Le besoin permanent de réduire le bruit des moteurs d’avion constitue un véritable engouement pour le développement de nouveaux traitements acoustiques. Les traitements traditionnels de type résonateur continuent d’être utilisé et permettent d’atténuer le son sur une bande de fréquence restreinte malgré l’augmentation du nombre de degré de liberté. Une alternative possible est l’utilisation de matériaux poreux, dit à réaction non localisée, qui permettent d’élargir le spectre d’atténuation. Ce rapport est consacré à la modélisation d’un traitement acoustique basé sur des matériaux poreux dans les conditions d’une manche d’entrée d’air de turboréacteur. Un modèle semi-analytique a donc été développé pour le calcul de la perte par transmission d’un conduit cylindrique traité en paroi et soumis à un écoulement uniforme. Une étude paramétrique a ensuite été réalisée afin de cibler les caractéristiques du traitement optimal pour une configuration aéronautique donnée. Des résultats expérimentaux sur une veine à échelle réduite sont également montrés et témoignent d’un certain accord avec le calcul. Enfin, dans le but d’approfondir les connaissances théoriques sur le problème, une étude préliminaire sur les effets d’une couche limite est réalisée et montre que sa prise en compte parait indispensable pour bien choisir les traitements acoustiques, surtout à haute fréquence. / The constant need to reduce noise emissions from aircraft engine leads to a real demand for developing new acoustic treatments. Conventional liners based on resonatorlike structure continue to be used and provide narrow-band attenuation in spite of an increasing degree of freedom. A possible alternative is the use of porous materials (nonlocally reacting), which offer the possibility of broadening the attenuation spectrum. This report deals with the modelling of an acoustic treatment based on porous materials for aeroengine nacelle inlet. A semi-analytical model is developed for predicting the transmission loss of a treated cylindrical duct containing uniform mean flow. Then, a parametrical study is carried out in order to target the optimal liner characteristics for a given turbofan duct application. Also, experiments have been performed on a small-scale duct and have shown agreement with the simulation. Finally, for a better theoretical unv derstanding of the problem, a preliminary study on the effect of a boundary layer is conducted and shows that its consideration seems to be essential for optimal choice of acoustic lining, espacially at high frequencies.

During the past 60 years fluid-structure interaction in a wide range of three dimensional circular cylinder problems have been studied. Initial problems considered a rigid wall structure which were solved using impedance model comparisons. Soon after, further solution techniques were used, such as computer simulation, transfer matrix methods and finite element techniques. However such problems were only valid for low frequencies when compared with experiments, this was because that did not include higher order modes. The importance of higher order modes was then established and studies have since included these modes. More recently, mode matching methods have been used to find the amplitudes of waves in structures comprising two or more ducts. This has been done with using an orthogonality relation to find integrals which occur from the application this method. This methodology is demonstrated in as background information and is applied to prototype problems formed of rigid ducts. The rigid duct theory led to the consideration of elastic shells, of which several shell modelling equations were available from the vibration theory. In this thesis, the Donnell-Mustari equations of motion are used to model thin, elastic, fluid-loaded shells of circular cross-section. It is demonstrated that generalised orthogonality relations exist for such shells. Two such relations are found: one for shells subject to axisymmetric motion and one for shells subject to non-axisymmetric motion. These generalised orthogonality relations are new to the field of acoustics and are specific to shells modelled with the Donnell-Mustari equations of motion. The mode matching method is used to find the amplitudes of waves propagating in prototype problems and the generalised orthogonality relations are used to find integrals which occur through this method. Expressions for energy for all considered structure types are used to find the resulting energy for each prototype problem and results for equivalent problems are compared. In addition, verification of the resulting amplitudes is done by ensuring that the matching conditions are suitably satisfied. It is anticipated that the method will have application to the understanding and control of the vibration of cylindrical casings such as those enclosing turbo-machinery. Another application of the method would be the tuning of cylindrical casings, such as those featured on car exhaust systems or HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems.

