This study evaluated the performance of state-of-the-practice automated rut measurement systems (ARMS) for measuring rutting in the field at highway speeds under Texas conditions. A total of twenty-four 550-ft survey sections were selected with the objective of establishing representative conditions encountered on Texas highways as well as cases considered potentially problematic for automated rutting surveys. Five different ARMS measured the twenty-four sections at highways speeds and reported their best estimates of the transverse profiles coordinates at 552 stations and the Maximum Rut Depth (MRD) values for each wheel-path at 2,664 stations. These measurements were compared with the manual measurements taken statically at the same locations. The reference transverse profiles were manually measured using a laser distance meter and a leveled beam and the reference MRD values were manually measured using a 6ft straight-edge and a gage graduated to 16ths of an inch. In addition, the effect of different experimental variables on each system’s measurement errors was analyzed aiming to detect which pavement characteristics are more challenging for the ARMS. / text

Problem: Although performance measurement systems (PMSs) in firms to a large extent regard motivation of the employees, motivation theory is rarely used as frame-work to study the use and implications of PMS. The starting point of our identified problem is the narrow theoretical framework used in prior research of formulation of PMS in firms, when only relying on agency theory. We consider the present conceptions used as a foundation for the results in theoretical and empirical research of PMS are a barrier for more efficient governance control in firms. Therefore we ask if agency theory alone solid enough as a framework to capture the complex behavioural aspects of PMS? Or does an incorporation of motivation theory extend the under-standing of the use of PMS in firms? The answer has got important practical implications for all firms characterised by the separation of ownership and control. This brings us to the question: When evaluating and rewarding employees, which aspects are crucial to consider when formulating PMS in order to maximise the value of the firm? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to extend the understanding of the use of PMSs in banks. Contrary to prior research in this field, our purpose is to extend the conceptual framework by incorporating motivation theory extensively when analysing the use of PMS. In addition the results of this study are intended to give practical indications from a firm value maximizing perspective of which aspects that are crucial when formulating a PMS. Method: A qualitative method has been chosen to collect empirical data to our study. We have conducted interviews with our respondents working in the two banks. Mo-reover from our theoretical and empirical the conclusions are drawn in line with the approach of abduction. Conclusion: From what we have seen in our study there is no absolute answer, since there are many contingencies which affects how a PMS should be adapted to an organisation. However, due to four numbers of reasons we have come to the conclusion that the use of one atomistic measurement system, together with a profit-sharing system, is to prefer where all employees are rewarded equally.

<p>Problem: Although performance measurement systems (PMSs) in firms to a large extent regard motivation of the employees, motivation theory is rarely used as frame-work to study the use and implications of PMS. The starting point of our identified problem is the narrow theoretical framework used in prior research of formulation of PMS in firms, when only relying on agency theory. We consider the present conceptions used as a foundation for the results in theoretical and empirical research of PMS are a barrier for more efficient governance control in firms. Therefore we ask if agency theory alone solid enough as a framework to capture the complex behavioural aspects of PMS? Or does an incorporation of motivation theory extend the under-standing of the use of PMS in firms? The answer has got important practical implications for all firms characterised by the separation of ownership and control. This brings us to the question: When evaluating and rewarding employees, which aspects are crucial to consider when formulating PMS in order to maximise the value of the firm?</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to extend the understanding of the use of PMSs in banks. Contrary to prior research in this field, our purpose is to extend the conceptual framework by incorporating motivation theory extensively when analysing the use of PMS. In addition the results of this study are intended to give practical indications from a firm value maximizing perspective of which aspects that are crucial when formulating a PMS.</p><p>Method: A qualitative method has been chosen to collect empirical data to our study. We have conducted interviews with our respondents working in the two banks. Mo-reover from our theoretical and empirical the conclusions are drawn in line with the approach of abduction.</p><p>Conclusion: From what we have seen in our study there is no absolute answer, since there are many contingencies which affects how a PMS should be adapted to an organisation. However, due to four numbers of reasons we have come to the conclusion that the use of one atomistic measurement system, together with a profit-sharing system, is to prefer where all employees are rewarded equally.</p>

This Master Thesis aims to provide an overview of performance measurement systems both business and team related and to analyse their application spectrum. Based on the theoretical analysis, a new framework was created, including all relevant factors to analyse team performance. Thus the research questions of whether performance is measurable and what factors influence performance were investigated. The team performance framework (TPF) and the results from its application are presented in the practical part. The TPF includes different factors influencing team performance, such as input factors, motivation, communication, and output factors. This academic research concludes that various factors influence performance but that simplistic theoretical models still cannot catch the whole complex picture of reality.

