle X-ray scattering conducted on the emulsion and silicas, the polymeric and monomeric species were inside the micelles causing micellar and silica expansion. The infrared absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis showed that these species remained inside the micelles after encapsulation. The catalytic evaluation demonstrated that the modified silica with low amounts of monomer added showed improved catalytic stability. / A busca por combustíveis considerados limpos e renováveis tem despertado grande interesse da comunidade científica e industrial com a crescente demanda por energia. A reação de transesterificação de triacilgliceróis é uma das formas de se obter um combustível sustentável e menos agressivo ao meio ambiente. Esse ideal vem estimulando pesquisadores a desenvolverem rotas de síntese de novos catalisadores heterogêneos capazes de atender essa necessidade. A sílica tal como sintetizada CTA-MCM-41 apresenta sítios catalíticos básicos denominados de siloxi (≡SiO-) e pode ser utilizada em reações de transesterificação. Seu uso em catálise básica tem mostrado resultados promissores, no entanto sua reutilização revela uma intensa perda de atividade devido à remoção dos cátions CTA do interior dos canais da sílica. A modificação dessas sílicas pode melhorar a estabilidade catalítica, sendo a inserção de espécies poliméricas no interior das micelas que formam a sílica um meio viável e que vem sendo estudado por nosso grupo. Diante dessa perspectiva, esse trabalho teve por objetivo principal o estudo de síntese e modificação do catalisador básico CTA-MCM-41. O encapsulamento de polímeros e irradiação ultravioleta sobre sílicas contendo monômeros foram os métodos de modificação realizados nesse estudo. Foi possível comprovar através de espalhamento de raios X a ângulos pequenos realizado sobre as emulsões e sílicas, que as espécies monoméricas e poliméricas se encontravam no interior das micelas provocando expansão micelar e dos canais das sílicas. Para o método de encapsulamento, observou-se por meio de fisissorção de nitrogênio que as sílicas modificadas apresentaram a formação de um sistema de poros secundário. Através de espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, difratometria de raios X e análise química observou-se que parte das espécies monoméricas e das poliméricas continuava no interior das micelas após o encapsulamento. A avaliação catalítica na reação de transesterificação demonstrou que as sílicas modificadas com baixos teores de monômero adicionados à síntese apresentaram melhora na estabilidade catalítica.

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-20T11:49:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIANE ANDRADE LIMA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 2336965 bytes, checksum: 3c30300b9a2863d952cc2c8242889a4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T11:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIANE ANDRADE LIMA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 2336965 bytes, checksum: 3c30300b9a2863d952cc2c8242889a4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar a peneira molecular mesoporosa MCM-41, utilizando diferentes fontes de sílica, e desenvolver catalisadores a base de cobalto e rutênio. As peneiras moleculares MCM-41 foram sintetizadas utilizando-se como fonte de sílica as cinzas de casca de arroz, cinzas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, argila chocolate B e Sílica Aerosil 200 com a seguinte base molar: 1,0 CTMABr:4,0 SiO2:1 Na2O:200 H2O. As peneiras moleculares MCM41 obtidas foram calcinadas em mufla a 600 °C por 7 horas. A deposição dos metais (cobalto e rutênio) sobre o suporte MCM-41 foi realizada por meio de impregnação úmida e depois calcinada. As amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de Espectroscopia de Fluorescência e Raios X por Energia Dispersiva (FRX-ED), Difração de raios X (DRX), Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados mostraram ser possível obter a peneira molecular MCM-41 com diferentes fontes de sílica, pelas micrografias observa-se que os materiais apresentam morfologias similares, constituídas por aglomerados com forma esponjosa. Os difratogramas dos catalisadores mostraram que após a impregnação dos metais e calcinação, não ocorreram modificações na estrutura hexagonal. A partir dos resultados de Adsorção Física de N2, observou-se isotermas de adsorção do tipo IV, típico de materiais mesoporosos e altos valores de área superficial. Os catalisadores apresentaram composições de metais nas proporções