Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T11:37:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Heber Valdo Nogueira - 2017.pdf: 1812540 bytes, checksum: 14c0f7496303095925cd3ae974fd4b7b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T11:37:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Heber Valdo Nogueira - 2017.pdf: 1812540 bytes, checksum: 14c0f7496303095925cd3ae974fd4b7b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T11:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Heber Valdo Nogueira - 2017.pdf: 1812540 bytes, checksum: 14c0f7496303095925cd3ae974fd4b7b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-20 / The features selection problem consists in to select a subset of attributes that is able to reduce computational processing and storage resources, decrease curse of dimensionality effects and improve the performance of predictive models. Among the strategies used to solve this type of problem, we highlight evolutionary algorithms, such as the Genetic Algorithm. Despite the relative success of the Genetic Algorithm in solving various types of problems, different improvements have been proposed in order to improve their performance. Such improvements focus mainly on population representation, search mechanisms, and evaluation methods. In one of these proposals, the Genetic Compact Algorithm (CGA) arose, which proposes new ways of representing the population and guide the search for better solutions. Applying this type of strategy to solve the problem of variable selection often involves overfitting. In this context, this work proposes the implementation of a version of the Compact Genetic Algorithm to minimize more than one objective simultaneously. Such algorithm makes use of the concept of Pareto dominance and, therefore, is called Genetic Algorithm Compacted with Dominance (CGAD). As a case study, to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, AGC-D is combined with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) to select variables to better predict protein concentration in wheat samples. The proposed algorithm is compared to CGA and the Mutation-based Compact Genetic Algorithm. The results indicate that the CGAD is able to select a small set of variables, reducing the prediction error of the calibration model, reducing the possibility of overfitting. / O problema de seleção de variáveis consiste em selecionar um subconjunto de atributos que seja capaz reduzir os recursos computacionais de processamento e armazenamento, diminuir os efeitos da maldição da dimensionalidade e melhorar a performance de modelos de predição. Dentre as estratégias utilizadas para solucionar esse tipo de problema, destacam-se os algoritmos evolutivos, como o Algoritmo Genético. Apesar do relativo sucesso do Algoritmo Genético na solução de variados tipos de problemas, diferentes propostas de melhoria têm sido apresentadas no sentido de aprimorar seu desempenho. Tais melhorias focam, sobretudo, na representação da população, nos mecanismos de busca e nos métodos de avaliação. Em uma dessas propostas, surgiu o Algoritmo Genético Compacto (AGC), que propõe novas formas de representar a população e de conduzir a busca por melhores soluções. A aplicação desse tipo de estratégia para solucionar o problema de seleção de variáveis, muitas vezes implica no overfitting. Diversas pesquisas na área têm indicado a abordagem multiobjetivo pode ser capaz de mitigar esse tipo de problema. Nesse contexto, este trabalho propõe a implementação de uma versão do Algoritmo Genético Compacto capaz de minimizar mais de um objetivo simultaneamente. Tal algoritmo faz uso do conceito de dominância de Pareto e, por isso, é chamado de Algoritmo Genético Compacto com Dominância (AGC-D). Como estudo de caso, para avaliar o desempenho dos algoritmos propostos, o AGC-D é combinado com a Regressão Linear Múltipla (RLM) com o objetivo de selecionar variáveis para melhor predizer a concentração de proteína em amostras de trigo. O algoritmo proposto é comparado ao AGC e ao AGC com operador de mutação. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o AGC-D é capaz de selecionar um pequeno conjunto de variáveis, reduzindo o erro de predição do modelo de calibração e minimizando a possibilidade de overfitting.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T18:30:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 anaameliadesouzapereira.pdf: 7981340 bytes, checksum: 0446c7b651ada497c790051f8b213d35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-13T19:24:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 anaameliadesouzapereira.pdf: 7981340 bytes, checksum: 0446c7b651ada497c790051f8b213d35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T19:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anaameliadesouzapereira.pdf: 7981340 bytes, checksum: 0446c7b651ada497c790051f8b213d35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-26 / O sequenciamento da produção é um processo importante de tomada de decisão usado nas indústrias a fim de