Manufacturers have in recent years become more and more aware of the benefits of offering more comprehensive value propositions. As the economic climate changes, more manufacturers are trying to capture value further downstream in the value chain by providing services. The field of performance management has been extensively adopted in production and the benefits of performance measurement have been widely praised both in literature and in business. The literature on performance management has also extended into service management and how to manage service performance. But how can performance measurement and performance measurement systems be implemented when the line between products and services becomes more and more unclear? Over a twenty week period, the researchers have studied, analyzed, and observed the procedures at Scania CV’s maintenance development and delivery organization. The study was conducted on Scania’s premises in Södertälje, Sweden. Scania’s Preventative Maintenance Development group develops and sets the requirements for the preventative maintenance programs Scania offers to its customers. The group had a desire to track and measure what effects changes made in the maintenance program have on the customer’s life cycle profit. At Scania’s Preventative Maintenance Development group, there is a developed performance measurement system, MPI-model, consisting of maintenance performance indicators (MPIs). The current MPI-model, however, lacks practical applicability. The master thesis has aimed at investigating how the MPI-model could be implemented in the preventative maintenance development by researching what criteria are set in literature for performance measures, how existing resources can be employed, and how performance measurement systems can be used. Apart from conducting a case study, in order to investigate how performance measurement systems could be implemented, an extensive literature review was also conducted to provide the necessary theoretical knowledge. The result of the study was a proposed three-step model that clarifies the requirements for the implementation of a performance measurement system.

O Setor Elétrico Brasileiro tem sofrido nos últimos anos profundas transformações, principalmente nas questões voltadas à comercialização de energia. A criação do mercado, introduzindo o modelo competitivo, com a lei das concessões (Lei 8.987/95), a instituição do livre acesso, criação do produtor independente, consumidor livre e rede básica (Lei 9.074/95), criação da ANEEL (Lei 9.427/96), regulamentação do Mercado Atacadista de Energia (MAE, atual CCEE - Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica) e definição das regras de organização do Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS), Lei 9.648/98, resultando na criação dos agentes de geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização. O objetivo da criação do mercado foi desonerar o poder público dos investimentos em infra-estrutura, por meio da atração do capital privado, estimulando a livre concorrência, aumentando-se assim a competitividade. Dentro deste novo arcabouço regulatório, considerando-se então o ambiente competitivo, surgem os aspectos referentes à medição de energia elétrica, cujas bases técnicas atuais vigentes estão fundamentadas nas recomendações oriundas de especialistas que integraram a Força Tarefa Medição no âmbito do Grupo RESEB (Projeto de Reestruturação do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro) requisitos técnicos estes que norteiam os processos de especificação, implantação e manutenção dos Sistemas de Medição para Faturamento do SIN (Sistema Interligado Nacional). No presente trabalho apresenta-se uma avaliação crítica dos aspectos relativos à adequação/instalação dos Sistemas de Medição para Faturamento no que diz respeito à Regulação, Especificação Técnica e discussões atuais existentes entre os Agentes de Mercado. Para permitir solucionar eventuais entraves nos processos, são apresentadas contribuições, no sentido de indicar alternativas que visam consolidar as operações do mercado de energia no Brasil, que passam sem dúvida pela implantação dos Sistemas de Medição para Faturamento, bem como é abordado o tema Custos, que mediante simulações, procura-se identificar aos elegíveis futuros Consumidores Livres e Especiais a viabilidade de migrar para o Ambiente de Livre Contratação frente aos custos da medição. / The Brazilian electric sector has undergone profound changes in recent years mainly focused on issues the marketing of energy. The establishment of the market entering the competitive model, with the concessions law (Law 8.987/95), the institution of free access, creation of the independent producer, consumer and core network free (Law 9.074/95), creation of ANEEL (Law 9427 / 96), regulation of the Wholesale Energy Market (MAE, today CCEE - Electric Power Commercialization Chamber) and defining the arrangements for the National System Operator (ONS), Law 9.648/98, resulting in the creation of agents of generation, transmission, distribution and commercialization. The objective of establishing the market was able to relieve the public of investments in infrastructure, through the attraction of private capital, encouraging free competition by increasing the competitiveness. Within this new regulatory framework, considering the competitive environment then there are aspects related to the measurement of electrical energy, whose bases are existing techniques based on current recommendations from experts who joined the Task Force - Measurement Group under the RE-SEB (Project for Restructuring of the Brazilian energy sector), these technical requirements that guide the process of specification, deployment and maintenance of Measurement Systems for Billing of SIN National Interconnected System. In this work presents a critical evaluation of aspects concerning the adequacy / installation of the Measurement Systems for Billing with regard to regulation, technical specification and current conflicts between the agents of the market. To allow any obstacles in resolving cases, contributions are made to indicate alternatives aimed at consolidating the operations of the energy market in Brazil that are without doubt the deployment of Measurement Systems for Billing and is dealt with the issue that cost through simulations seeks to identify eligible for future free consumers and the viability of Special to the Environment migrate Free Recruitment front the costs of measurement.