El proceso de caracterización dieléctrica es un área de estudio fundamental para el desarrollo de sistemas y dispositivos de telecomunicaciones, ya que el conocimiento de cómo se comporta un material frente a una radiación electromagnética es de gran utilidad para diseñar y optimizar dispositivos de microondas. Para obtener las propiedades dieléctricas de materiales se requiere de una técnica de medida y un método de análisis que sustente a dicha técnica. Existen multitud de técnicas de medida, entre las que destacan los métodos resonantes por la alta precisión que proporcionan en la medida de materiales con bajas pérdidas. De igual manera, existen muchísimos de métodos de análisis, entre los que destacan los métodos modales por la exactitud de la solución que proporcionan en geometrías canónicas al analizar teóricamente y de manera analítica el problema electromagnético. Este trabajo se enmarca en esta área de conocimiento, concretamente pretende contribuir a la mejora de los procedimientos y métodos de análisis modales, proporcionando una generalización circuital de onda completa. Para ello, se han implementado una serie de librerías de elementos básicos mediante los cuales se pueden modelar diversas estructuras cilíndricas con geometría de revolución, que son de las más empleadas en dielectrometría. En primer lugar, se ha generalizado con una caracterización de onda completa el método de análisis circuital, que hasta ahora solo tenía en cuenta modos simétricos. No obstante, este método ampliado tiene ciertas limitaciones en cuanto a la implementación de elementos básicos modelados con una formulación de onda completa, lo que resta versatilidad y flexibilidad al mismo. Para solventar las limitaciones del análisis circuital de onda completa se ha implementado un método híbrido que combina el método de análisis modal puro y el circuital generalizado. Con la misma idea que en el análisis circuital, se ha implementado una librería de elementos básicos que, combinándolos, permite crear estructuras más complejas. El estudio teórico ha sido validado mediante numerosas simulaciones y comparaciones con otros métodos y técnicas de análisis. Se ha hecho especial hincapié en el correcto modelado de cavidades resonantes orientadas a dielectrometría, pues es el objetivo principal de la tesis. Además, se han llevado a cabo aplicaciones experimentales reales orientadas a la medida de materiales dieléctricos mediante distintas cavidades resonantes, de manera que se muestra la utilidad, versatilidad, flexibilidad y precisión que tiene el estudio que se ha realizado en este trabajo de una manera práctica y funcional. Finalmente, se proponen líneas futuras de investigación para continuar el trabajo realizado hasta el momento. / Dielectric characterization of materials is a very important area of study for the development of telecommunication systems and devices, since the knowledge of the materials' behavior in front of an electromagnetic radiation is very useful to design and optimize microwave devices. Measurement techniques and analysis methods are required to obtain the dielectric properties of materials. There are many measurement techniques, among which resonant methods stand out due to the high precision that they provide in the measurement of low loss materials. In the same way, there are many methods of analysis, among which modal methods stand out for the accuracy of the solution they provide in canonical geometries when the electromagnetic problem is analyzed theoretically and in an analytical way. This work is framed in this area of knowledge, specifically it aims to contribute to the improvement of procedures and methods of modal analysis, providing a complete full-wave circuit generalization. For this purpose, some libraries of basic elements have been implemented, and combining them properly, any axisymmetric structure can be modeled. First, the circuit analysis method has been generalized with a full-wave characterization, which up to now only took into account symmetric modes. However, this extended method has some limitations in terms of the implementation of basic elements modeled with a full wave formulation, which reduces its versatility and flexibility. To solve the limitations of the full-wave circuit analysis, a hybrid method that combines the pure modal analysis method and the generalized circuital technique has been implemented. With the same idea as in the circuit analysis, a library of basic elements has been implemented, and combining them properly, more complex structures can be simulated. The theoretical study has been validated through many simulations and comparisons with other methods and analysis techniques. Special emphasis has been placed on the correct modeling of resonant cavities oriented to dielectrometry, since it is the main goal of the thesis. In addition, real experimental applications focused on the measurement of dielectric materials have been carried out with some different resonant cavities. Then, the usefulness, versatility, flexibility and precision of the study carried out in this thesis is shown in a practical and functional way. Finally, future research lines are proposed to continue the work carried out so