alocar tarefas aos recursos. Dada a relevância desse tipo de problema, a pesquisa em programação da produção faz-se necessária. Este trabalho envolve o processo de otimização nos seguintes problemas: máquina única, máquinas paralelas idênticas, máquinas paralelas idênticas com release time, máquinas paralelas não relacionadas com setup time dependente da sequência e das máquinas, e flow shop flexível com setup time dependente da sequência e dos estágios. Além disso, múltiplos e conflitantes objetivos devem ser otimizados ao mesmo tempo na programação de produção, e a literatura vem mostrando avanço nesse sentido. O presente trabalho analisa os objetivos comumente adotados e propõe um conjunto de pares de objetivos. Análise de correlação e árvore de agregação são utilizadas aqui para indicar as possibilidades de agregação entre os objetivos conflitantes. Meta-heurísticas são comumente adotadas para resolver os problemas de escalonamento abordados neste trabalho e duas delas, o Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) e a Presa Predador (PP), são aplicados aos problemas multiobjetivo propostos a fim de estudar suas adequações aos novos casos. O NSGA-II é um dos Algoritmos Genéticos mais utilizados em problemas de escalonamento. A PP é uma abordagem evolutiva recente para problemas de programação da produção, cada predador é responsável por tratar um único objetivo. Uma generalização para a técnica PP em que os predadores consideram de forma ponderada ambos os objetivos é também proposta. Adicionalmente, a influência da adoção de busca local sobre essas técnicas é analisada. Experimentos computacionais adotando hipervolume como métrica de desempenho foram conduzidos visando avaliar as técnicas computacionais consideradas neste trabalho e suas variantes. / The sequencing of the production is an important process in decision-making and it is used in industries in order to allocate tasks to resources. Given the relevance of this kind of problem, the research in production scheduling is necessary. This study involves the process of optimization in the following problems: single machines, parallel identical machines, parallel identical machines with release time, unrelated parallel machines with setup time dependent on the sequence and on the machines, and flow shop which is flexible with setup time dependent on the sequence and stages. Moreover, multiple and conflicting objectives must be optimized at the same time in production scheduling and the literature has been showing progress in this sense. The present study analyses the commonly adopted objectives and suggests a set of objective pairs. Correlation analysis and aggregation trees are used here to indicate possibilities of aggregation among the conflicting objectives. Metaheuristics are commonly used to solve the sequencing problems addressed in this study and two of them, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and Predator-Prey(PP), are applied to the proposed multiobjective problems in order to study their adjustments to the new cases. The NSGA-II is one of the most used genetic algorithms in sequencing problems. The PP is a recent evolutionary approach to scheduling problems, where each Predator is responsible for dealing with just one objective. A generalization of the PP technique, in which Predators considered both objectives using weights, is also proposed. In addition, the influence of the adoption of local search on these techniques is analyzed. Computational experiments adopting the hypervolume as a performance measure were conducted aiming at evaluating the computational techniques considered in this study and their variants.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T15:28:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igorlucasdesouzarusso.pdf: 2265113 bytes, checksum: 0eb7e55f7354359d8fb9419e6e6da17f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T12:28:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igorlucasdesouzarusso.pdf: 2265113 bytes, checksum: 0eb7e55f7354359d8fb9419e6e6da17f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:28:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igorlucasdesouzarusso.pdf: 2265113 bytes, checksum: 0eb7e55f7354359d8fb9419e6e6da17f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A área de Otimização envolve o estudo e emprego de métodos para determinação dos parâmetros que levam à obtenção de soluções ótimas, de acordo com critérios denominados objetivos. Um problema é classificado como multiobjetivo quando apresenta objetivos múltiplos e conflitantes, que devem ser otimizados simultaneamente. Recentemente tem crescido o interesse dos pesquisadores pela análise de pós-otimalidade, que consiste na busca por propriedades intrínsecas às soluções ótimas de problemas de otimização e que podem lançar uma nova luz à compreensão dos mesmos. Innovization (inovação através de otimização, do inglês innovation through optmization) é um processo de descoberta de conhecimento a partir de problemas de otimização na forma de