O Setor Elétrico Brasileiro tem sofrido nos últimos anos profundas transformações, principalmente nas questões voltadas à comercialização de energia. A criação do mercado, introduzindo o modelo competitivo, com a lei das concessões (Lei 8.987/95), a instituição do livre acesso, criação do produtor independente, consumidor livre e rede básica (Lei 9.074/95), criação da ANEEL (Lei 9.427/96), regulamentação do Mercado Atacadista de Energia (MAE, atual CCEE - Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica) e definição das regras de organização do Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS), Lei 9.648/98, resultando na criação dos agentes de geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização. O objetivo da criação do mercado foi desonerar o poder público dos investimentos em infra-estrutura, por meio da atração do capital privado, estimulando a livre concorrência, aumentando-se assim a competitividade. Dentro deste novo arcabouço regulatório, considerando-se então o ambiente competitivo, surgem os aspectos referentes à medição de energia elétrica, cujas bases técnicas atuais vigentes estão fundamentadas nas recomendações oriundas de especialistas que integraram a Força Tarefa Medição no âmbito do Grupo RESEB (Projeto de Reestruturação do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro) requisitos técnicos estes que norteiam os processos de especificação, implantação e manutenção dos Sistemas de Medição para Faturamento do SIN (Sistema Interligado Nacional). No presente trabalho apresenta-se uma avaliação crítica dos aspectos relativos à adequação/instalação dos Sistemas de Medição para Faturamento no que diz respeito à Regulação, Especificação Técnica e discussões atuais existentes entre os Agentes de Mercado. Para permitir solucionar eventuais entraves nos processos, são apresentadas contribuições, no sentido de indicar alternativas que visam consolidar as operações do mercado de energia no Brasil, que passam sem dúvida pela implantação dos Sistemas de Medição para Faturamento, bem como é abordado o tema Custos, que mediante simulações, procura-se identificar aos elegíveis futuros Consumidores Livres e Especiais a viabilidade de migrar para o Ambiente de Livre Contratação frente aos custos da medição. / The Brazilian electric sector has undergone profound changes in recent years mainly focused on issues the marketing of energy. The establishment of the market entering the competitive model, with the concessions law (Law 8.987/95), the institution of free access, creation of the independent producer, consumer and core network free (Law 9.074/95), creation of ANEEL (Law 9427 / 96), regulation of the Wholesale Energy Market (MAE, today CCEE - Electric Power Commercialization Chamber) and defining the arrangements for the National System Operator (ONS), Law 9.648/98, resulting in the creation of agents of generation, transmission, distribution and commercialization. The objective of establishing the market was able to relieve the public of investments in infrastructure, through the attraction of private capital, encouraging free competition by increasing the competitiveness. Within this new regulatory framework, considering the competitive environment then there are aspects related to the measurement of electrical energy, whose bases are existing techniques based on current recommendations from experts who joined the Task Force - Measurement Group under the RE-SEB (Project for Restructuring of the Brazilian energy sector), these technical requirements that guide the process of specification, deployment and maintenance of Measurement Systems for Billing of SIN National Interconnected System. In this work presents a critical evaluation of aspects concerning the adequacy / installation of the Measurement Systems for Billing with regard to regulation, technical specification and current conflicts between the agents of the market. To allow any obstacles in resolving cases, contributions are made to indicate alternatives aimed at consolidating the operations of the energy market in Brazil that are without doubt the deployment of Measurement Systems for Billing and is dealt with the issue that cost through simulations seeks to identify eligible for future free consumers and the viability of Special to the Environment migrate Free Recruitment front the costs of measurement.