far. / El procés de caracterització dielèctrica es un àrea d'estudi fonamental per al desenvolupament de sistemes i dispositius de telecomunicacions, ja que el coneixement de com es com es comporta un material sota una radiació electromagnètica es de gran utilitat per dissenyar i optimitzar dispositius de microones. Per obtenir les propietats dielèctriques de materials es requereix d'una tècnica de mesura i un mètode d'anàlisi que sustenti a la pròpia tècnica. Existeixen multitud de tècniques de mesura, entre les que destaquen els mètodes ressonants per l'alta precisió que proporcionen en la mesura de materials amb baixes pèrdues. De la mateixa manera, existeixen moltíssims mètodes d'anàlisi, entre els que destaquen els mètodes modals per l'exactitud de la solució que proporcionen en geometries canòniques al analitzar teòricament i de manera analítica el problema electromagnètic. Aquest treball s'emmarca en esta àrea de coneixement, concretament pretén contribuir a la millora dels procediments i mètodes de anàlisi modals, proporcionant una generalització circuital d'ona completa. Per això, s'han implementat una sèrie de llibreries d'elements bàsics mitjançant els quals es poden modelar diverses estructures cilíndriques amb geometria de revolució, que són de les més emprades en dielectrometria. En primer lloc, s'ha generalitzat amb una caracterització d'ona completa el mètode d'anàlisi circuital generalitzat, que fins ara només tenia en compte modes simètrics. No obstant això, aquest mètode ampliat té certes limitacions en quant a la implementació d'elements bàsics modelats amb una formulació d'ona completa, es que resta versatilitat i flexibilitat a aquest. Per resoldre les limitacions de l'anàlisi circuital d'ona completa s'ha implementat un mètode híbrid que combina el mètode d'anàlisi modal pur i el circuital generalitzat. Amb la mateixa idea que en l'anàlisi circuital, s'ha implementat una llibreria d'elements bàsics que combinant-los permet crear estructures més complexes. L'estudi teòric ha sigut validat mitjançant nombroses simulacions i comparacions amb altres mètodes i tècniques d'anàlisi. S'ha posat especial èmfasi en el correcte modelat de cavitats ressonants orientades a dielectrometria, ja que és l'objectiu principal de la tesi. A més a més, s'han dut a terme aplicacions experimentals reals orientades a la mesura de materials dielèctrics mitjançant diverses cavitats ressonants, de manera que es mostri la utilitat, versatilitat, flexibilitat i precisió que té l'estudi que s'ha realitzat en aquest treball d'una manera pràctica i funcional. Finalment, es proposen unes línies futures d'investigació per continuar el treball realitzat fins ara. / Marqués Villarroya, D. (2018). Análisis Circuital de Onda Completa de Elementos Cilíndricos para Dielectrometría [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/110970 / TESIS

In this thesis a theoretical model for indoor propagation in a straight corridor with adjacent rooms is developed and evaluated. One objective is to assess the effect of different conductivities and permittivities in the walls between rooms have on the power levels, in both the corridor and the rooms. Furthermore, a model of a leaky cable is proposed for which the corresponding propagation characteristics are evaluated and compared to that of a dipole antenna to assess if a leaky cable is a viable alternative for radio coverage in an indoor environment. In order to evaluate the model, a wideband measurement campaign has been conducted at 2.44 GHz with a 40 meter long leaky coaxial cable and two vertically polarized dipole antennas. The proposed model is based on the waveguide model in 2D, the mode matching method and cascade coupling of scattering matrices. A section of a corridor is modeled as waveguides with different cross section where one waveguide contains a dielectric medium which models the wall between two rooms. Mode matching is used to determine how the waveguide modes are coupled at the boundaries between the waveguides and the result is collected in a scattering matrix. Multiple corridor sections are then connected together, by cascade coupling the corresponding scattering matrices of each section, into a long corridor with adjacent rooms. Point sources are used to excite the waveguides as an approximation of dipole transmitting antennas. Moreover, the radiating slots in the leaky cable are modeled by multiple point sources that are phase and amplitude shifted in order to achieve the same radiation direction and longitudinal loss as the leaky cable. Finally, the inverse discreet Fourier transform is applied to the wideband electromagnetic field distribution in order to determine the propagation characteristics in the time domain. The results from the model are in good quantitative agreement with the measurement data, and it is shown that a leaky cable give a more even radio coverage in an office corridor compared to a dipole antenna, especially when the internal walls are highly reflective. Moreover, it is shown that the direct path is dominating for transmission between rooms with transparent walls, like plasterboard, while the main propagation path for highly reflective walls is along the corridor.