relações matemáticas entre variáveis, objetivos, restrições e parâmetros. Dentre as técnicas de busca que podem ser utilizadas neste processo está a Programação Genética (PG), uma meta heurística bioinspirada capaz de evoluir programas de forma automatizada. Além de numericamente válidos, os modelos encontrados devem utilizar corretamente as variáveis de decisão em relação às unidades envolvidas, de forma a apresentar significado físico coerente. Neste trabalho é proposta uma alternativa para tratamento das unidades através de operações protegidas que ignoram os termos inválidos. Além disso, propõe-se aqui uma estratégia para evitar a obtenção de soluções triviais que não agregam conhecimento sobre o problema. Visando aumentar a diversidade dos modelos obtidos, propõe-se também a utilização de um arquivo externo para armazenar as soluções de interesse ao longo da busca. Experimentos computacionais são apresentados utilizando cinco estudos de caso em engenharia para verificar a influência das ideias propostas. Os problemas tratados aqui envolvem os projetos de: uma treliça de 2 barras, uma viga soldada, do corte de uma peça metálica, de engrenagens compostas e de uma treliça de 10 barras, sendo este último ainda não explorado na literatura de descoberta de conhecimento. Finalmente, o conhecimento inferido no estudo de caso da estrutura de 10 barras é utilizado para reduzir a dimensionalidade do problema. / The area of optimization involves the study and the use of methods to determine the parameters that lead to optimal solutions, according to criteria called objectives. A problem is classified as multiobjective when it presents multiple and conflicting objectives which must be simultaneously optimized. Recently, the interest of the researchers has grown in the analysis of post-optimality, which consists in the search for intrinsic properties of the optimal solutions of optimization problems. This can shed a new light on the understanding of the optimization problems. Innovization (from innovation through optimization) is a process of knowledge discovery from optimization problems in the form of mathematical relationships between variables, objectives, constraints, and parameters. Genetic Programming (GP), a search technique that can be used in this process, is a bio-inspired metaheuristic capable of evolving programs automatically. In addition to be numerically valid, the models found must correctly use the decision variables with respect to the units involved, in order to present coherent physical meaning. In this work, a method is proposed to handle the units through protected operations which ignore invalid terms. Also, a strategy is proposed here to avoid trivial solutions that do not add knowledge about the problem. In order to increase the diversity of the models obtained, it is also proposed the use of an external file to store the solutions of interest found during the search. Computational experiments are presented using five case studies in engineering to verify the influence of the proposed ideas. The problems dealt with here are the designs of: a 2-bar truss, a welded beam, the cutting of a metal part, composite gears, and a 10-bar truss. The latter was not previously explored in the knowledge discovery literature. Finally, the inferred knowledge in the case study of the 10-bar truss structure is used to reduce the dimensionality of that problem.

Orientadores: Akebo Yamakami, Fabricio Oliveira de França / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rampazzo_PriscilaCristinaBerbert_D.pdf: 3129429 bytes, checksum: 7249077a4a6738637b25e26cc8b8c0d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O Planejamento da Operação de Sistemas Hidrelétricos é um problema de otimização de grande porte, dinâmico, estocástico, interconectado e não-linear. Várias funções objetivo podem ser utilizadas na representação dos diferentes aspectos do problema. Neste trabalho foram propostas quatro abordagens para a resolução e estudo do problema. As propostas são baseadas em duas Metaheurísticas Evolutivas - Algoritmos Genéticos e Evolução Diferencial - e consideram o problema com as formulações Monobjetivo e Multiobjetivo. Os métodos trabalham simultaneamente com um conjunto de soluções, realizando exploração e explotação do espaço de busca. Com foco principal na Otimização Multiobjetivo, o intuito é encontrar um conjunto de soluções, obtidas em uma única rodada do algoritmo, que possam agregar explicitamente os diferentes critérios do problema. Os algoritmos propostos foram aplicados em vários testes com usinas pertencentes ao Sistema Hidrelétrico Brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as abordagens propostas podem ser efetivamente aplicadas ao problema de Planejamento Hidrelétrico, fornecendo soluções alternativas e eficientes. Este trabalho é uma contribuição tanto para o Problema de Planejamento Hidrelétrico, com a proposição de métodos de resolução que permitem a análise de vários aspectos do problema, quanto para a Computação Evolutiva, com a aplicação