pré-definidas e após impregnação do rutênio obteve melhor dispersão dos metais sobre a peneira molecular. Os espectros apresentaram bandas na região de 500 - 4000 cm-1, características das vibrações fundamentais dos grupos funcionais específicos presentes na estrutura da peneira molecular MCM-41 e bandas referentes a estrutura do óxido de cobalto (Co3O4). / This study aimed to synthesize and characterize the molecular sieve mesoporous MCM-41, using different sources of silica, and develop cobalt-based catalysts and ruthenium. The MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized using as silica source the rice husk ash, ash from sugarcane bagasse, clay chocolate B and silica Aerosil 200 with the following molar basis: 1.0 CTMABr: 4.0 SiO2: 1 Na2O: 200 H2O. The MCM-41 molecular sieves were obtained calcined in a muffle at 600 ° C for 7 hours. The deposition of metals (cobalt and ruthenium) on the supporting MCM-41 was performed by wet impregnation and then calcined. The samples obtained were characterized by spectroscopy techniques Fluorescence and X-rays by Energy Dispersive (FRX-ED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Adsorption Nitrogen Physics, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR). The results proved possible to obtain MCM-41 molecular sieve having different silica sources, the micrographs it is noted that the materials have similar morphology, consisting of spongy form agglomerates. The XRD patterns of the catalysts showed that after impregnation and calcination of the metal, there were no changes in the hexagonal structure. From the results of Physical Adsorption of N2 was observed adsorption isotherms of type IV, typical of mesoporous materials and high surface area values. The metal catalyst compositions presented in predefined proportions and after impregnation of the obtained ruthenium better dispersion of metals on the molecular sieve. The spectra showed bands in the region of 500 - 4000 cm-1, characteristic of the fundamental vibrations of the specific functional groups present in the structure of the molecular sieve MCM-41 and bands related to the structure of the cobalt oxide (Co3O4).

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-03T19:41:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelVianaSales_DISSERT.pdf: 3545507 bytes, checksum: 4ef61dd2d94d0034feabb461fc8913f1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-05T19:14:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelVianaSales_DISSERT.pdf: 3545507 bytes, checksum: 4ef61dd2d94d0034feabb461fc8913f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T19:14:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelVianaSales_DISSERT.pdf: 3545507 bytes, checksum: 4ef61dd2d94d0034feabb461fc8913f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / A emiss?o de compostos sulfurados provenientes da queima de combust?veis derivados do refino do petr?leo, como ?leo diesel e gasolina, ? respons?vel por ocasionar danos ambientais, ? sa?de humana e aumento de custos industriais. Neste trabalho, foram estudados processos adsortivos de compostos sulfurados do diesel proveniente da Refinaria Potiguar Clara Camar?o, RPCC, com elevado teor de enxofre, utilizando s?licas mesoporosas do tipo MCM-41, que foram obtidas por m?todo hidrot?rmico, a partir de duas s?licas amorfas, s?lica MP1, novo material avaliado neste trabalho e uma s?lica comercial, utilizada para compara??o. Para os adsorventes mesoporosos MCM-41, sintetizados, foi avaliada a capacidade de adsor??o de enxofre em colunas de leito fixo e, posteriormente, os mesmos foram modificados, p?s-situ, com c?tions met?licos por impregna??o ?mida e dispers?o f?sica. Diferentes composi??es qu?micas dos compostos met?licos foram testadas, com a utiliza??o de ?xidos e sais, para a obten??o de s?tios ativos e avalia??o da complexa??o, entre o enxofre dos compostos org?nicos e os c?tions met?licos inseridos nos adsorventes, favorecendo a adsor??o. Os adsorventes sintetizados, puros e modificados, foram caracterizados atrav?s das t?cnicas de difratometria de raios X - DRX, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier - FTIR, an?lises termogravim?tricas - TG/DTG, an?lises texturais pelo m?todo de BET/BJH e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura ? MEV com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). Um planejamento fatorial do tipo 23, foi aplicado para o estudo do processo de adsor??o onde blends dos c?tions met?licos foram testados na adsor??o dos compostos sulfurados existentes. O monitoramento do teor de enxofre