Pressure on companies to show evidence of compliance with sustainable requirements is increasing. Performance measurement systems (PMSs) assist managers in making such choices that optimize sustainability within supply chain operations. At the same time, companies’ supply base is growing globally and incurring an increase in one of the most visible parts of a supply chain's environmental impact - transportation. The difficulty lies in obtaining standardized data of sustainable impact by transportation. Thereby, ability to show compliance by measuring and evaluating the sustainable performance of transportation is problematic. This report thus addresses the issue of data availability and quality and its impact on ability to measure and evaluate performance in transportation. Further, the objective is to investigate what critical aspects to consider in order to manage environmental performance in a measurement system of logistics. A case study at Company X, a globally dispersed company within the manufacturing industry has been conducted in order to bring clarity to the questions posed. A framework of founding steps in the development of a PMS with the inclusion of environmental sustainable aspects has been developed from previous research to assess the findings against. The analysis carried out show evidence of availability and quality of data heavily hindering development of Sustainable Performance Measurement Systems (SPMS) by inclusion of environmental aspects. The fundamental aspects in need of consideration are summarized by; commitment and technical support, data availability, management of data and design of measurements. Further there lies a critical factor within management of measurements. This study contributes to practitioners with guidance from developed framework to assess critical factors. The theoretical contribution lies within the investigation of obstacles in need of consideration in development of SPMS, a present under-research area, especially in an industry context. Keywords: Sustainable Performance Measurement, Sustainable Performance Measurement Systems

<p>Performance measurement is a topic that has received considerable attention during the last decades. There are many motives for using performance measures in a company but perhaps the most crucial one is that they will help to improve productivity when used properly. Productivity is of vital importance to a company’s ability to compete and make profits over time. A company that is not able to efficiently utilise its resources in creating value for its customers will not survive in the competitive business environment of today. </p><p>However, the development of fully functional and suitable performance measurement systems (i.e. set of measures) has proven to be a very challenging task. This research has focused on the last phase of the development of performance measurement system, namely the continuous updating of the performance measures, which still have not been explored in a satisfactory manner. The objective is to investigate and clarify how to evaluate and revise performance measurement systems. In order to reach this objective, several obstacles that contribute to the complexity of the research area are treated. </p><p>In the beginning, the thesis thoroughly investigates the confusing terminology within the field and frequently used terms like productivity, profitability, performance, efficiency and effectiveness are explained. Then, a categorisation of ways to measure performance is presented along with advantages and shortcomings of different productivity and other performance measures. Several key-factors found to affect the productivity of a manufacturing company are also discussed, such as: design of processes and equipment, disturbances and losses, management and control, product design, and job design and work organisation. Much attention is given to the different requirements that performance measurement systems must fulfil, both on the system level and the measure level. Finally a method called the performance measurement progression map is finally proposed, which has been developed in order to give measurement practitioners a comprehensive guide of how to evaluate and revise performance measurement systems. </p><p>The thesis is concluded with the results from several empirical investigations in which the usefulness of the developed method is validated. </p><p><b>Keywords:</b> Performance measurement, Performance measurement systems, Productivity, Evaluation</p>

中小企業如何規劃績效評量系統(PMS)？以台灣一中小企業為例做分析 / The paper wishes to provide another angle of study in the performance measurement system (PMS) in SMEs by using a case. The topic was inspired by literatures that focus on PMS in SMEs. As widely understood, the importance of PMS has grown in the last 30 years and there were many PMS models. Yet, applying these PMS models to SMEs is still in doubt. This paper is interested in how SMEs implement their PMS without using any PMS models. In Taiwan, SMEs refer to enterprises with less than 200 employees. However, here in this paper we apply the U.S. definition, company with less than 500 employees, as our standard. The chosen company we studied has nearly 500 employees up to the end of 2013. In one literature - Performance Measurement System in SMEs (2005) - it concluded ten dimensions of PMS characteristics commonly used by popular PMS models. In order to examine the robustness of the PMS in the case company, these dimensions are used to make comparison. The result shows that the case company constructed a quite robust PMS by applying these dimensions. However, since there’s limited resource for SMEs to implement models, we recommend SMEs to use these dimension to examine their PMS instead of trying to find out the best model.