das técnicas em um problema importante e real / Abstract: The Operation Planning of Hydroelectric Systems is a large, dynamic, stochastic, interconnected and nonlinear optimization problem. Several objective functions can be used in the representation of different aspects of the problem. In this work we proposed four approaches for the study and resolution of the problem. The proposals are based on two Evolutionary Metaheuristics - Genetic Algorithms and Differential Evolution - and consider the problem with single and multiobjective formulations. The methods work simultaneously with a set of solutions in order to perform exploration and exploitation of the search space. With main focus on Multiobjective Optimization, the intent is to find a set of solutions, obtained in a single round of the algorithm, which can explicitly add the different criteria of the problem. The proposed algorithms were applied to several tests with plants belonging to the Brazilian Hydropower System. The achieved results indicate that the proposed approaches can be effectively applied to the Hydropower Planning, providing efficient and alternative solutions. This work is a contribution so much to the Problem of Hydropower Planning, with the proposition of resolution methods that allow the analysis of various aspects of the problem, as for the Evolutionary Computation, with the application of the techniques in a real and important problem / Doutorado / Automação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

De nombreux problèmes de décision issus du monde réel sont de nature NP-difficile. Il est également fréquent que de tels problèmes rassemblent plusieurs objectifs à optimiser simultanément, généralement contradictoires entre eux. Pour aborder cette classe de problèmes, les métaheuristiques multiobjectifs fournissent des outils particulièrement efficaces. Par ailleurs, pour traiter des problèmes de transport, l'élaboration de modèles permettant de caractériser l’évolution spatio-temporelle d’une population est un élément essentiel. Dans le cadre de ces travaux, nous nous intéressons à la chaine complète qui permet de guider une décision dans le domaine de l'aménagement du territoire et du transport. Nous considérons ainsi les deux principales phases impliquées dans le processus de décision : la modélisation des déplacements de la population d'une part, et l'élaboration d'une métaheuristique hybride pour résoudre des problèmes d'optimisation multiobjectif d'autre part. Afin de modéliser l’évolution de la présence de personnes sur un territoire, nous proposons dans cette thèse un nouveau modèle de mobilité. L'originalité de ce travail réside dans l'utilisation de données nouvelles issues de la téléphonie mobile, ainsi que dans l'exploitation d'informations géographiques et socio-économiques pour caractériser le pouvoir d'attraction du territoire. Nous proposons par ailleurs une heuristique pour résoudre des problèmes multiobjectifs. L’étude de l'influence de différents opérateurs sur la construction de l'ensemble Pareto, nous a amené à concevoir une heuristique hybride de type mémétique, qui se révèle être significativement plus efficace que des approches de référence. Les deux principales phases, modélisation et optimisation, ont été expérimentées et validées dans un contexte réel. Elles ont donné lieu au développement d’une plate-forme logicielle d’aide à la décision utilisée notamment pour proposer des emplacements de stations pour un service d'auto-partage électrique. / Many decision-making problems in the real world are NP-hard. These problems commonly feature several mutually-contradictory objectives to be optimized simultaneously. Multiobjective metaheuristics provide particularly effective means of addressing this class of problems. Moreover, for transportation problems, the development of models able to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of a population is essential. In our research, we are interested in the complete chain guiding a decision in the fields of transportation and territory planning. We consider the two main phases involved in the decision-making process: building a population mobility model and developing a hybrid metaheuristic to solve multiobjective optimization problems. In order to compute the evolution of population presence on a territory, in this thesis we propose a new mobility model; its originality lies in employing new data from mobile phone networks as well as geographic and socio-economic information to indicate the attractiveness of the territory. We have also developed a heuristic to solve multiobjective problems: following the study of the influence of several operators on the Pareto front, we have designed a hybrid memetic heuristic that is significantly more effective than reference approaches. The two main phases of modelling and optimizing have been tested and validated in a real context, allowing us to develop a decision-making software platform that can be used to provide station locations for an electric car-sharing service.

