Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-79). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Recently, there has been an increasing demand for OFDM system operating in high mobility environment. In such situation, wireless channel is both frequency-selective and time-varying, a.k.a. doubly-selective, making it hard for the receiver to keep track of the channel state information (CSI). Moreover, the statistical information of channel, e.g., tap positions, channel length, Doppler shifts and noise power, is generally unknown to the receiver. In this thesis, two kinds of mobile OFDM systems are investigated for data detection and channel estimation. Different from previous works, which highly depend on the statistical information of the doubly selective channel to deliver accurate channel estimation and data detection results, we focus on more practical scenarios with unknown channel orders and Doppler frequencies. Firstly, point-to-point OFDM system with high mobility is considered. Due to the unknown channel characteristics, we formulate the channel using GCE-BEM with a large oversampling factor. The resulted GCE-BEM coefficients are sparse on delay-Doppler domain and contain only a few nonzero elements. To enable the identification of nonzero entries, sparsity enhancing Gaussian priors with Gamma hyperpriors are adopted. An iterative algorithm is developed under variational inference (VI) framework. The proposed algorithm iteratively estimate the channel, recover the unknown data using Viterbi algorithm and learn the channel and noise statistical information, using only limited number of pilot subcarrier in one OFDM symbol. Secondly, we investigate multihop amplify-and-forward (AF) OFDM system, where system structure is generally unknown to the receiver due to the variable number of hops and relaying paths in high mobility environment. We notice that in AF relaying systems, the composite source-relay-destination channel is sufficient for data detection. Then we integrate the multilink, multihop channel matrices into one composite channel matrix, which turns out to have the same structure as the point-to-point OFDM channel. The reformulated system model is more concise and a similar iterative algorithm to that of the point-to-point case can be derived to estimate the composite channel and detect data. This means that the proposed framework applies to OFDM system under high mobility regardless of the system structure. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is very close to that of the optimal channel estimation and data detection algorithm, which requires specific information of system structure, channel tap positions, channel lengths, Doppler shifts as well as noise powers. It is worth noting that, the close-to-ideal performance of the proposed algorithms is achieved with none of the above information. / published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

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published_or_final_version / abstract / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Στις υποθαλάσσιες επικοινωνίες χρησιμοποιούνται ακουστικά κύματα για τη μεταφορά της πληροφορίας. Κατά τη διαδικασία της μετάδοσης εμφανίζονται προβλήματα που σχετίζον- ται με τη καθυστέρηση διάδοσης, την εξασθένηση του σήματος, τις πολλαπλές οδεύσεις λόγω ανάκλασης καθώς και άλλα προβλήματα που παρουσιάζονται στις ασύρματες επι- κοινωνίες. Στην παρούσα εργασία αναλύεται και εξετάζεται η πλειονότητα αυτών. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία συνοπτική περιγραφή του φαινομένου των διαλείψεων καθώς και η ανάλυση βασικών εννοιών, τις οποίες συναντάμε σε επόμενα κεφάλαια. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η πολύπλεξη OFDM, η οποία χρησιμοποιείται στις περισσότερες εφαρμογές των υποθαλάσσιων επικοινωνιών. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται μαθηματικά η τυφλή εκτίμηση για συστήματα OFDM και αναφέρονται επίσης προσαρμοστικοί αλγόριθ- μοι για την εκτίμηση του καναλιού με βάση την θεωρία η οποία παρουσιάζεται. Τέλος στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθεται κώδικας matlab, στον οποίο γίνεται χρήση των αλγορίθμων των τρίτου κεφαλαίου με σκοπό την εκτίμηση της κρουστικής απόκρισης του καναλιού, ενώ πέραν της γενικής περίπτωσης εξετάζονται επιπλέον λύσεις sparse μορφής. / --

