There is a little doubt that, for a decade, risk measurement has become one of the most important topics in finance. Indeed, it is natural to observe such a development, since in the last ten years, huge amounts of financial transactions ended with severe losses due to severe convulsions in financial markets. Value at risk, as the most widely used risk measure, fails to quantify the risk of a position accurately in many situations. For this reason a number of consistent risk measures have been introduced in the literature. The main aim of this study is to present and compare coherent, convex, conditional convex and some other risk measures both in theoretical and practical settings.

[pt] A precificação de garantias governamentais em PPP é um tema atual e é resolvido com o uso da teoria de opções reais (TOR). Normalmente, as garantias mínimas de demanda ou receita são modeladas como PUTs em que o concessionário está comprado e o governo vendido e é calculado o ganho que adicionam ao projeto. Entretanto, pouco se discute sobre o cálculo do passivo que tais garantias podem representar para os cofres públicos no longo prazo. Este trabalho usa o segundo edital do TAV Brasil (Rio – São Paulo) como estudo de caso por se tratar da maior PPP já realizada no Brasil com investimento total de 37 bilhões de reais. Mostramos que o projeto somente é viável através da adição de garantias governamentais e precificamos 12 níveis diferentes de garantias. Usamos o VaR e o CVaR como ferramentas para mensurar o risco do governo ao estar vendido nessas PUTs. Com o objetivo de reduzir tais riscos, colocamos 10 níveis de tetos (CAPs) a fim de limitar o valor do somatório das PUTs ao longo dos 40 anos de concessão. Ao final, criamos uma função objetiva que define a melhor combinação de pisos de garantia e CAPs com o objetivo de maximizar o valor do projeto para o concessinário e minimizar o risco do governo ao oferecer tais garantias. Acreditamos que essa é a melhor combinação para a sociedade. / [en] The pricing of government guarantees is an actual subject and it is solved with the usage of Real Options Theory. Usually, these minimum demand or revenue guarantees are modeled as PUTs where the concessionaire is long and the government is short and it is calculates its value added gain to the project. However, almost no discussions are made to the long term liabilities that these guarantees can bring to public finance. In this study we analyze the second bidding of the Rio – Sao Paulo High Speed Railway project, which with a total investment of 37 billion reais (18 billion dollars) was the largest PPP auction ever held in Brazil. We show that only the addition of government guarantees makes the project feasible and we price 12 different levels of guarantees. We use VaR and CVaR as tools to measure the liability risk that government is exposure as it short in these PUTs. In order to mitigate these risks, we add 10 levels of caps in order to limit the sum of the PUT values in the 40 years of the project. In the end, we created an objective function in order to define the best combination of minimum guarantees and government liability caps in order to maximize the value of the project value for the concessionaire and minimize the risk for the government. We believe that is the best combination for the society.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of risk management in the selected company, which focuses mainly on production of technical fabrics. The theoretical basis of the thesis includes the definition of basic concepts related to risk management, identification, analysis and evaluation, as well as the precise procedures established according to the relevant ISO standards issued by the Office for Technical Standardization, Metrology and State Testing. The following section describes the current situation in the company, including introducing a process that identifies and identifies risks. These are then evaluated by the FMEA analysis and measures are proposed to reduce, possibly eliminate the risks.

This dissertation thesis is dedicated to on-line services security management from service provider's and service consumer's viewpoints. The main goal is to propose a framework for on-line services security risk management, to develop a supporting software tool prototype and to validate them through a case study performed in a real-world environment. The key components of the proposed framework are a threat model and a risk model. These models are designed to fit specific features of on-line services and the surrounding environment. A risk management process is an integral part of the framework. The process is suitable for frequent and recurrent risk assessments. The process comprises of eight steps, related roles and responsibilities are defined for each step. The process execution results in identification and execution of proper tasks which contribute to treatment of identified security risks and deficiencies. Documentation and reporting of an overall level of on-line services security over time is possible if the process is executed on a regular basis. The proposed framework was validated through a case study performed in a large enterprise environment.