no diesel, durante o processo de adsor??o, ocorreu por t?cnica de Espectrometria de Fluoresc?ncia na Regi?o do Ultravioleta (FUV). A cin?tica e o equil?brio de adsor??o foram avaliados, onde isotermas de equil?brio foram obtidas para a avalia??o da capacidade m?xima de adsor??o de compostos sulfurados, nos sistemas adsorventes desenvolvidos neste trabalho. Foram obtidas capacidades m?ximas de adsor??o, em mg.g-1, de 16,64 e 14,98, respectivamente, para os adsorventes testados: 2AgS/MCM-41(M) e 1NiS1AgS/MCM-41(M). Os dados experimentais foram ajustados aos modelos de equil?brio de Langmuir e Freundlich. A remo??o de enxofre presente no diesel foi significante, atingindo o m?ximo de adsor??o de 94,9%, em rela??o ? concentra??o inicial deste contaminante. Atrav?s do estudo estat?stico, constatou-se que os blends preparados a partir dos adsorventes modificados por sais apresentaram uma capacidade de adsor??o maior em rela??o aos preparados por impregna??o de ?xidos met?licos, o que pode contribuir para a redu??o de custos industriais, uma vez que o m?todo de impregna??o ?mida dispensa uma segunda calcina??o. / The emission of sulfur compounds from the burning of oil products, such as diesel and gasoline, is responsible for causing environmental damage to human health and increase industrial costs. In this work, adsorptive processes of sulfur compounds from the diesel provided by the refinery Potiguar Clara Camar?o, RPCC, with high sulfur content, were studied using MCM-41 type of mesoporous silica which were obtained by hydrothermal method, from two amorphous silicas, MP1 silica, a new material evaluated in this work and a commercial silica, used for comparison. For MCM-41 mesoporous adsorbents, synthesized, it was evaluated the capability of sulfur adsorption in fixed bed columns, and later they were modified post-situ with metal cations by wet impregnation and physical dispersion. Different chemical compositions of metal compounds were tested with the use of oxides and salts, to obtain active sites and evaluation of complexing, between the sulfur of organic compounds and the metal cations inserted on the adsorbent, favoring adsorption. The synthesized adsorbents, pure and modified, were characterized by the techniques of X-ray diffraction - XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis - TG / DTG, textural analysis by the method of BET / BJH and scanning electron microscopy - SEM with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). A 23 factorial plan was applied to study the adsorption process which metal cations blends were tested in the adsorption of existing sulfur compounds. The sulfur content monitoring in diesel fuel during the adsorption process occurred by ultraviolet fluorescence Spectrometry (UVF). The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were evaluated, where equilibrium isotherms were obtained for the evaluation of the maximum adsorption capacity of sulfur compounds in adsorbent systems developed in this work. Maximum adsorption capacities were obtained ,at mg.g-1, 16,64 and 14,98, respectively, for the tested adsorbent: 2AgS/MCM-41(M) e 1NiS1AgS/MCM-41(M. The experimental data were fit to a Langmuir balance models and Freundlich. The removal of sulfur present in the diesel was significant, ranging from 54.3% to 88.9% compared to the initial concentration of contaminant. By statistical analysis it was found that blends prepared from the adsorbent modified by salts showed a higher adsorption capacity than the ones prepared by impregnation of metal oxides, which may contribute to the reduction of industrial costs, since the wet impregnation method dispenses a second calcination.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work the mesoporous material MCM-41 was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimetoxysilane (APS) for several purposes such as adsorption of the remazol red dye, immobilization of lanthanide ions (Eu+3, Tb+3 or Gd+3), coordination with the 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (dpa) and immobilization of the complex [RuCl2(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)]. The structural and textural properties of the MCM-41 and NH2-MCM-41 were characterized by absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption-dessorption. The adsorption capacity of NH2-MCM-41 was studied with Remazol Red dye. The following parameters were studied in the adsorption process: pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration. The desorption process was studied in a NaOH solution which different concentrations. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be fit with the equilibrium isotherm data. Kinetics of adsorption follows the modified Avrami rate equation. The NH2-MCM-41 adsorbed 99,1 % of the dye in 360 minutes at 25 ºC. Data from X-ray diffractograms of the NH2-MCM-41-Ln(dpa) (Ln = Eu+3, Tb+3 or Gd+3) material indicated that the materials showed a hexagonal structure with a low degree of ordering. The insertion of the lanthanide ions was indicated by the shift of the amine group of APTS in the spectra of NH2-MCM-41-Ln. The coordination of dpa to NH2-MCM-41-Ln (Ln = Eu+3, Tb+3 or Gd+3) materials was evidenced by the shift of the bands of COH and COO-. The elemental analysis indicated the coordination in the ratio 1:3 (metal:dpa). The nitrogen adsorption analysis shows that with changes in MCM-41, the surface area, pore volume and diameter of the material decreased indicating the immobilization of ions lanthanides and dpa within the pores of the mesoporous material. The evaluation of the triplet level of the ligand, from the spectra of the NH2-MCM-41-Gd(dpa)3 shows that their position favors the energy transfer of metal to ligand for NH2-MCM-41-Eu(dpa)3 material, however the NH2-MCM-41-Tb(dpa)3 material this process is complicated due to the triplet level of ligand is below the issuing level of the Tb+3 ion. Data from X-ray diffractograms of NH2-MCM-41-[RuCl(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)] showed a hexagonal structure with a low degree of ordering. In addition, the adsorption spectra in the infrared region of the immobilized complex have a displacement in the band 1612 cm-1 characteristic of the ruthenium complex. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the complex immobilized on the functionalized MCM-41 present high thermal stability compared to free complex. The nitrogen adsorption analysis showed that surface area, pore volume and diameter of the NH2-MCM-41-[RuCl(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)] are smaller than for the NH2-MCM-41, indicating the immobilization the complex within the pores of the NH2-MCM-41. Catalytic tests for reduction of ketones were carried out with the [RuCl2(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)] complex. For acetophenone and sulcatone, [RuCl2(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)] proved to be a good catalyst with 90.50 % and 33.95 % conversion, respectively. / Neste trabalho, o material mesoporoso MCM-41 foi funcionalizado com 3-aminopropilmetoxisilano (APTS) para diversas finalidades como, adsorção do corante vermelho de remazol, imobilização de íons lantanídeos (Eu+3, Tb+3 ou Gd+3), coordenação com o ácido 2,6-piridina-dicarboxílico (dpa) e imobilização do complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)]. As propriedades estruturais e texturais do MCM-41 e do NH2-MCM-41 foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, análise térmica, difratometria de raios-X e adsorção-dessorção de nitrogênio. A capacidade de adsorção do corante vermelho de remazol foi avaliada com o NH2-MCM-41. Os seguintes parâmetros foram estudados: pH, temperatura, dose do adsorvente e concentração do corante. O processo de dessorção foi examinado em solução aquosa de NaOH em diferentes concentrações. O modelo de isoterma de Freudlich obteve maior adequação ao processo de adsorção e a cinética de adsorção seguiu o modelo modificado de Avrami. O NH2-MCM-41 adsorveu 99,1 % do corante em 360 minutos a 25 ºC. Os dados dos difratogramas de raios-X dos materiais NH2-MCM-41-Ln(dpa) (Ln = Eu+3, Tb+3 ou Gd+3), indicaram que estes materiais apresentaram estruturas hexagonais com baixo grau de ordenação. A inserção dos íons lantanídeos foi indicada pelo deslocamento da banda do grupo amina do APTS nos espectros do NH2-MCM-41-Ln. A coordenação do dpa aos materiais NH2-MCM-41-Ln (Ln = Eu+3, Tb+3 ou Gd+3) foi evidenciada através do deslocamento das bandas do COH e do COO-. A análise elementar indicou a coordenação na proporção 1:3 (metal: dpa). A análise da adsorção de nitrogênio revela que com as modificações no MCM-41, a área superficial, diâmetro e volume de poros dos materiais diminuíram indicando a imobilização dos íons lantanídeos e do dpa no interior dos poros do material mesoporoso. A avaliação do nível tripleto do ligante, a partir do espectro do NH2-MCM-41-Gd(dpa)3, demonstra que sua posição favorece a transferência de energia ligante-metal para o material NH2-MCM-41-Eu(dpa)3, entretanto, para o material NH2-MCM-41-Tb(dpa)3 este processo é dificultado devido o nível tripleto do