Problemas com múltiplos objetivos são muito frequentes nas áreas de Otimização, Economia, Finanças, Transportes, Engenharia e várias outras. Como os objetivos são, geralmente, conflitantes, faz-se necessário o uso de técnicas apropriadas para obter boas soluções. A área que trata de problemas deste tipo é chamada de Otimização Multiobjetivo. Neste trabalho, estudamos os problemas dessa área e alguns dos métodos existentes para resolvê-los. Primeiramente, alguns conceitos relacionados ao conjunto de soluções são definidos, como o de eficiência, no intuito de entender o que seria a melhor solução para este tipo de problema. Em seguida, apresentamos algumas condições de otimalidade de primeira ordem, incluindo as do tipo Fritz John para problemas de Otimização Multiobjetivo. Discutimos ainda sobre algumas condições de regularidade e total regularidade, as quais desempenham o mesmo papel das condições de qualificação em Programação Não-Linear, propiciando a estrita positividade dos multiplicadores de Lagrange associados às funções objetivo. Posteriormente, alguns dos métodos existentes para resolver problemas de Otimização Multiobjetivo são descritos e comparados entre si. Ao final, aplicamos a teoria e métodos de Otimização Multiobjetivo nas áreas de Compressed Sensing e Otimização de Portfolio. Exibimos então testes computacionais realizados com alguns dos métodos discutidos envolvendo problemas de Otimização de Portfolio e fazemos uma análise dos resultados. / Problems with multiple objectives are very frequent in areas such as Optimization, Economy, Finance, Transportation, Engineering and many others. Since the objectives are usually conflicting, there is a need for appropriate techniques to obtain good solutions. The area that deals with problems of this type is called Multiobjective Optimization. The aim of this work is to study the problems of such area and some of the methods available to solve them. Firstly, some basic concepts related to the feasible set are defined, for instance, efficiency, in order to comprehend which solution could be the best for this kind of problem. Secondly, we present some first-order optimality conditions, including the Fritz John ones for Multiobjective Optimization. We also discuss about regularity and total regularity conditions, which play the same role in Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization as the constraint qualifications in Nonlinear Programming, providing the strict positivity of the Lagrange multipliers associated to the objective functions. Afterwards, some of the existing methods to solve Multiobjective Optimization problems are described and compared with each other. At last, the theory and methods of Multiobjective Optimization are applied into the fields of Compressed Sensing and Portfolio Optimization. We, then, show computational tests performed with some of the methods discussed involving Portfolio Optimization problems and we present an analysis of the results.

Le développement de nouveaux produits constitue une priorité stratégique de l'industrie pharmaceutique, en raison de la présence d'incertitudes, de la lourdeur des investissements mis en jeu, de l'interdépendance entre projets, de la disponibilité limitée des ressources, du nombre très élevé de décisions impliquées dû à la longueur des processus (de l'ordre d'une dizaine d'années) et de la nature combinatoire du problème. Formellement, le problème se pose ainsi : sélectionner des projets de Ret D parmi des projets candidats pour satisfaire plusieurs critères (rentabilité économique, temps de mise sur le marché) tout en considérant leur nature incertaine. Plus précisément, les points clés récurrents sont relatifs à la détermination des projets à développer une fois que les molécules cibles sont identifiées, leur ordre de traitement et le niveau de ressources à affecter. Dans ce contexte, une approche basée sur le couplage entre un simulateur à événements discrets stochastique (approche Monte Carlo) pour représenter la dynamique du système et un algorithme d'optimisation multicritère (de type NSGA II) pour choisir les produits est proposée. Un modèle par objets développé précédemment pour la conception et l'ordonnancement d'ateliers discontinus, de réutilisation aisée tant par les aspects de structure que de logique de fonctionnement, a été étendu pour intégrer le cas de la gestion de nouveaux produits. Deux cas d'étude illustrent et valident