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Submitted by LIECA HASSEGAWA KAVASHIMA null (lie-ca@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-07T22:26:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lieca Hassegawa Kavashima - Dissertação - Mestrado.pdf: 7864947 bytes, checksum: 6b3f02c88be52df0bcf622c6caeaba96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-10T16:51:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kavashima_lh_me_bauru.pdf: 7864947 bytes, checksum: 6b3f02c88be52df0bcf622c6caeaba96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T16:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kavashima_lh_me_bauru.pdf: 7864947 bytes, checksum: 6b3f02c88be52df0bcf622c6caeaba96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada com ítria ou zircônia Y-TZP, atualmente é utilizada como biomaterial na odontologia, para a confecção de próteses por meio da tecnologia CAD/CAM, a partir de blocos comerciais pré-sinterizados. A cerâmica Y-TZP é biocompatível, bioinerte e apresenta estética e propriedades mecânicas adequadas à aplicação. Contudo, as características mecânicas podem variar de acordo com o método de fabricação podendo estar sujeita à falhas por fratura frágil causada por defeitos oriundos das etapas de conformação, pré-sinterização, usinagem da prótese ou sinterização. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o processamento cerâmico e determinar as propriedades mecânicas da zircônia Y-TZP. Os blocos foram conformados por prensagem uniaxial e isostática a 200 MPa, pré-sinterizados com diferentes parâmetros (900°C e 950°C) de temperatura, submetidos a ensaio de microdureza Vickers e usinados por CAD/CAM para confecção de próteses. O material pré-sinterizado foi cortado em barras, sinterizado e submetido aos ensaios mecânicos para a determinação da resistência à flexão, módulo elástico dinâmico e estático. Os resultados indicaram que o processo térmico de pré-sinterização com patamar a 950°C proporcionou material adequado ao manuseio e usinagem CAD/CAM com microdureza similar aos materiais disponíveis comercialmente. Os valores de módulo de elasticidade do material após a sinterização final, determinados pelos métodos dinâmicos e estático, entre 205,7 e 231,9 GPa, estão próximos aos relatados na literatura (entre 200 e 220 GPa). As análises estatísticas pelo método ANOVA (p>0,05) e testes de Tukey-Kramer demonstraram que o processo de pré-sinterização não exerceu influência na resistência mecânica após a sinterização final. Assim, o processo de fabricação estudado neste trabalho apresentou parâmetros que possibilitaram a confecção de próteses odontológicas, por meio da tecnologia CAD/CAM, obtendo materiais com propriedades mecânicas adequadas à confecção de copings odontológicos. / The polycrystalline tetragonal yttria stabilized zirconia or Y-TZP zirconia is currently used as a biomaterial in dentistry for the manufacture of prostheses by means of the CAD / CAM technology with pre-sintered commercial blocks. Y-TZP ceramic is biocompatible, bioinert and presents aesthetic features and appropriate mechanical properties for the application. However, the mechanical characteristics can vary according to the manufacturing method and may be subjected to failure by brittle fracture caused by defects originated from forming, pre-sintering, prosthesis machining or sintering. Thus, the goal of this work was to evaluate the ceramic processing and determine the mechanical properties of the Y-TZP zirconia. Blocks were formed by uniaxial and isostatic compression at 200 MPa, pre-sintered with different temperature parameters (900°C and 950°C), subjected to Vickers microhardness test and machined by CAD / CAM for prostheses manufacture. The pre-sintered material was cut into bars, sintered and submitted to mechanical tests in order to determine flexural strength, static and dynamic elastic modulus. Results showed that the pre-sintering thermal process with 950°C as a baseline provided a suitable material handling and machining CAD / CAM with a microhardness similar to the materials commercially available. The Young’s modulus values of the material after the final sintering, determined by the dynamic and static methods were found between 205.7 and 231.9 GPa are close to those reported in the literature (between 200 and 220 GPa). The statistical analyses via ANOVA (p> 0.05) method and Tukey-Kramer tests showed that the pre-sintering process had no influence on the mechanical resistance after the final sintering. Therefore, the manufacturing process studied in this work presented parameters that enabled the manufacture of dental prostheses by means of the CAD / CAM technology, obtaining materials with suitable mechanical properties to dental copings confection.

Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Antonio Jorge Abdalla / Banca: Cristina de Carvalho Ares Elisei / Resumo: A ferrita acicular é um desenvolvimento recente do conceito dos aços HSLA e envolve nucleação da ferrita a partir de partículas não metálicas, de forma intragranular e heterogênea. O mecanismo de transformação da ferrita acicular é semelhante à formação da bainita, diferenciando-se basicamente no local onde cada constituinte se nucleia e a aparência da microestrutura. A presença de carbonitretos precipitados e a microestrutura acicular desorganizada tende a desviar a propagação de trincas e aumentar tenacidade do material. Desta forma, os aços com microestrutura de ferrita acicular têm sido apontados como ótimos candidatos para aplicações em tubulações de óleo e gás em condições ambientais e operacionais severas. Este trabalho investiga os constituintes de um aço baixo carbono e baixos teores de elementos de ligas com contendo microestrutura de ferrita acicular, obtida através de tratamento de crescimento de grãos e, posteriormente, submetido a diversas rotas de tratamento isotérmico. A caracterização microestrutural foi obtida através de microscopia óptica e processamento metalográfico com o reagente Nital. Avaliou-se, também, o comportamento da resistência à tração do material antes e após os ciclos de tratamento térmico. Os resultados obtidos revelam a possibilidade de se obter estruturas multifásicas contendo grandes frações de ferrita acicular, promovendo excelente combinação das propriedades mecânicas de resistência e ductilidade / Abstract: The acicular ferrite is a recent development of HSLA steels and involves a ferrite nucleation from non-metallic particles, as intragranular and heterogeneous mode. The acicular ferrite transformation mechanism is similar to bainite, differing primarily in where each constituent initiates nucleates and appearance of the microstructure. The presence of carbonitriding precipitated and disorganized acicular microstructure tends to deflect the crack propagation and increase toughness of the material. Thus, steels with acicular ferrite microstructure have been considered good candidates for applications in oil pipes and gas in several environmental and operational conditions. This work investigates the constituents of a low carbon steel and low concentration of alloys with microstructures containing acicular ferrite, obtained by grain growth treatment and, subsequently, subject to various route of isothermal treatments. The microstructural characterization was obtained by optical microscopy and metallographic processing with Nital reagent. We evaluated also the behavior of the tensile strength of the material before and after the heat treatment cycles. The results show the possibility of obtaining multiphase structures containing large fractions of acicular ferrite, promoting excellent combination of mechanical properties of strength and ductility / Mestre

Orientador: João Neudenir Arioli Filho / Banca: Sérgio Russi / Banca: José Cláudio Martins Segalla / Banca: Raphael de Freitas Souza / Banca: Wirley Gonçalves Assunção / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram analisadas as alterações nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas de um gesso odontológico do tipo IV após a incorporação de dois agentes desinfetantes (Digluconato e Cloridrato de clorexidina). Foram realizados testes mecânicos para a análise do tempo de presa, reprodução de detalhes, expansão de presa e resistência à compressão, já as alterações físicas foram analisadas através de uma microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) nos aumentos de 375, 750, 1500 e 3000x. Os resultados demonstraram que somente houve alterações significantes no tempo de presa com a incorporação de Digluconato de Clorexidina 2,0% sem diluição e a resistência a compressão que demonstrou valores significantemente inferiores em todas as incorporações, porém todas as alterações dentro do limite estabelecido pela normatização para gessos odontológicos. Pela análise da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, pode-se observar que os cristais obtiveram um aumento pela associação com os agentes derivados da clorexidina diminuindo os microporos existentes. Com isso verificamos que os derivados da clorexidina podem ser uma alternativa para a obtenção de modelos biologicamente seguros. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the alterations in physical and mechanical properties of a gypsum tipe IV after the incorporation of two disinfectant agents (Chlorhexidine hydrochlooride and Chlorhexidine gluconate). The mechanical tests are made for setting time, reproduction details, setting expansion and compressive tensile, and the physical properties was examinated in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and photomicrographed are made in 375, 750,1500, 3000x and compared vissually. The results demonstrated were only significant alterations in the setting time with the incorporation of Chlorhexidine gluconate without dilution and the compression resistance that demonstrated under values in all of the incorporations, however all the alterations meet inside of the established limit for I.S.O values. In the analysis of the physical properties, the crystals obtained an increase for the association with the derived agent's clorhexidine. In conclusion, the incorporation clorhexidine agents can be a alternative to obtained biological models in dentistry. / Doutor