ligante está abaixo do nível emissor do íon Tb+3. Os dados de difratogramas de raios-X do NH2-MCM-41-[RuCl(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)] evidenciaram uma estrutura hexagonal com baixo grau de ordenação. Além disso, o espectro de absorção na região do infravermelho do complexo imobilizado apresenta um deslocamento na banda em 1612 cm-1 característica do complexo de rutênio. As análises termogravimétricas demonstram que os complexos imobilizados no MCM-41 funcionalizado apresentam elevada estabilidade térmica comparada com a do complexo livre. Os dados da adsorção de nitrogênio demonstraram que a área superficial, diâmetro e volume de poros do NH2-MCM-41-[RuCl(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)] são menores que para o NH2-MCM-41, indicando a eficiência no processo de imobilização do complexo no interior dos poros do NH2-MCM-41. Testes catalíticos para redução de cetonas foram realizados com o complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)]. Para a acetofenona e sulcatona, o [RuCl2(PPh3)2(Meo-bipy)] mostrou-se ser um bom catalisador com 90,50 % e 33,95 % de conversão, respectivamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Vitti Klein.pdf: 68159 bytes, checksum: 393c40f7ec373b1126ad7cc6bebd1e9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-14 / The new family mesoporosas molecular sieves, known as M41S, have been very studied since its discovery in 1992, with bigger prominence for MCM-41, that had its mesoporosa structure that allows ample applications in catalytic processes. In this work were studied two reactions conditions of preparation of the MCM-41 and three forms of nickel incorporation. In the synthesis of the MCM-41 the hidrotérmico treatment and in conditions was used surrounding, while in the incorporation, was used to impregnation of ions nickel and nanopartículas of nickel oxide, as well as the direct synthesis where the nickel was introduced in the structure of the MCM-41, during the synthesis. The gotten materials had been characterized by elementary nickel analysis, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, FT-IR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, thermoprogrammed reduction. The characterizations had indicated that it had the formation of the mesoporosa structure with periodic pore system, typical of the MCM-41, in both methods of synthesis, being able to be evidenced the biggest viability of the synthesis of the MCM-41 in the surrounding conditions. It can also be verified that it had nickel incorporation in all samples, independent of as this element was inserted. The introduced samples that had had nickel during the synthesis had presented greater excessively average diameter of pores in relation. After the characterization, the samples with nickel had been tested as in the reaction of conversion of carbon monoxide the high temperatures catalytic, known as HTS reaction, presenting activity. / As peneiras moleculares mesoporosas da família M41S têm sido muito estudadas desde sua descoberta em 1992, com maior destaque para MCM-41, devido sua estrutura mesoporosa que permite amplas aplicações em processos catalíticos. Neste trabalho estudou-se duas condições reacionais de preparação da MCM-41 e três formas de incorporação de níquel. Na síntese da MCM-41 utilizou-se o tratamento hidrotérmico e em condições ambiente, enquanto na incorporação, utilizou-se a impregnação de íons níquel e nanopartículas de óxido de níquel, assim como a síntese direta onde o níquel foi introduzido na estrutura da MCM-41, durante a síntese. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por análise elementar de níquel, difração de raios X, análise de área superficial específica e porosidade, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica, redução termoprogramada. As caracterizações indicaram que houve a formação da estrutura mesoporosa com canais hexagonais unidirecionais, típica da MCM-41, em ambos os métodos de síntese, podendo ser constatado a maior viabilidade da síntese da MCM-41 nas condições ambientes. Pode-se verificar também que houve incorporação de níquel em todas as amostras, independente de como foi inserido. As amostras que tiveram níquel introduzido durante a síntese apresentaram maior diâmetro médio de poros em relação às demais. Posteriormente à caracterização, as amostras com níquel foram testadas como catalisadores na reação de conversão de monóxido de carbono com vapor d água para obtenção de gás hidrogênio a altas temperaturas, conhecida como a reação de HTS, apresentando atividade.