l'approche. Les résultats de simulation ont mis en évidence l'intérêt de trois critères d'évaluation de performance pour l'aide à la décision : le bénéfice actualisé d'une séquence, le risque associé et le temps de mise sur le marché. Ils ont été utilisés dans la formulation multiobjectif du problème d'optimisation. Dans ce contexte, des algorithmes génétiques sont particulièrement intéressants en raison de leur capacité à conduire directement au front de Pareto et à traiter l'aspect combinatoire. La variante NSGA II a été adaptée au problème pour prendre en compte à la fois le nombre et l'ordre de lancement des produits dans une séquence. A partir d'une analyse bicritère réalisée pour un cas d'étude représentatif sur différentes paires de critères pour l'optimisation bi- et tri-critère, la stratégie d'optimisation s'avère efficace et particulièrement élitiste pour détecter les séquences à considérer par le décideur. Seules quelques séquences sont détectées. Parmi elles, les portefeuilles à nombre élevé de produits provoquent des attentes et des retards au lancement ; ils sont éliminés par la stratégie d'optimistaion bicritère. Les petits portefeuilles qui réduisent les files d'attente et le temps de lancement sont ainsi préférés. Le temps se révèle un critère important à optimiser simultanément, mettant en évidence tout l'intérêt d'une optimisation tricritère. Enfin, l'ordre de lancement des produits est une variable majeure comme pour les problèmes d'ordonnancement d'atelier. / New Product Development (NPD) constitutes a challenging problem in the pharmaceutical industry, due to the characteristics of the development pipeline, namely, the presence of uncertainty, the high level of the involved capital costs, the interdependency between projects, the limited availability of resources, the overwhelming number of decisions due to the length of the time horizon (about 10 years) and the combinatorial nature of a portfolio. Formally, the NPD problem can be stated as follows: select a set of R and D projects from a pool of candidate projects in order to satisfy several criteria (economic profitability, time to market) while copying with the uncertain nature of the projects. More precisely, the recurrent key issues are to determine the projects to develop once target molecules have been identified, their order and the level of resources to assign. In this context, the proposed approach combines discrete event stochastic simulation (Monte Carlo approach) with multiobjective genetic algorithms (NSGA II type, Non-Sorted Genetic Algorithm II) to optimize the highly combinatorial portfolio management problem. An object-oriented model previously developed for batch plant scheduling and design is then extended to embed the case of new product management, which is particularly adequate for reuse of both structure and logic. Two case studies illustrate and validate the approach. From this simulation study, three performance evaluation criteria must be considered for decision making: the Net Present Value (NPV) of a sequence, its associated risk defined as the number of positive occurrences of NPV among the samples and the time to market. Theyv have been used in the multiobjective optimization formulation of the problem. In that context, Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are particularly attractive for treating this kind of problem, due to their ability to directly lead to the so-called Pareto front and to account for the combinatorial aspect. NSGA II has been adapted to the treated case for taking into account both the number of products in a sequence and the drug release order. From an analysis performed for a representative case study on the different pairs of criteria both for the bi- and tricriteria optimization, the optimization strategy turns out to be efficient and particularly elitist to detect the sequences which can be considered by the decision makers. Only a few sequences are detected. Among theses sequences, large portfolios cause resource queues and delays time to launch and are eliminated by the bicriteria optimization strategy. Small portfolio reduces queuing and time to launch appear as good candidates. The optimization strategy is interesting to detect the sequence candidates. Time is an important criterion to consider simultaneously with NPV and risk criteria. The order in which drugs are released in the pipeline is of great importance as with scheduling problems.