Orientador: Tomaz Manabu Hashimoto / Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Rosinei Batista Ribeiro / Resumo: Devido ao aumento da demanda no mercado de tubos de condução, houve a necessidade de um incremento na velocidade de soldagem na etapa interna, que possui uma defasagem em média de 10 pol./min em relação a etapa externa. Isto porque o processo trabalha com três arames na etapa interna pelo método de soldagem por arco submerso, enquanto o externo, com quatro arames. Como ação, a etapa interna foi aumentada para quatro arames a fim de equalizar a velocidade destas etapas. Porém, há a necessidade de se definir qual será a velocidade limite. Assim, neste estudo aplicado a tubos de condução, segundo a norma API 5L e grau X70, inicialmente, foi feita uma retirada de amostra de macrografia da solda para avaliar o alinhamento entre o cordão de solda interno e o externo e a sobreposição entre os cordões de solda. Posteriormente, foi realizada na porção da solda interna, os ensaios de dureza pelo método de Vickers e ensaio de impacto pelo método de Charpy, obtendo-se as curvas de transição. Com o auxilio do gráfico t 8/5 foram definidos os limites de velocidade de soldagem para aplicar na EPS (Especificação do Procedimento de Soldagem). Pode-se obter maior confiabilidade na decisão da variável velocidade de soldagem que irá contemplar na EPS e com menor quantidade de retirada de amostras, através dos limites e valores máximos e mínimos da dureza. Desta forma, a prática mostrou-se satisfatória e os resultados mostraram a faixa de velocidade para atender com segurança os limites de valores das propriedades mecânicas solicitados pela norma API 5L. / Abstract: Due to increased in the demand for conduction pipes in the market, there has been a necessity to increase the welding speed in the internal phase, which has an average discrepancy of 10 inches / min when compared to the external phase. It happens because the process works with three wires in the internal step method following the submerged arc welding, while the external one uses four wires. As a consequence the internal step was increased to four wires in order to equalize the speed of these steps. There are need to define what the top speed limit is. Therefore this study is applied to conduction pipes, according to API 5L grade X70 and, at first, a sample was drawn from Macrographic solder to assess the alignment between the weld and the inside and the outside overlap between the weld. This was followed by the analyses of the inside portion of weld, the hardness test method for Vickers and impact test Charpy method, obtaining the curves of transition. With the help of graphic t 8 / 5 speed limits were set to apply to welding in WPS (Welding Procedure Specification). It is possible to achieve more reliability in the decision about variable welding speed that will include the WPS and the least amount of sampling through the limits and minimum and maximum hardness. Thus the practice was satisfactory and the results showed that the speed range meets the safety limits of values of the mechanical properties required by the standard API 5L. / Mestre

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae: Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2008 / The increasing requirement for light weight constructions and the unsatisfactory performances of traditional metals and conventional engineering materials, especially in their failure to positively respond to environmental stimuli, in a demanding environment have made the search for the development of alternative materials inevitable. Such alternative materials being sought, which are the so-called adaptive, multifunctional, smart or intelligent composites would facilitate the realization of some engineering applications that are simply difficult to achieve with the existing conventional materials. Composite materials have found increasing applications in construction, aerospace and automotive industries due to their good characteristics of light weight, improved strength, corrosion resistance, controlled anisotropic properties, and reduced manufacturing and maintenance costs. However, there is a growing demand to improve on composite materials to have “smart" capabilities so as to be able to sense, actuate and respond to the surrounding environment. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are metallic alloys that can undergo martensitic phase transformations as a result of applied thermomechanical loads and are capable of recovering permanent strains when heated above a certain transformation temperature. SMAs possess sensing and actuating functions and have the potential to control the mechanical properties and responses of their hosts due to their inherent unique characteristics: shape memory effect (SME) and pseudoelasticity. When integrated into structural components, they perform sensing, diagnosing, actuating and repair or healing functions, thereby enhancing improved performance characteristics of their hosts. Amongst the commercially available SMAs, NiTi (Nickel-Titanium) alloys in forms of wires, ribbons, bars, particles and porous bulks are the most widely used because of their excellent mechanical properties and superior material characteristics. Embedding SMAs into composite materials can create smart or intelligent hybridized composites. This thesis details an investigation of the mechanical properties and behaviour of the hybridized composites formed by embedding NiTi SMA wires into 60D polyurethane. The composites were produced by the vacuum process of manufacturing. The properties of the implanted SMA wires were enhanced by ageing and pre-straining. Uniaxial tensile and four point bending tests were conducted to ascertain the significance of embedding SMA wires into the polyurethane host matrix. It was found that the embedded SMA results in an increasing in elastic modulus, tensile strength and bending stiffness. It was found that these improvements in the properties can not be sustained at high temperature owing to degradation of interfacial strength between the SMA and polyurethane as a result of the high recovery stress generated by the SMA upon activation. Some measures that can ameliorate the interfacial breakdown were suggested.

Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. / The continuous development of new materials and the improvement of existing ones ensure a balance between technological growth and environmental sustainability. With the above trade-offs, the quality of life for humankind is continually being improved. Polymeric materials are some of our most valued commodities in our everyday lives. They continue to be developed and improved in a variety of ways; one of which is to improve their properties by preparing nanocomposites. Polymer-based nanocomposites (PNCs) is a way of getting novel properties and enhancing existing one in polymer matrices, by incorporating additives on a nano-scale. The most significant advantage of PNCs is the potential to design and tailor properties for a specific application, since the control of the structure can be done at the molecular level. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the relationships between the structure and the properties of PNCs is of utmost importance. Amongst the most studied and researched PNC materials, polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs) have recently enjoyed attention from academia and industry. In the current study structure-property relationships of PLSNs were investigated. Polystyrene (PS) was chosen as the base polymer due to its wide use in many articles such as in packaging. It was also a material of choice based on its poor mechanical properties in its natural state (unfilled), so as to contribute in its property improvement. Montmorillonite (MMT) was a layered silicate (clay) of choice, as much research has been done on it, and it is available worldwide, as a main component in Bentonite (a natural material). Clays are composed of sheet-like, layered particles, which, when in a suitable environment, can delaminate into single, nano-sized sheets. The sheets are held together by van der Waals forces and between the sheets are exchangeable cations. The clays are hydrophilic in nature and cannot readily delaminate in a hydrophobic polymer matrix due to the differences in surface energies. A MMT surface was functionalized to be hydrophobic by conducting an ion exchange reaction with alkyl ammonium surface active agents (surfactants). Polymerizable surfactants (surfmers) were used to enhance the interfacial interaction between the PS matrix and MMT silicate layers. The organically modified clays (organoclays) were used in synthesizing polystyrene-layered silicate nanocomposites (PS-LSN) by an in-situ intercalative polymerization method. The polymerization of the nanocomposites was conducted in bulk. The morphologies of the nanocomposites were characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (Ope). The study was further expanded to the investigation of the effects of the nanocomposite structure, type of organic modifier, and amount of clay loading on the properties of the materials. The properties were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dielectric analysis (DEA). The properties were dependent on the interfacial processes between the clay layers and the polymer matrix. The changes in properties compared to the PS homopolymer showed time and temperature dependent effects, as determined by DEA. Even though the dynamics of the interfacial interactions are still not fully understood, the nanocomposites showed improvements in properties compared to the homopolymers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_mcm_me_guara.pdf: 1588754 bytes, checksum: 9b1c6339bf770de5c7936e9e915a4c01 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O contínuo crescimento na utilização de compósitos termoplásticos em componentes estruturais na indústria aeroespacial deve-se, primordialmente, à flexibilidade de projeto, excelência de suas propriedades mecânicas e baixa massa específica, aliadas aos elevados valores de resistência mecânica e rigidez e baixa incidência de corrosão, atendendo aos severos requisitos de desempenho dessas estruturas quando em serviço. No entanto, componentes que requerem exigências estruturais, quando expostos a ambientes agressivos como elevada temperatura e umidade, podem ter suas propriedades mecânicas sensibilizadas por esses fatores ambientais, e devem ser cuidadosamente avaliados antes de serem colocados em serviço. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência do condicionamento higrotérmico (câmara climática e imersão em banho termostatizado) nas propriedades mecânicas (resistências à tração, fadiga e cisalhamento) e viscoelásticas de laminados PPS/Carbono e PPS/Vidro. Os laminados utilizados neste trabalho foram fornecidos pela empresa holandesa TenCate. Os resultados mostram que os laminados condicionados em câmara climática apresentaram absorção de umidade segundo as leis de Fick, entretanto, os laminados de PPS/Vidro submetidos ao condicionamento por imersão em banho termostatizado apresentaram um comportamento anômalo. Associado a estes resultados foi também observado que os laminados condicionados tiveram um decréscimo no valor de suas resistências ao cisalhamento, entretanto, apresentaram um aumento nos valores de temperatura de transição vítrea e resistência à tração. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos ensaios de fadiga praticamente não sofreram alteração com o condicionamento ambiental. A partir dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, pode ser concluído que a utilização de laminados de PPS/Carbono e PPS/Vidro em aplicações... / The continuous use of thermoplastic composites in structural components of aerospace industry is due to essentially to the project flexibility, good mechanical properties and low specific mass, allied with elevated values of mechanical strength and rigidity and low corrosion incidence, attempted to severe requirements of these structures in service. However, components that require structural demand, when exposed in aggressive atmosphere such as high temperature and moisture, can have mechanical properties sensibility for these factors, and should be carefully studied before to be available in service. This way, the purpose of this work is to evaluate the hygrothermal conditioning influence (by using hygrothermal chamber and thermostatic bath immersion) on the mechanical properties (tensile strength fatigue and interlaminar shear) and on the viscoelastic behavior of PPS/carbon and PPS/glass laminates. The laminates used in this work were supplied by TenCate Dutch Company. The results obtained shows that conditioning laminates in hygrothermal chamber presented moisture absorption according to the Fick‟s law, however, the PPS/glass laminates submitted to thermostatic bath immersion presented a anomalous behavior. Associated to these results, it was also observed that the conditioned laminates had a decrease of shear strength values, however, presented an increase of glass transition temperature and tensile strength values. Results obtained according to fatigue tests practically do not change with the atmosphere conditioning. According to the results obtained in this work can be concluded that the use of thermoplastic laminates in aerospace applications is viable, because these laminates are less susceptible to atmosphere effect problems.