A novel full wave analysis method to determine the scattering parameters and the radiation field intensities of arbitrary Body of Revolution (BOR) radiators consisting of impenetrable media is explored through derived components of modal analysis and the method of moments (MoM). Modal excitation is utilized to excite the structural feed; allowing for a more accurate measure of the scattering parameters of the total structure as opposed to the use of external excitation sources. The derivation of the mode matching method introduces a novel approach to achieving a frequency independent coupling matrix that will reduce the computational requirements for iterations utilized in the solution of multi-step discontinuous junctions. An application of interpolation functions across a single element of the MoM's traditional basis function approach allows for the ability to facilitate the meshing of complex structures. The combined field integral equation method is implemented in the analysis method to assure the mitigation of spurious solutions that can be problematic for electric field integral equation solutions that are predominant in many MoM based codes. The structures of interest represent bodies of revolution (BOR), which maintains that the structures must exhibit rotational symmetry about the longitudinal, or directional, axis. The complexity of the domain of structures that can be treated with the analysis method will be significantly reduced through the use of BOR symmetry of the structure. The proposed method for the solution of structures will include the comprehensive treatment of Boundary Value Problems (BVP's) through modal analysis, aperture treatment, and an application of the method of moments. Solutions for BOR radiating structures can be divided into two regions of analytical concern, the inner guided wave region and the outer radiating region. Modal analysis will be used to determine the scattering matrix of the inner guided wave region. The modal analysis will consist of subdividing the inner region into a number of finite step discontinuities, and the method of mode matching will be implemented to numerically solve the BVP's at each step discontinuity for a finite number of modal field distributions. The surface field equivalence principle will be applied to treat the aperture in order to produce an equivalent problem that supplants a source magnetic current density and an induced electric current density across the aperture that will radiate in the presence of the outer structural material of the BOR radiator. An algorithm utilizing the MoM is applied to solve integral equations that are defined to treat the surfaces of the BOR structure using electromagnetic boundary conditions. The application of the MoM will develop the field intensities on the aperture with complete consideration of the outer structural boundaries of the BOR radiator. The field intensities on the aperture will be related to the inner guided wave region through electromagnetic boundary conditions, and an admittance matrix will be numerically calculated. The admittance matrix will then apply to the inner guided wave region's scattering matrix to determine the reflection and transmission coefficients at the input of the BOR radiator. The comprehensive solution method will be applied to a variety of BOR structures; the electromagnetic solutions of the structures as obtained by the proposed method shall be verified for accuracy against comparative analysis of the structures using known computational packages that have been generally accepted throughout industry with respect to design capabilities.

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<p> As the fundamental basic building blocks of photonic circuits, optical waveguide structures play important roles in modem telecommunication and sensing systems. Various structures ranging from the dielectric waveguide utilizing the total internal reflection (TIR) to the more advanced structures based on the surface plasmon polaritions (SPPs) are widely investigated and studied in industrial and research areas. With the fast development of fabrication technologies, more and more complicated structures are predicated to emerge as the requirement of highly integrated photonic circuits. Modeling and simulation methods, as efficient as well as excellent cost performance tools comparing to costly facilities and time-consuming fabrication procedures, are demanded to explore and design the devices and circuits before their finalization. </p> <P> This thesis reports a series of techniques to model two dimensional waveguide structures, including the conventional planar and surface plasmon polariton waveguides. This thesis contains both the methods and their applications to model and investigate the mode and propagation characteristics including the guided waves and the radiative waves. The methods include mode solvers based on fmite difference method (FDM) and complex mode matching method (CMMM), furnished with perfect matching layer (PML) for both guided and radiation modes. Based on the developed techniques, solutions of design of Bragg gratings with deep corrugations are presented; also various surface plasmon polariton (SPPS) grating structures are investigated. </p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