L'optimisation de l'exploitation d'un réseau de transport de gaz naturel (RTGN) est typiquement un problème d'optimisation multiobjectif, faisant intervenir notamment la minimisation de la consommation énergétique dans les stations de compression, la maximisation du rendement, etc. Cependant, très peu de travaux concernant l'optimisation multiobjectif des réseaux de gazoducs sont présentés dans la littérature. Ainsi, ce travail vise à fournir un cadre général de formulation et de résolution de problèmes d'optimisation multiobjectif liés aux RTGN. Dans la première partie de l'étude, le modèle du RTGN est présenté. Ensuite, diverses techniques d'optimisation multiobjectif appartenant aux deux grandes classes de méthodes par scalarisation, d'une part, et de procédures évolutionnaires, d'autre part, communément utilisées dans de nombreux domaines de l'ingénierie, sont détaillées. Sur la base d'une étude comparative menée sur deux exemples mathématiques et cinq problèmes de génie des procédés (incluant en particulier un RTGN), un algorithme génétique basé sur une variante de NSGA-II, qui surpasse les méthodes de scalarisation, de somme pondérée et d'ε-Contrainte, a été retenu pour résoudre un problème d'optimisation tricritère d'un RTGN. Tout d'abord un problème monocritère relatif à la minimisation de la consommation de fuel dans les stations de compression est résolu. Ensuite un problème bicritère, où la consommation de fuel doit être minimisée et la livraison de gaz aux points terminaux du réseau maximisée, est présenté ; l'ensemble des solutions non dominées est répresenté sur un front de Pareto. Enfin l'impact d'injection d'hydrogène dans le RTGN est analysé en introduisant un troisième critère : le pourcentage d'hydrogène injecté dans le réseau que l'on doit maximiser. Dans les deux cas multiobjectifs, des méthodes génériques d'aide à la décision multicritère sont mises en oeuvre pour déterminer les meilleures solutions parmi toutes celles déployées sur les fronts de Pareto. / The optimization of a natural gas transportation network (NGTN) is typically a multiobjective optimization problem, involving for instance energy consumption minimization at the compressor stations and gas delivery maximization. However, very few works concerning multiobjective optimization of gas pipelines networks are reported in the literature. Thereby, this work aims at providing a general framework of formulation and resolution of multiobjective optimization problems related to NGTN. In the first part of the study, the NGTN model is described. Then, various multiobjective optimization techniques belonging to two main classes, scalarization and evolutionary, commonly used for engineering purposes, are presented. From a comparative study performed on two mathematical examples and on five process engineering problems (including a NGTN), a variant of the multiobjective genetic algorithm NSGA-II outmatches the classical scalararization methods, Weighted-sum and ε-Constraint. So NSGA-II has been selected for performing the triobjective optimization of a NGTN. First, the monobjective problem related to the minimization of the fuel consumption in the compression stations is solved. Then a biojective problem, where the fuel consumption has to be minimized, and the gas mass flow delivery at end-points of the network maximized, is presented. The non dominated solutions are displayed in the form of a Pareto front. Finally, the study of the impact of hydrogen injection in the NGTN is carried out by introducing a third criterion, i.e., the percentage of injected hydrogen to be maximized. In the two multiobjective cases, generic Multiple Choice Decision Making tools are implemented to identify the best solution among the ones displayed of the Pareto fronts.

Cette étude concerne l’optimisation multiobjectif de réseaux d’eau industriels via des techniques de programmation mathématique. Dans ce travail, un large éventail de cas est traité afin de proposer des solutions aux problèmes de réseaux les plus variés. Ainsi, les réseaux d’eau monopolluants sont abordés grâce à une programmation mathématique linéaire (MILP). Cette méthode est ensuite utilisée dans le cadre d’une prise en compte simultanée des réseaux d’eau et de chaleur. Lorsque le réseau fait intervenir plusieurs polluants, le problème doit être programmé de façon non linéaire (MINLP). L’optimisation multicritère de chaque réseau est basée sur la stratégie epsilon-contrainte développée à partir d’une méthode lexicographique. L’optimisation multiobjectif suivie d’une réflexion d’aide à la décision a permis d’améliorer les résultats antérieurs proposés dans la littérature de 2 à 10% en termes de consommation de coût et de 7 à 15% en ce qui concerne la dépense énergétique. Cette méthodologie est étendue à l’optimisation de parcs éco-industriels et permet ainsi d’opter pour une solution écologique et économique parmi un ensemble de configurations proposées. / This study presents a multiobjective optimization of industrial water networks through mathematical programming procedures. A large range of various examples are processed to propose several feasible solutions. An industrial network is composed of fixed numbers of process units