Στην συγκεκριμένη εργασία παρουσιάζεται ένα μοντέλο προσομοίωσης των Πολυμερών Οπτικών Ινών και συγκεκριμένα των GI-POF ικανό να υπολογίζει την κρουστική απόκριση και τη διασπορά των συγκεκριμένων ινών. Επίσης ακολουθούν προσομοιώσεις 2 απλών συστημάτων μετάδοσης μέσω POF με λέιζερ και φωτοδιόδους χιονοστοιβάδας και ένα πλήρες προσομοιωμένο σύστημα μετάδοσης 2 καναλιών με πολυπλεξία μήκους κύματος μέσω των POF. Σχολιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα και η δυνατότητα χρήσης των ινών στη δομή του δίκτυου Μετάδοσης Κινητής Τηλεφωνίας. Επίσης αναλύονται όλα τα πιθανά πρωτόκολλα για τοπικά οπτικά δίκτυα και όλες οι πληροφορίες για τις POF, τους κατάλληλους πομπούς και δέκτες που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε μελλοντικές εφαρμογές. / In the specific project it is presented a simulation model of Polymer Optical Fibers and especially of GI-POF capable of calculating the impulse response and the dispersion of the specific fibers. Also next, simulations were realised of 2 simple transmission systems via POF with laser and avalange photodiodes, and a complete simulated transmission system with 2 channels with Wavelegth Division Multiplexing via POF. Results are being discussed as also the possibility of POF use in structure of Transmission Network of Cellular Telephony. In addition, all available protocols for local optical networks are described and all necessary information about POF, suitable transmitters and receivers that can be used in future applications.

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) is becoming a popular way to increase the optical throughput of fibers for short to medium haul networks at a reduced cost. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has defned the CWDM network to consist of eighteen channels with channel spacings of 20 nm starting at 1270 nm and ending at 1610 nm.Four and eight channel AWGs on InP, suitable for CWDM, were fabricated using a novel and versatile S-shape design. The standard horseshoe layout will not work on semiconductor for AWGs with a free spectral range (FSR) larger than 30 nm. The AWG design provides operation insensitive to thermal and polarization fluctuations, which is key for low cost operation and packaging. It will be shown thatrefractive index changes over the large operating wavelength band produced negligible effects in the transmission spectrum.Standard AWG design assumes refractive index is a constant over the operating wavelength band. As a result, the output waveguide separations are held constant on the second star coupler. As the channel number increases, secondary focal dispersion causedfrom a changing refractive index can have detrimental effects on performance. A new design method will be introduced which includes refractive index dispersion by allowing the output waveguide separations to vary. The new design is consistent with standard design but is applicable in materials with a linear index dispersion over an arbitrarily large wavelength band.Lastly, a method for increasing the transmission using multimode waveguides is discussed. Traditionally, single mode waveguides are required in order to prevent higher order waveguide modes creating ghost images in the output spectrum. Using bend loss and waveguide junction offsets, higher order modes can be filtered from the output,thereby eliminating ghost images and at the same time, increase transmission.

This thesis studies frequency-shifted interferometry (FSI), a useful and versatile technique for fiber-optic sensing. I first present FSI theory by describing practical FSI configurations and discussing the parameters that affect system performance. Then, I demonstrate the capabilities of FSI in fiber-optic sensor multiplexing and high sensitivity chemical analysis. We implemented a cryogenic liquid level sensing system in which an array of 3 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensors was interrogated by FSI. Despite sensors' spectral overlap, FSI is able to separate sensor signals according to their spatial locations and to measure their spectra, from which whether a sensor is in liquid or air can be unambiguously determined. I showed that a broadband source paired with a fast tunable filter can be used in FSI systems as the light source. An array of 9 spectrally overlapping FBGs was successfully measured by such a system, indicating the potential of system cost reduction as well as measurement speed improvement. I invented the the FSI-CRD technique, a highly sensitive FSI-based fiber cavity ring-down (CRD) method capable of deducing minuscule loss change in a fiber cavity from the intensity decay rate of continuous-wave light circulating in the cavity. As a proof-of-principle experiment, I successfully measured the fiber bend loss introduced in the fiber cavity with FSI-CRD, which was found to be 0.172 dB/m at a bend radius of 12.5 mm. We then applied FSI-CRD to evanescent-field sensing. We incorporated fiber tapers as the sensor head in the system and measured the concentration of 1-octyne solutions. A minimum detectable 1-octyne concentration of 0.29% was achieved with measurement sensitivity of 0.0094 dB/% 1-octyne. The same system also accurately detected the concentration change of sodium chloride (NaCl) and glucose solutions. Refractive index sensitivity of 1 dB/RIU with a measurement error of 1*10^-4 dB was attined for NaCl solutions. Finally, I proposed a theoretical model to study the polarization effects in FSI systems. Preliminary results show that the model can already explain the experimental observations. It not only provides insight into how to improve system performance but also suggests potential new applications of the technique.