Orientador: Gustavo Paim Valença / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T11:37:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vesga_PabloMiguelCoha_M.pdf: 3148003 bytes, checksum: e990cb6467a80b515b813438a624fd7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Reações de desidrogenação e desidratação no etanol são de grande interesse, já que levam à produção de compostos que são utilizados na indústria química, farmacêutica e cosmética. No presente trabalho, catalisadores de magnésio e molibdênio suportados na peneira molecular MCM-41 foram utilizados no estudo das reações de desidrogenação e desidratação de etanol. Os catalisadores foram preparados através da impregnação por umidade incipiente de nitrato de magnésio e heptamolibdato de amônia, com teores de 0,5% a 2,0% em massa para o magnésio e de 3,0% para o molibdênio. O Mg após a impregnação se apresentou como óxido de Mg e o Mo como óxido de Mo ou carbeto de Mo. Os materiais foram secados, calcinados e caracterizados através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDS), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio, Análise Infravermelho, Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA). Depois de calcinados, os catalisadores foram carregados no reator, pré-tratados e então testados nas reações de conversão de etanol entre 200 °C e 300 °C. Os produtos da reação foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa (CG). Houve produção de metano, propano, propeno, acetaldeído, éter etílico, 1,3-butadieno, acetato de etila, etano e eteno. A pressão parcial do etanol foi mantida fixa em 7870 Pa. A temperatura que mais favoreceu a reação foi 300 °C e o catalisador que apresentou maior conversão foi aquele possuía 0,5% de Mg e 3,0% de Mo, este último metal na forma de carbeto de Mo. Dos catalisadores testados, os que apresentaram maiores atividades catalíticas foram os que possuíam menor porcentagem de Mg devido a algumas propriedades como maior área superficial. Os catalisadores que possuíam carbeto de Mo favoreceram mais as reações que aqueles que tinham óxido de molibdênio, demonstrando mais uma vez que é um excelente composto para ser usado em reações, especialmente de desidrogenação / Abstract: Dehydrogenation and dehydration reactions with ethanol are interesting, because of these processes produce compounds that are highly used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biological industries. At present, MCM-41 catalysts impregnated with magnesium and molybdenum are used to study ethanol dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions. The catalysts were prepared by impregnating magnesium nitrate and ammonium heptamolibdate in the silica supports, with a theoretical metal content of 0,5% to 2,0% for magnesium and 3,0% for molybdenum; the Mg was used in oxide form while the Mo was in oxide and carbide form. The solids were dried, calcinated and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), EDS Analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen Adsorption, Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Infra-red Analysis (FT-IR). After calcination, the catalyst was loaded into the reactor to undergo pretreatment before being tested in ethanol reactions at low temperatures (473 - 573 K). The gases products of reaction were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC). The products were methane, propane, propeno, acetaldehyde, ether ethylic, 1,3-butadiene, ethyl acetate, ethane and ethylene. The partial pressure of ethanol was always the same and maintained at 7870 Pa. The optimal temperature for the reaction was found to be 573 K and the catalyst that had the biggest conversion of ethanol was MCM-41 with 0,5% Mg and 3,0% Mo, with the Mo in carbide form. Of the catalysts tested, those which showed higher catalytic activity were those that had the lowest percentage of Mg due to some properties such as a higher surface area. Catalysts impregnated with Mo carbide had more favorable reactions than those with molybdenum oxide, once again showing that it is an excellent compound for use in reactions, especially dehydrogenation reactions / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The objective of this work was to evaluate the fundamentals of the currently available CO2 separation technologies and provide a solution for the efficient capture of carbon dioxide from various point source emitting industries. In order to realize a robust approach to advancing the solution to this global issue, the versatility of the process to the range of compounds contained within the stream(s) to be processed must be maintained. It is clear that adsorption, membrane, and aqueous amine based processes are all capable. However, only aqueous amine scrubbing appears economically viable at the current stage of development. In order to challenge this, and potentially drive the separation costs lower, this work centered on hybridizing aqueous amine chemistry and dry adsorption based separations to produce a novel nano-porous material capable of efficient removal of CO2 from flue gas (5% CO2 balance N2 with moisture). In order to combine aqueous amine scrubbing with dry adsorption, a few approaches were considered and evaluated. These included, amine impregnation within the vast pore volume of PE-MCM-41, surface grafting of various amino silane compounds, and finally, a novel approach of volume based amine functionalization (3D grafting). Application of pore-expanded MCM-41 (PE-MCM-41) mesoporous silica coated with 