and regenerations and contaminants. These units are characterized by a priori defined values: maximal inlet and outlet contaminant concentrations. The aim is both to determine which water flows circulate between units and to allocate them while several objectives are optimized. Fresh water flow-rate (F1), regenerated water flow-rate (F2),interconnexions number (F3), energy consumption (F4) and the number of heat exchangers (F5) are all minimized. This multiobjective optimization is based upon the epsilon-constraint strategy, which is developed from a lexicographic method that leads to Pareto fronts. Monocontaminant networks are addressed with a mixed linear mathematical programming (Mixed Integer Linear Programming, MILP) model, using an original formulation based on partial water flow-rates. The obtained results we obtained are in good agreement with the literature data and lead to the validation of the method. The set of potential network solutions is provided in the form of a Pareto front. An innovative strategy based on the GEC (global equivalent cost) leads to the choice of one network among these solutions and turns out to be more efficient for choosing a good network according to a practical point of view. If the industrial network deals with several contaminants, the formulation changes from MILP into MINLP (Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming). Thanks to the same strategy used for the monocontaminant problem, the networks obtained are topologically simpler than literature data and have the advantage of not involving very low flow-rates. A MILP model is performed in order to optimize heat and water networks. Among several examples, a real case of a paper mill plant is studied. This work leads to a significant improvement of previous solutions between 2 to 10% and 7 to 15% for cost and energy consumptions respectively. The methodology is then extended to the optimization of eco-industrial parks. Several configurations are studied regarding the place of regeneration units in the symbiosis. The best network is obtained when the regeneration is owned by each industry of the park and allows again of about 13% for each company. Finally, when heat is combined to water in the network of the ecopark, a gain of 11% is obtained compared to the case where the companies are considered individually.

Le Cloud Computing est de plus en plus reconnu comme une nouvelle façon d'utiliser, à la demande, les services de calcul, de stockage et de réseau d'une manière transparente et efficace. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème d'ordonnancement de workflows sur les infrastructures distribuées hétérogènes du Cloud Computing. Les approches d'ordonnancement de workflows existantes dans le Cloud se concentrent principalement sur l'optimisation biobjectif du makespan et du coût. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des algorithmes d'ordonnancement de workflows basés sur des métaheuristiques. Nos algorithmes sont capables de gérer plus de deux métriques de QoS (Quality of Service), notamment, le makespan, le coût, la fiabilité, la disponibilité et l'énergie dans le cas de ressources physiques. En outre, ils traitent plusieurs contraintes selon les exigences spécifiées dans le SLA (Service Level Agreement). Nos algorithmes ont été évalués par simulation en utilisant (1) comme applications: des workflows synthétiques et des workflows scientifiques issues du monde réel ayant des structures différentes; (2) et comme ressources Cloud: les caractéristiques des services de Amazon EC2. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'efficacité de nos algorithmes pour le traitement de plusieurs QoS. Nos algorithmes génèrent une ou plusieurs solutions dont certaines surpassent la solution de l'heuristique HEFT sur toutes les QoS considérées, y compris le makespan pour lequel HEFT est censé donner de bons résultats. / Cloud Computing is increasingly recognized as a new way to use on-demand, computing, storage and network services in a transparent and efficient way. In this thesis, we address the problem of workflows scheduling on distributed heterogeneous infrastructure of Cloud Computing. The existing workflows scheduling approaches mainly focus on the bi-objective optimization of the makespan and the cost. In this thesis, we propose news workflows scheduling algorithms based on metaheuristics. Our algorithms are able to handle more than two QoS (Quality of Service) metrics, namely, makespan, cost, reliability, availability and energy in the case of physical resources. In addition, they address several constraints according to the specified requirements in the SLA (Service Level Agreement). Our algorithms have been evaluated by simulations. We used (1) synthetic workflows and real world scientific workflows having different structures, for our applications; and (2) the features of Amazon EC2 services for our Cloud. The obtained results show the effectiveness of our algorithms when dealing multiple QoS metrics. Our algorithms produce one or more solutions which some of them outperform the solution produced by HEFT heuristic over all the QoS considered, including the makespan for which HEFT is supposed to give good results.