<p>In this study, we developed and improved the numerical mode matching (NMM) method which has previously been shown to be a fast and robust semi-analytical solver to investigate the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in an isotropic layered medium. The applicable models, such as cylindrical waveguide, optical fiber, and borehole with earth geological formation, are generally modeled as an axisymmetric structure which is an orthogonal-plano-cylindrically layered (OPCL) medium consisting of materials stratified planarly and layered concentrically in the orthogonal directions.</p><p>In this report, several important improvements have been made to extend applications of this efficient solver to the anisotropic OCPL medium. The formulas for anisotropic media with three different diagonal elements in the cylindrical coordinate system are deduced to expand its application to more general materials. The perfectly matched layer (PML) is incorporated along the radial direction as an absorbing boundary condition (ABC) to make the NMM method more accurate and efficient for wave diffusion problems in unbounded media and applicable to scattering problems with lossless media. We manipulate the weak form of Maxwell's equations and impose the correct boundary conditions at the cylindrical axis to solve the singularity problem which is ignored by all previous researchers. The spectral element method (SEM) is introduced to more efficiently compute the eigenmodes of higher accuracy with less unknowns, achieving a faster mode matching procedure between different horizontal layers. We also prove the relationship of the field between opposite mode indices for different types of excitations, which can reduce the computational time by half. The formulas for computing EM fields excited by an electric or magnetic dipole located at any position with an arbitrary orientation are deduced. And the excitation are generalized to line and surface current sources which can extend the application of NMM to the simulations of controlled source electromagnetic techniques. Numerical simulations have demonstrated the efficiency and accuracy of this method.</p><p>Finally, the improved numerical mode matching (NMM) method is introduced to efficiently compute the electromagnetic response of the induction tool from orthogonal transverse hydraulic fractures in open or cased boreholes in hydrocarbon exploration. The hydraulic fracture is modeled as a slim circular disk which is symmetric with respect to the borehole axis and filled with electrically conductive or magnetic proppant. The NMM solver is first validated by comparing the normalized secondary field with experimental measurements and a commercial software. Then we analyze quantitatively the induction response sensitivity of the fracture with different parameters, such as length, conductivity and permeability of the filled proppant, to evaluate the effectiveness of the induction logging tool for fracture detection and mapping. Casings with different thicknesses, conductivities and permeabilities are modeled together with the fractures in boreholes to investigate their effects for fracture detection. It reveals that the normalized secondary field will not be weakened at low frequencies, ensuring the induction tool is still applicable for fracture detection, though the attenuation of electromagnetic field through the casing is significant. A hybrid approach combining the NMM method and BCGS-FFT solver based integral equation has been proposed to efficiently simulate the open or cased borehole with tilted fractures which is a non-axisymmetric model.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis, for the first time in the literature, presents an automatic mode-matching system that uses the phase relationships between the residual quadrature and drive signals in a gyroscope to achieve and maintain the frequency matching condition, and also the system allows controlling the system bandwidth by adjusting the closed loop parameters of the sense mode controller, independently from the mechanical sensor bandwidth. There are two mode-matching methods, using the proposed mode-matching system, presented in this thesis. In the first method, the frequency matching between the resonance modes of the gyroscope is automatically accomplished by changing the proof mass potential. The main motivation behind the first method is to tune the sense mode resonance frequency with respect to the drive mode resonance frequency using the electrostatic tuning capability of the sense mode. In the second method, the mode-matched gyroscope operation is accomplished by using dedicated frequency tuning electrodes that only provides a capability of tuning the sense mode resonance frequency generating an electrostatic spring effect on the sense frame, independently from the proof mass potential. This study mainly focuses on the second method because the proof mass potential variation is not desired during the gyroscope operation since the proof mass potential directly affects the drive and sense mode dynamics of the gyroscope. Therefore, a single-mass fully-decoupled gyroscope including the dedicated frequency tuning electrodes are designed. To identify mode shapes and mode frequencies of the designed gyroscope, FEM simulations are performed. The designed gyroscopes are fabricated using SOI-based SOG process. The fabrication imperfections are clarified during the formation of the structural layer of the gyroscope. Next, the closed loop controllers are designed for the drive amplitude control, sense force-feedback, quadrature cancellation, and mode-matching regarding the phase relationship between the quadrature and drive signals. Mode-matching is achieved by using a closed loop controller that provides a DC tuning potential. The mode-matching system consisting of vacuum packaged sensor, drive amplitude control, sense force-feedback, quadrature cancellation, and mode-matching modules is implemented on a printed circuit board (PCB), and then the system level tests are performed. Tests illustrate that the mode-matching system operates in a desired manner. Test results demonstrate that the performances of the studied MEMS gyroscopes are improved up to 2.6 times in bias instability and 2 times in ARW under the mode-matched condition compared to the mismatched (~200 Hz) condition, reaching down to 0.73 &deg / /hr and 0.024 &deg / /&radic / hr, respectively. At the mode-matched gyroscope operation, the better performance is obtained to be bias instability of 0.87