3-[2-(2-aminoethyl-amino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane (TRI) has been extensively examined for the adsorption of CO2 from N2. A systematic study of the amine loading as a function of the relative amounts of TRI and water used during the grafting procedure, and the temperature of the grafting reaction was carried out. Extremely high levels of active amine content were achieved using prehydrated silica surfaces at grafting temperatures below reflux in order to facilitate thermally controlled water-aided surface polymerization of the aminosilanes. Abstract iii The CO2 adsorption capacities and rates were determined for all materials as a function of the amount of TRI and water per gram of support added to the grafting mixture. The optimal TRI grafted PE-MCM-41 adsorbent exhibited a 2.65 mmol/g adsorption capacity at 25 °C and 1.0 atm for a dry 5% CO2 in N2 feed mixture, which exceeded all literature reported values, for both meso- and microporous materials under the conditions used in this study. Further, the apparent adsorption and desorption rates with the amine functionalized materials were exceedingly high. When considering the grafted amine quantity, the adsorption capacity and rate were found to be mutually dependent on each other, exhibiting an apparent optimal combination. In comparison to zeolite 13X, the optimally loaded TRI-PE-MCM-41 was far superior in terms of dynamic adsorption and desorption performance. These results were further enhanced when the adsorbents were challenged with a humid stream of 5% CO2/N2. The TRIPE-MCM-41 exhibited a 10% increase in CO2 adsorption capacity, whereas the 13X zeolite did not retain any significant CO2 adsorption capacity. The novel concept of an internally variably staged permeator was introduced. A theoretical model was developed and used as the basis for simulation studies. The advantage of the internal variably staged design was shown to permit a very high extent of separation similar to a two stage permeator for purity, while maintaining similar flux rates as per a single stage permeator. This IVSP concept has also taken existing membrane materials and mechanically translated their process performance to a higher level. As such, the unit should prove effective for front end process stream cleanup requirements prior to an adsorption process with the novel TRI-PE-MCM-41 nano-porous adsorbent.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von partiell porösen Materialien auf der Grundlage von Ionenaustausch und Phasenseparation in Alkaliborosilicatgläsern beschrieben. Ausgehend von einem homogenen Natriumborosilicatglas wird durch den Austausch von Natrium gegen Lithium das Glas teilweise in die Mischungslücke überführt und so zur Phasenseparation befähigt. Es werden zwei möglich Prozessrouten beschrieben, bei der einerseits die Prozesse Ionenaustausch und Phasenseparation getrennt voneinander und andererseits parallel ablaufen. Sowohl der Ionenaustausch als auch die Phasenseparartion werden gesondert untersucht und die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren Temperatur und Dauer der Prozesse auf die resultierende Porenstruktur und Porenweite diskutiert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Extraktion der phasenseparierten Schichten gelegt und der Einfluss der Extraktionsbedingungen auf die Stabilität der Materialien untersucht. Es wird eine Verfahrensprozedur entwickelt, mit der es möglich ist sowohl die Porenweite als auch die erzielbare Dicke der porösen Schicht unabhängig voneinander einzustellen. Die Untersuchung des Ionenaustauschs erfolgt gravimetrisch, mit ICP-OES und mittels REM-EDX. Die Charakterisierung der porösen Schichten erfolgt mit Stickstofftieftemperaturadsorption, Quecksilberporosimetrie, REM und Positronenlebensdauerspektroskopie. Mit den untersuchten Bedingungen können mesoporöse Schichten (10-50 nm Porenweite) mit einer ungeordneten Durchdringungsstruktur erzeugt werden, wobei die Schichtdicke im Bereich zwischen 1 und 60 mm variabel ist. In den anwendungsorientierten Untersuchungen wird das entwickelte Verfahrensprinzip auf die Herstellung von Core-Shell-Kugeln erfolgreich übertragen. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass durch eine pseudomorphe Transformation zu MCM-41 die Oberfläche der porösen Schicht deutlich vergrößert werden kann und auf diesem Wege geordnete Porensysteme als Schicht sowie Poren kleiner 10 nm zugänglich sind. Der Nachweis der MCM-41 Strukturen erfolgt über Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung.

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The adsorption of cytochrome c onto mesoporous silica (MCM-41) was investigated in this study. MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by different methods. The pore size of MCM-41 was calculated from each method and all were in agreement with each other. Result from SAXS method showed a well ordered 2D hexagonal structure of MCM- 41. To investigate the effect of pH on adsorption process, different buffers were used with various pH in the range from 3.8 to 10.7. It was observed that the maximum adsorption occurs at pH near the isoelectric point of cytochrome c. The surface charges of cytochrome c and MCM-41 play an essential role for the process of adsorption. Desorption of cytochrome c from MCM-41 was investigated as well. Pure water and buffers with pH 7.1 and 10.7 were used to study the desorption. The result shows that desorption of cytochrome c from MCM-41 takes place at a pH above its isoelectric point.